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On July 13(th) 2010, Lazlo Andor (Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion) declared that active ageing could make the baby-boomers generation a part of the solution of the demographic problem, instead of identifying with it. This is the reason why the "Europe 2020" strategy draws the attention to the necessity of ensuring that the elderly will remain healthy and active for as long as possible. The purpose of this article is to define the exact concept of "active ageing", its content, as well as some beneficial tips by applying innovative programs in order to promote it in the European Union. Reading the published papers the impression is that despite the increasing number of the elderly in Europe, the potential of an active life while ageing can be beneficial in many ways for the society. It is required that the local and regional authorities create the appropriate conditions for participation, while making thoughtful use of the European funding programs.

This study focuses on the concept of active ageing in the "Active Ageing: A Policy Framework" by World Health Organization. The purpose is to understand the meaning and the origins of the concept with the help of Foucauldian perspective. The analyzing method is content analysis guided by theory. The theoretical framework consists of Michel Foucault´s ideas about governmentality, subject and power and Nikolas Rose´s thoughts about governing. Gilles Deleuze´s control society is also part of the theoretical framework. The subject of active ageing needs to follow a regimen based on activity and health. Governmentality on the society level supports this subjectivity and thus connects them to the network of power; the special nature of the older population is recognized. Even though the concept is named "active ageing" the subjects do represent a wider age scale. These subjects need to prepare for the old age both economically and health-wise. This shows that the whole time of living, not only the old age, is medicalized. When it comes to the origins of the concept of active ageing and the user of power there is a connection to social gerontology and activity theory, and rationalities. The neoliberal rationality has affected on the knowledge that has been produced of the ageing and this is seen in the connection between the activity theory and active ageing. This, and the network structure of the different actors, makes it challenging to find the source of the power when it comes to the concept of active ageing.

Approaching a completely aged society, the Thai government attempts to promote active ageing in the elderly population. This article assesses Thailand's ageing schemes in the perspectives of Active Ageing Index (AAI). AAI is a composite index which reflects the overall living wellness of the elderly, covering their characteristics multi-dimensionally. The focus is to explore whether such schemes are in coherence with the behavioral attributes of the elderly in Thailand. The ordered logistic regression of data from the Survey of the Older Persons in 2017 recognizes influential behavioral attributes, emphasizing the need to revise policy perceptions. The findings show that variables related not only to health care and direct income provisions but also to decent choices of work, lifelong learning opportunities and community participation and involvement contribute to higher AAI level. Quantity-wise, Thailand has accomplished a wide coverage of health care and income security. Nevertheless, these policies remain passive and incoherent with the overall active ageing behavioral attributes. There is still a policy space to "actively" engage the elderly in the move. By increasing old-age-friendly infrastructures and market incentives in the forms of subsidies and tax schemes for the key players, namely, the elderly, themselves, and the business sectors will promote policy coherence.

Ageing takes place in Finland some 15 years earlier than in other European countries. The central actors in implementing active ageing policies are ministries that have been co-operating with each other. Active ageing policy in Finland has some of the advantages of networking in a small country, and also in the anticipation of the decrease in the share of the active population. First, all three central ministries, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Education co-operate with each other. The success of various ageing programmes is largely based on this. In other countries, ministries usually have independent policies. Second, social partners include representatives of employers' and employees' organisations, as the tradition of tripartite thinking is strong in Finland. Third, research organisations support the research. For example, in the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ageing studies began as early as 1981. Fourth, active ageing policies also focus on firm-level issues in addition to measures implemented at the individual and society levels. Firms have a clear incentive to prevent pensioners on disability emerging, since firms themselves have to pay a large part of the eventual pension expenses. There are, however, also major setbacks. Active ageing programmes such as the Ageing Programme and the Well-Being at Work Programme have been implemented in Finland for a fixed time period. There is a threat that much of the networking is lost after the programmes terminate. The cooperation between ministries may also diminish in the future programmes. The major problem in Finland that is not solved by any well being programmes is that the routes to exit from work are too generous. A new work life reform to renew the values of work is also called for. Finally, the integration of worklife and family life is considered an important issue, but issues related to active non-work time are seldom considered. An example of active time use that is ignored is household work. Household work is on average one third of the labour income for men and two-thirds of the labour income for women at age 50-64. Finally, the state of senior citizen policy is not very good in Finland. Private organisations of pensioners are relatively inactive. – Retirement ; Ageing Policy ; Demographic Trends ; Väestön ikääntyminen alkaa Suomessa noin 15 vuotta aikaisemmin kuin muissa Euroopan maissa. Keskeiset toimijat ikääntymisohjelmissa ovat ministeriöt, jotka ovat toimineet yhteistyössä. Yhteistyötä on edesauttanut verkostojen luominen, mikä voi olla helpompaa pienessä maassa. Yksi esimerkki tästä on sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön, työministeriön ja opetusministeriön yhteistyö, johon eri aktiiviseen ikääntymiseen liittyvien ohjelmien onnistuminen on perustunut. Eri työmarkkinaosapuolet ovat myös osallistuneet aktiivisesti toimintaan, joka on siten perustunut pitkälle kolmikanta-ajatteluun. Tutkimuslaitokset ovat myös tukeneet tutkimusta. Esimerkkinä tästä on Työterveyslaitoksen ikääntymistutkimus, joka on saanut alkunsa jo vuonna 1981. Viimeinen tärkeä tekijä aktiiviseen ikääntymiseen tähtäävien ohjelmien onnistumiselle on yritystason toiminta. Muista maista poiketen yrityksillä on selvä kannustin välttää työkyvyttömyyttä, koska yritykset kantavat suuren osan työttömyyseläkkeiden kustannuksista. Aktiivisen ikääntymisen toimenpiteissä on kuitenkin myös omat puutteensa. Ensinnäkin ikääntymisohjelma ja työssä jaksamisen ohjelma on asetettu määräajaksi. Uhkana on, että verkosto ei jatka toimintaansa ohjelmakauden loputtua. On myös mahdollista, että ministeriöiden välinen yhteistyö ei ole riittävää tai vähenee tulevaisuudessa. Aktiivisen ikääntymisen tavoitteiden toteuttaminen edellyttää myös työmaailmaan liittyvän arvomaailman uudistamista, missä ei olla edistytty riittävästi. Yksi ongelma on myös se, että työn ja perhe-elämän yhteensovittaminen koetaan kyllä tärkeäksi, mutta kuitenkin toiminta rajoittuu yleensä työssä jaksamiseen eikä aktiivisuuteen myös työajan ulkopuolella. Yksi esimerkki ajankäytöstä, johon ei panna paljoakaan painoa, on kotitaloustyö. Kuitenkin esimerkiksi 50-64 -vuotiailla kotitaloustyön arvon on noin kolmasosa palkkatyön arvosta miehillä ja kaksi kolmasosaa palkkatyön arvosta naisilla. Voidaan myös todeta, että eläkeläisjärjestöjen aktiivisuus on varsin vähäistä.

Presenting active ageing from theoritical / political / practical points of views Introduce the link between active ageing and Age Friendly Cities.

Presenting active ageing from theoritical / political / practical points of views Introduce the link between active ageing and Age Friendly Cities.

Active ageing has been discussed in international political organisations and among re-searchers as a major means for combatting the challenges of demographic ageing. This study aims to make a critical-theoretical and empirical assessment of the active ageing concept, challenging the active ageing discourse from two different angles. First, an assessment of the theoretical framework of active ageing shows that the conceptual framework is undertheorised, lacks conceptual and analytical clarity, and fails to propose clear contributing factors and barriers. The second part presents an empirical analysis of the concept of active ageing guided by the following research question: is active ageing realistic—and for whom? Using Danish data subjected to multiple correspondence analysis, it is found that active ageing at the individual level is preconditioned by health, education, having good finances, etc. Furthermore, a Matthew effect of accumulated advantage is found; that is, older adults who are blessed in one sphere of life are also blessed in others, and such inequalities in old age are the outcomes of social life biographies (i.e., cumulative advantages/disadvantages over the life course). Thus, empirical findings indicate that active ageing may be an elusive goal for a large segment of older adults.

Active ageing has been discussed in international political organisations and among researchers as a major means for combatting the challenges of demographic ageing. This study aims to make a critical-theoretical and empirical assessment of the active ageing concept, challenging the active ageing discourse from two different angles. First, an assessment of the theoretical framework of active ageing shows that the conceptual framework is undertheorised, lacks conceptual and analytical clarity, and fails to propose clear contributing factors and barriers. The second part presents an empirical analysis of the concept of active ageing guided by the following research question: is active ageing realistic—and for whom? Using Danish data subjected to multiple correspondence analysis, it is found that active ageing at the individual level is preconditioned by health, education, having good finances, etc. Furthermore, a Matthew effect of accumulated advantage is found ; that is, older adults who are blessed in one sphere of life are also blessed in others, and such inequalities in old age are the outcomes of social life biographies (i.e., cumulative advantages/disadvantages over the life course). Thus, empirical findings indicate that active ageing may be an elusive goal for a large segment of older adults.

The year 2012 is designated as the European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations. The aim of the year is to raise awareness of the position of older people in a manner where they can enjoy a better quality of life and still play an active role in society. There are good reasons for designating 2012 as such a year.The OECD has estimated that by the year 2050, more than 33% of men and 38% of women in the EU25 will be 60 years or older compared with 18% and 24%, respectively, for the year 2000. The European Statistical Office projects that by 2060, there will be only two people of working age (15–64) in the EU for every person aged over 65, compared with a ratio of 4 to 1 today. Keeping in mind that an increasing share of the youth between 15 and 30 are studying, the consequences of these figures are even more challenging.Many politicians are seriously concerned about financing of the pensions and welfare systems. Another concern is how to allocate sufficient healthcare personnel to give the ageing population a decent service. These challenges are good reasons for the EU to include "solidarity between generations" as an element in the activity of this year.This special issue on active ageing is a contribution from the Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies to the year of active ageing. The articles examine work and ageing from different angles and horizons of understanding. Together, the articles question some of the myths that exist on ageing and work and assess some of the actions being taken to keep older workers in employment. This issue is therefore an important contribution to the development of our understanding of active ageing and measures used to develop an active ageing policy (.)

Ensuring active ageing, i.e. the optimisation of opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age, is an important growth strategy for the EU. Achieving a successful active ageing policy will require a sea change in thinking about what ageing means in both economic and social terms.

The Active Ageing Index (AAI) can be applied across countries to compare active aging outcomes, evaluate the current situation regarding ageing, and identify the most desired directions for policy action. While the AAI-EU is addressed on a national level, it can also be used for assessing active ageing policies on the municipal level, which is the case in this study. The aim of this article was to assess active ageing amongst older people in western parts of Finland by adapting the methodology used for the AAI-EU. We used GERDA data (n=5,011) collected from people aged 66, 71, 76, 81 and 86 for our descriptive analyses. The results showed that the municipalities differed in their active ageing outcomes, and that men and Swedish speakers generally scored higher on the index, which is something that warrants further investigation. Based on the results, we argue that AAI could potentially be used as a tool to monitor various dimensions of active ageing on a regional level and that gender and ethno-linguistic characteristics should be a central concern for a discussion on ageing in our study region. ; Aktiivisen ikääntymisen indeksiä (AAI) voidaan soveltaa kaikissa maissa aktiivisen ikääntymisen tulosten vertailemiseksi, ikääntymisen nykytilan arvioimiseksi sekä politiikkatoimien tavoitteiden tunnistamiseksi. Vaikka AAI-EU on suunnattu kansalliselle tasolle, sitä voidaan käyttää myös aktiivisen ikääntymisen politiikan tarkasteluun kuntatasolla, kuten tässä tutkimuksessa. Tämän artikkelin tarkoituksena oli arvioida aktiivista ikääntymistä Länsi-Suomessa AAI-EU:n avulla. Kuvailevassa analyysissä käytimme 66-, 71-, 76-, 81- ja 86-vuotiailta kerättyä GERDA-aineistoa (n = 5011). Tutkimuksemme osoitti, että aktiivisen ikääntymisen tulokset eroavat kuntatasolla ja että miehet ja ruotsinkieliset sijoittuivat indeksissä yleisesti korkeammalle, mikä kaipaa lisätutkimusta. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että AAI on soveltuva työkalu aktiivisen ikääntymisen seurannassa alueellisella tasolla ja että sukupuolen sekä kieliryhmien ominaispiirteet tulisi huomioida ikäntymistä koskevassa keskustelussa tutkimusalueellamme. ; Ett index för det aktiva åldrandet (AAI) används för att jämföra hur olika länder hanterar en åldrande befolkning och lyfter fram var behoven för olika policyinsatser är som störst. Emedan AAI-EU används för att jämföra situationen i europeiska länder, så kan indexet även användas för att jämföra kommuner, vilket är något som vi gjorde i den här studien. Syftet med studien var således att undersöka det aktiva åldrandet bland äldre i västra Finland genom att använda metodologin som använts för AAI-EU. Vi använde GERDA-data (n=5011) insamlat bland 66-, 71-, 76-, 81-, och 86-åringar för våra deskriptiva analyser. Resultaten visade att det fanns skillnader i det aktiva åldrandet mellan kommunerna. Resultaten visade även att fanns skillnader mellan svensk- och finskspråkiga så att svenskspråkiga placerade sig högre på indexet. Baserat på resultaten från studien så konkluderar vi att ett regionalt AAI kunde användas för att följa upp det aktiva åldrandet på kommunnivå och att skillnader mellan män och kvinnor samt skillnader mellan etnolingvistiska grupper borde lyftas fram i diskussioner om det aktiva åldrandet i vår region.

The aim of this paper is to analyse active ageing and retirement in Finland at both the individual worker level and the firm level. The Finnish pension system will undergo some remarkable changes from the year 2005 on: the whole of an individual's working life will determine his or her pension income, there will be higher accruals for postponed retirement as of age 63 with a flexible retirement age of 63-68, and pension levels will be automatically corrected, depending on changes in life expectancy. The desired effect of these new pension rules is that the average retirement age would increase by three years from the current 59 years, but the real labour market effects of the pension reform remain unclear. Based on the interviews that have been conducted, large Finnish firms do not believe that the new pension system will have much effect on the retirement age. Some firms have started to implement their own programmes to improve the longer employability of older workers. The organisations that have experienced large changes and adopted new technology have implemented an active ageing policy more successfully than the others. ; Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoidaan suomalaisten työntekijöiden eläkkeelle siirtymistä ja yritysten eläkestrategioita aktiivisen ikääntymisen näkökulmasta. Suomalainen eläkejärjestelmä tulee uudistumaan vuodesta 2005 alkaen niin, että eläke määräytyy koko työssäoloajan tuloista, kertymäprosentti kasvaa ikävuodesta 63 alkaen eläkkeelle siirtymisen ollessa joustavaa ikävuosina 63-68 ja eläkkeiden tasoa tullaan korjaamaan eliniän odotteen muutosten mukaan. Näiden uudistusten tavoitteena on nostaa keskimääräistä eläkeikää kolmella vuodella nykyisestä 59 vuodesta, mutta todellisia vaikutuksia eläkekäyttäytymiseen ovat vielä vaikeaa ennustaa. Suuret suomalaisyritykset eivät haastattelujen perusteella usko uuden eläkejärjestelmän vaikuttavan eläkeikää nostavasti ja jotkut yritykset ovat käynnistäneet omia aktiivista ikääntymistä tukevia ohjelmiaan. Aktiivisen ikääntymisen ohjelmat ovat onnistuneet parhaiten sellaisissa yrityksissä, jotka ovat läpikäyneet suuria organisaatiomuutoksia ja hyödyntävät uutta teknologiaa.

The current study aims to support the development of useful and desired methods for active ageing education in the respective local communities across the EU for older adults aged 55+. The PPS project will develop a face-to-face training programme (30 hours) on active ageing and an e-learning training (11 modules). The main research questions of this study are: What is active ageing education and how responsive are older adults to active ageing education? How can active ageing trainings/courses be integrated into local communities? Spain is currently one of the pioneering countries in the field of active ageing. Thanks to scientific breakthroughs, to the high quality of public healthcare and to the development of social policies, Spanish citizens live longer and with a better quality of life, due to which seniors have grown in number, enjoy an improved health condition, are more participative and, therefore, are expected to play a more relevant role in society. Today's older adults are largely active and healthy; they look after themselves in order to stay independent and autonomous as long as possible, and they also demand social space and voice.

In the last 15 years, STS has established a research programme focused on the sociotechnical reconfiguration of later life, particularly as new political programmes aim to deploy 'active ageing' in contemporary societies. In Denmark, the bicycle is a key technology in this aim, because of how it articulates sustainable living, health and social participation. Thus, two new 'inclusive cycling' initiatives for older people have been developed. Drawing on ethnographic data, we explore the ways the bikes differ, and how they explicitly mobilise active ageing as a form of 'good old age' in different ways. We argue that whereas 'Cycling without Age' rickshaws attempt to assemble social participation for older people, 'Duo-Bikes' aims to enable capacities through physical activity in later life. We further explore what happens when these two schemes meet, and suggest how searching for a compromise will be necessary to enhance opportunities to cycle in later life. ; In the last 15 years, STS has established a research programme focused on the sociotechnical reconfiguration of later life, particularly as new political programmes aim to deploy 'active ageing' in contemporary societies. In Denmark, the bicycle is a key technology in this aim, because of how it articulates sustainable living, health and social participation. Thus, two new 'inclusive cycling' initiatives for older people have been developed. Drawing on ethnographic data, we explore the ways the bikes differ, and how they explicitly mobilise active ageing as a form of 'good old age' in different ways. We argue that whereas 'Cycling without Age' rickshaws attempt to assemble social participation for older people, 'Duo-Bikes' aim to enable capacities through physical activity in later life. We further explore what happens when these two schemes meet, and suggest how searching for a compromise will be necessary to enhance opportunities to cycle in later life.

The National Strategic Policy for Active Ageing: Malta 2014-2020 represents a new dawn for Maltese ageing policy. A necessary first step for the successful implementation of active ageing principles is the integration of policy responses to population ageing, together with the concerns of older persons, into national development frameworks. The National Strategic Policy for Active Ageing reflects the government's quest to implement a vision that acts as a catalyst for improved levels of positive, productive and successful living in later life. The policy also affirms the government's mandate to not solely 'add years to life', but in parallel, also to 'add life to years'.