Suchergebnisse

На основе социологической диагностики обобщены ключевые тенденции развития современной городской молодежи, которые существенным образом влияют на агломерационные процессы в городе. Перекос в пользу доминирования в молодежном сообществе городских аксиологических установок свидетельствует о том, что в настоящее время формировать Белгородскую агломерацию пока еще весьма затруднительно. В этой связи необходимо сосредоточить усилия на разработке технологических моделей, направленных на снижение доминирующего влияния города и увеличение значимости пригородных и сельских поселений. ; Leading politicians and economists of Belgorod and the region state the fact of development of the city's agglomeration. The main criteria of agglomeration processes are often regarded the following: 1) commuting expressed in mass labor, educational, household trips to Belgorod; a significant portion of the working population from rural settlements surrounding the city work in the regional center; 2) common built-up areas suburbs are adjacent to the city without significant gaps in the building, they have good transport links with Belgorod; 3) political will: subjects of the federal and municipal administration of the oblast publicly express interest in the development of agglomeration around the city of Belgorod. Meanwhile, any effect of agglomeration bears the stamp of side effects, most often expressed in the socio-cultural sphere. Each city of a specific size has its own subculture, not to mention the contrast between the rural and the urban cultures. We assume that the development of agglomeration in the city of Belgorod and around it will result in a clash of cultures of urban and rural recreation. Moreover, among the adult population it is possible to predict the shift towards rural types of leisure (this largely contributes to the development of individual housing and infrastructure improvement of social clusters in the suburbs). But in the youth subculture, on the contrary, we should expect the dominance of urban trends and their distribution in the behavior patterns of rural youth. Development of transport links, the combination of key youth facilities (schools, places of leisure) in downtown inevitably erase the blurred boundaries of rural youth identity. We offer to systematize a number of criteria of youth leisureby the following criteria: 1) personal and cultural development: pastimes of developmental (reading fiction, theater, concerts, movies, going to church, sports, hobbies, music); entertainment (visit discos, cafes, bars, play computer games, walking, idleness); degradation (alcohol and drugs) characters; 2) social interaction: contact (communicative) pastime (meeting friends, going to the theater, concerts, cinema, discos, cafes, walking, playing sports, going to church, communication on the Internet); non-contact (watching TV, reading fiction, computer games, household, listening to music, idleness); 3) personal activity: active (meeting friends, visiting discos, cafes, walking, playing sports, going to church, housekeeping); passive (watching TV, going to the theater, concerts, movies, computer games, listening to music, reading, alcohol and drug use, communication on the Internet, idleness).

El siguiente artículo tiene por objetivo conceptualizar el diálogo como estrategia enseñable que permite generar procesos de escucha activa, de resolución de problemas, de formación ética y aceptación del otro dentro del contexto de las escuelas pluralistas. Se identifica el diálogo como un espacio clave para la reflexión y para la comunicación, comprendiendo que éste conlleva particularidades como la resistencia o la asimetría en términos de poder. Por otro lado, las escuelas pluralistas basan su estructura en la convivencia de diversas culturas, que se ven beneficiadas por el diálogo entre ellas. No obstante, es necesario comprender que la validación y aceptación de la cultura del otro también transita por la perspectiva ética desde la cual se origina la comunicación entre los actores. En suma, el diálogo constituye una estrategia crucial para la diversidad y la convivencia en las escuelas democráticas y pluralistas. ; The following article aims to conceptualise dialogue as a teachable strategy that allows to generate active processes of listening, problem-solving tasks, ethical formation, and acceptance of the other within the context of pluralist schools. Dialogue is identified as a key space for reflection and communication, comprehending that this entails particularities such as resistance and asymmetry in terms of power. On the other hand, pluralist schools base their structure on the coexistence of diverse cultures which are mutually benefited through dialogue. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand that the others' culture's validation and acceptance move through the ethical perspective from which the communication between the actors occur. All in all, dialogue constitutes a crucial strategy for diversity and coexistence in the pluralist and democratic schools./n ; L'article suivant vise à conceptualiser le dialogue comme stratégie enseignable qui génère des processus de l'écoute active, résolution de problèmes, la formation à l'éthique et l'acceptation des autres dans le contexte des écoles pluralistes. Il identifie le dialogue comme un espace clé pour la réflexion et pour la communication, la compréhension de ce que cela implique notamment de la résistance ou de l'asymétrie en termes de puissance. D'autre part, la structure de l'école pluraliste fondée sur la coexistence de différentes cultures qui bénéficient du dialogue entre eux. Cependant, il est nécessaire de comprendre que la validation et l'acceptation de la culture de l'autre passe aussi par la perspective éthique à partir de laquelle la communication entre les acteurs est originaire. En bref, le dialogue est une stratégie cruciale pour la diversité et la coexistence dans les écoles démocratiques et pluralistes.

Gaitania is a rural town located in the Andes mountain range, very close to where the Colombian armed conflict with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrillas began in the mid-1960s. In this context, a situated research and education project was conducted with state, civil and community organisations, including the Agency for the Reincorporation and Normalization of the Colombian Government, coffee producer associations in the south of Tolima, the Nasa Wes'x indigenous community and 150 ex-combatants, as well as teachers and students from the Design Program of the University of Ibagué, Colombia. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how creative (design) work can be organically transformed from the instrumental to one that supports autonomous creative ways of learning. This project established collective reflection–action processes that worked in conjunction with four critical learning objectives, as specified by the Bachelor Design Program. Workshops were conducted for the co-creation of a collective brand of coffee that brought together victims and victimisers in a joint process of reconciliation and memory sharing. Through generation of a special coffee brand called The Third Agreement – which is now being commercialised – memory of the territory's autonomous peace processes and the community's self-validation efforts were recovered and developed. Critical skills were also developed in students and communities so that they could understand the implications of producing a design that would capture the market, while also recognising the importance of building transition paths for participants, especially in the contexts of war and peace. The students' reflections led to the construction of new praxis distinctions, such as plandisposición (planning-disposition),escuchacción (active-action-listening), honest-synthesis and sentipensar-actuar (feeling-thinking-acting), which indicate critical awareness of how design can open possibilities for creating futures in which many worlds co-exist.

Models of Child Health Appraised (MOCHA) was a wide-ranging, multi-disciplinary and multi-method study that aimed to identify the best models of provision of primary care for the children of the European Union. The research has identified two main conclusions: (1) The depth of interdependency of health, economy and society. Primary care needs to be an active partner in public debate about current child health concerns. It should orientate more effectively in addressing wider societal influences on child health through advocacy and collaborative intersectoral public health approaches with those agencies responsible for public and community health if it is to address effectively issues such as childhood obesity, mental health and vaccine hesitancy. As part of this, it needs to address its workforce composition and skills, not least in two-way communication. (2) The European Community has many visions and commitments to children and child health policies, but their effectiveness is largely unfulfilled. The Commission can strengthen its impact on children's health and healthcare services within current remits and resources by focusing on a number of key fields: planned and structured research, providing insight into optimal human resources and skills in child primary care, developing and using ethical means of listening to children's views, remedying the invisibility of children in data, measuring the quality of primary care from a child-centric perspective, understanding the economics of investing in children's health, developing e-health standards and evaluation, collaborative and harmonised use of downloaded research databases, understanding and respecting children's rights and equity, and appreciating and allowing for children's evolving autonomy as they grow up. An optimal model of primary care for children is proactive, inclusive, corporately linked, based on and providing robust evidence, and respects the wider determinants of health and children's involvement in their health trajectory.

Given as part of a day-long panel of papers exploring the artist's interview, this 20-minute paper considered the 'interview' as an on-going and underlying theme in artists' moving image. It discussed how interviews are a complex and subjective method for exploring recent history; a particular kind of source material connected to artists' critical writing; and a format used in films, videos and performances. Taking the dialogic back-and-forth of interview interaction as a starting point, it considered how 'speaking-out' and 'listening-in' are active modes of engagement that are channelled by and subverted in works of moving image, particularly early video art of the 1970s. Using writings by Steven Connor (2000) and Mladen Dolar (2006), it explored how the split condition and antiphonal dynamics of the artists' recorded voice enables them to re-enter conversations from and about the past. Taking Rosalind Krauss' 1976 essay 'Video: The aesthetics of narcissism' as an initial point of departure, the presentation posited that the interview as a very different cumulative, moving and open-ended format, which enables it to have immediacy in later contexts. Discussion referenced 'Sculpture in the Expanded Field', another essay written by Krauss in 1979, used in the overall AAH conference description. By exploring 'expanded' performance-based artworks and drawing upon recent post-doc research into the intersections between experimental sound/music and artists' moving image, it considered how Kevin Atherton's In Two Minds (1978–2018) installations and performances alter understanding of recorded material and the archive. Framed by this potential 'performative afterlife' of recorded artworks, it asked how and in what ways the interview as a format can be used to re-engage with history – activating re-examination of queer and feminist approaches to making and disseminating artworks in seventies Britain. Supported by a bursary from the Doctoral and Early Career Research Network of the Association for Art History.

The following article presents a resource of pedagogical mediation through the technique of forum theater at the National University of Costa Rica. The technique is used as a collective tool of debate and group reflection around certain social problems, and whose objective is to represent a short play, in which oppressive situations are exposed, and the main discourses and social roles present in daily life are recognized. The technique is applied with university students as a continuation of two previous courses whose name was Theater of the Oppressed: a practical perspective of humanism (2016-2018) and within the framework of the project A Window to the Theater: Artistic Contributions in Pedagogical Mediation (2015-2017). Therefore, this technique is implemented as a means to encourage critical reflection and the active intervention of the public in search of solutions to the problem exposed in each performance. The dialog that takes place between theatrical art and student participation builds a greater sense of community, listening, and empathy, appealing to social awareness and greater political advocacy in the different spaces of academic action. ; En el siguiente artículo se presenta un recurso de mediación pedagógica mediante la técnica del teatro foro en la Universidad Nacional. La técnica se utiliza como una herramienta colectiva de debate y reflexión grupal en torno a determinadas problemáticas sociales y cuyo objetivo es la representación de una obra de teatro corta, en la que se exponen situaciones opresivas y se logran reconocer los principales discursos y roles sociales presentes la vida cotidiana. La técnica se aplica con estudiantes de la universidad como continuación de dos cursos pasados cuyo nombre era Teatro del Oprimido: una perspectiva práctica del humanismo (2016-2018) y en el marco del proyecto Una ventana al teatro: aportes artísticos en la mediación pedagógica (2015-2017). Por lo tanto, esta técnica se realiza como medio para fomentar reflexión crítica y la intervención activa del ...

Community radios are key role players and important change makers in establishing and promoting healthy trends and life styles. In an effort to educate, protect, support and promote mother and child health care best practices in rural communities, COL-Cameroon Link Partnership turned to Lebialem Community Radio, Menji, South West Region, Cameroon and in active collaboration with local stakeholders, initiated and have been running a program titled "Asogha legung emeh boh mua" (Talk on Mother and Child Health Care) in October 2011. After three years of program implementation, we evaluated it from various angles and to set up an ongoing process of dialogue between project funders, beneficiaries, government, health officials and civil society. We evaluate the development, implementation and impact of the new approach to health. // Data was collected from a sample of 120 respondents. It was analyzed with descriptive statistics using frequency distribution and percentage. Target Group Interviews (TGI) and participant observation techniques (POT) were used to evaluate the program, to obtain qualitative information about the views of beneficiaries, government and civil society, and to assess program development and implementation. Respondents expressed their knowledge, opinions and concerns about mother and child health especially breast-feeding. // The findings revealed that 70% of listeners indicated that the program was relevant to the mother and child health care information needs. 80% of respondents admitted that they gained some new knowledge through listening to the program and that all efforts should be made to sustain it. However, some constraints were observed as irregularity of broadcast and non-access of the radio waves in certain localities. The results offer advice on additional considerations that should be taken into account when setting up the project in other communities. Conclusions are followed with suggestions for the way forward. // Paper ID: 100

Developments in the international institutional context and in the capacity of governments to ensure sustainable forest management in Central Africa lead to new approaches to participatory management being explored. The author reviews current initiatives in this field in Congo Brazzaville, Gabon, Cameroon, Central African Republic and Equatorial Guinea. Such initiatives are still in an experimental stage and aim at answering issues linked with conventional forest management as well as meeting prerequisites imposed by international organisations for granting aid to development. These new approaches apply to four main areas: (1) Planning in the form of Forest Action Plans (TFAP/NFAP) and Environmental Management or Action Plans (EMP/EAP). Only those being in a development process take into account the participatory approach. (2) Protected areas. The current trend, especially at regional level (ECOFAC), is to substitute involvement of local populations in sustainable resource management for protection of forest islands. (3) Community forests. Cameroon has changed its legislation and is in an experimental stage. Congo and Gabon are engaged in reforming their laws. And (4) Management for timber production. Participation of local people is recommended, however the mode of implementation is not clearly defined. Research is involved at different levels: function of advice and analysis, definition of operational modes of implementation, and social experimentation. The author describes analysis patterns (theory of land control, modes of appropriation), and the main research focuses. Most important is communication, using approaches such as GRAAP (Research Group in Support to Self-Promotion) and MARP (Active Method of Participatory Research). Objectives are listening, informing and awareness-raising. The economic alternatives approach, based on a combination of incentives and disincentives, is increasingly used, as well as institutional alternatives approach. The success of a co-management process is dependent on taking into account all categories of actors involved in decision-making.

Hearing protection can mitigate the harmful effects of noise, but for Service Members these devices can also obscure auditory situation awareness cues. Tactical Communication and Protective Systems (TCAPS) can restore critical cues through electronic circuitry with varying effects on localization. Evidenced by past research, sound localization accuracy can improve with training. The investigator hypothesized that training with a broadband stimulus and reducing the number of presentations would result in training transfer. Additionally, training transfer would occur with implementation of more user-engaged training strategies. The purpose of the experiments described in this study was to develop an optimized auditory azimuth-training protocol for use in a field-validated portable training system sensitive to differences among different TCAPS. A series of indoor experiments aimed to shorten and optimize a pre-existing auditory localization training protocol. Sixty-four normal-hearing participants underwent localization training. The goal of training optimization included the following objectives: 1) evaluate the effects of reducing stimulus presentations; 2) evaluate the effects of training with a broadband stimulus (but testing on untrained military-relevant stimuli); and 3) evaluate performance differences according to training strategies. Twenty-four (12 trained and 12 untrained) normal-hearing listeners participated in the field-validation experiment. The experiment evaluated localization training transfer from the indoor portable system to live-fire blanks in field. While training conducted on the portable system was predicted to transfer to the field, differences emerged between an in-the-ear and over-the-ear TCAPS. Three of four untrained stimuli showed evidence of training transfer. Shortening the training protocol also resulted in training transfer, but manipulating training strategies did not. A comparison of changes in localization scores from the indoor pretest to the field posttest demonstrated significant differences among listening conditions. Training improved accuracy and response time for the open ear and one of two TCAPS. Posttest differences between the two TCAPS were not statistically significant. Despite training, localization with TCAPS never matched the open ear. The portable apparatus employed in this study offers a means to evaluate the effects of TCAPS on localization. Equipped with a known effect on localization, TCAPS users can render informed decisions on the benefits or risk associated with certain devices. ; Doctor of Philosophy ; Hearing protection can mitigate the harmful effects of noise, but for Service Members these devices can obscure auditory situation awareness cues. Certain powered hearing protection can restore critical cues through electronic circuitry with varying effects on localization. Evidenced by past research, sound localization accuracy can improve with training. The investigator hypothesized that training with a broadband stimulus and reducing the number of presentations would result in auditory learning. Additionally, implementing more user-engaged training strategies would demonstrate more auditory learning. The purpose of the experiments described in this study was to develop an optimized auditory azimuth-training protocol for use in a field-validated training system sensitive to differences among active hearing protection. A series of indoor experiments aimed to shorten and optimize a pre-existing auditory localization training protocol. Sixty-four normal-hearing participants underwent localization training. The goal of training optimization included the following objectives: 1) evaluate the effects of reducing stimulus presentations; 2) evaluate the effects of training with a broadband stimulus (but testing on untrained military-relevant stimuli); and 3) evaluate performance differences in localization performance according to training strategies. In the field-validation study, 12 trained and 12 untrained normal-hearing listeners participated. The experiment evaluated localization learning from the indoor portable training system to live-fire blanks in a field. Training conducted on the portable system was predicted to transfer to the field, but differences would emerge between an in-the-ear and an over-the-ear TCAPS. Three of four untrained stimuli showed evidence of localization learning. Shortening the protocol also resulted in localization learning, but manipulating training strategies did not. A comparison of changes in localization scores from the indoor pretest to the field posttest demonstrated significant differences among listening conditions. Training improved performance for the open ear and one of two active hearing protectors. Posttest differences between the two devices were not significant. Despite training, performance with hearing protection never equaled the open ear. The portable apparatus employed in this study offers a means to evaluate the effects of hearing protection on localization. Knowing the effects of hearing protection on localization apprises users of the benefits and/or risk associated with the use of certain devices.

The present article focuses on a study in a childhood and Primary Educationcentre. The objective of this study is to learn the student voice in the centre,and understand why, in a school that tries to transform to become moreintercultural and inclusive, the student voice is silenced. Methodologically,this is a case study in which, through focus groups, interviews and participantobservation we try to understand the perspectives of the participants in depth.The main results include the professional culture of teachers as an aspectthat negatively influences the participation of families and students. Also, thefact of listening to the voice of the students gives us a more complete view ofthe centre and shows some of the contradictions that exist in the practice. Asconclusions, we highlight the importance of rescuing the student voice andencouraging their active participation in the centre, not only to create a moreparticipatory and democratic school, but also to get a more complete look ofthe institution. ; El artículo que presentamos se centra en el estudio realizado en una escuela de Educación Infantil y Primaria. El objetivo de dicho estudio es conocer la voz del alumnado en el centro, y sobre todo entender por qué en una escuela que intenta transformarse para ser más intercultural e inclusiva, la voz del alumnado queda silenciada. Metodológicamente se trata de un estudio de caso, en el que mediante grupos de discusión, entrevistas y observación participante tratamos de comprender las perspectivas de los participantes en profundidad. Los principales resultados apuntan a la cultura profesionalista de los maestros y las maestras, como un aspecto que influye negativamente en la participación de las familias y del alumnado. Además, el hecho de escuchar la voz del alumnado, nos permite tener una visión más completa del centro y conocer algunas de las contradicciones que se dan en la práctica. Como conclusiones, destacamos la importancia de rescatar la voz del alumnado y fomentar su participación activa en el centro, no solo para crear una escuela más participativa y democrática, sino también para obtener una mirada más completa de la institución.

In this thesis, we wonder how countercultural movement found new places of expression through the increased accessibility of audiovisual, thanks to "free radio" fight. Specifically, we want to know why and how society and the French media have enabled the establishment of an alternative media like Radio Ici et Maintenant (RIM) and how this radio has found a viable business model to spread its ideology. We shall see that the existence and persistence of RIM is due to the combination of two factors: firstly the reduction in the cost of entry into the radio broadcasting through the development and struggle of "free radio" that gave birth to associative radios (with their specific legal and economic model) and also the decrease in the cost of entering the religious market with the development of the French New Age counterculture issue of the American counterculture, itself the result of religious thoughts Western alternatives (related to the esoteric, the mediumship) and Eastern religions (Hinduism and Buddhism). Thus, the specific legal and economic model of associative radios allowed to live and persist "radiolibriste" and New Age ideology within RIM. But add that this model would not have been possible if it had not been worn by volunteer facilitators, invited activists and active listeners which we analyze the sociological profile. The scientific interest of this subject is the fact that it is mainly to study RIM which is an old "free radio". She was one of the most important radio stations in the movement. It is the oldest Parisian private local radio station. Today, it is a community radio (category A). This category corresponds to a large number of radio stations (about 600), but these are little studied. Finally, this is a New Age radio and one of the only French audiovisual media New Age. Crossing history and sociology of religion, media, communication, politics, science, this thesis is based on a constant listening, on numerous interviews and informal discussions on the study of different archives (paper, ...

In this thesis, we wonder how countercultural movement found new places of expression through the increased accessibility of audiovisual, thanks to "free radio" fight. Specifically, we want to know why and how society and the French media have enabled the establishment of an alternative media like Radio Ici et Maintenant (RIM) and how this radio has found a viable business model to spread its ideology. We shall see that the existence and persistence of RIM is due to the combination of two factors: firstly the reduction in the cost of entry into the radio broadcasting through the development and struggle of "free radio" that gave birth to associative radios (with their specific legal and economic model) and also the decrease in the cost of entering the religious market with the development of the French New Age counterculture issue of the American counterculture, itself the result of religious thoughts Western alternatives (related to the esoteric, the mediumship) and Eastern religions (Hinduism and Buddhism). Thus, the specific legal and economic model of associative radios allowed to live and persist "radiolibriste" and New Age ideology within RIM. But add that this model would not have been possible if it had not been worn by volunteer facilitators, invited activists and active listeners which we analyze the sociological profile. The scientific interest of this subject is the fact that it is mainly to study RIM which is an old "free radio". She was one of the most important radio stations in the movement. It is the oldest Parisian private local radio station. Today, it is a community radio (category A). This category corresponds to a large number of radio stations (about 600), but these are little studied. Finally, this is a New Age radio and one of the only French audiovisual media New Age. Crossing history and sociology of religion, media, communication, politics, science, this thesis is based on a constant listening, on numerous interviews and informal discussions on the study of different archives (paper, ...

My dissertation examines the role of radio broadcasting in constituting mass culture as an integral part of politics in Japan during the period from the mid-1920s to the 1950s, that is, during both the Asia-Pacific War and the U.S. occupation. Transwar Japanese radio broadcasting has been discussed primarily in narrow terms of state control and indoctrination during the Asia-Pacific War, and the liberation of the masses or lack of such in the postwar "democratization" initiated by the U.S. occupation. My study demonstrates that Japan's transwar radio culture was far more lively and indicative of much more complex power relations. Contrary to common belief, wartime discourses and practices of Japanese radio never uniformly imagined radio listeners as passive audiences. Rather, political and social elites as well as government officials and broadcasters made systematic efforts to engage mass audiences as conscious listeners and radio participants who would choose to put what they heard into practice out of their own will. These efforts paralleled the empire's mobilization of national and colonial subjects for conducting the war. When the U.S. occupation arrived, habits of radio listening and audience participation from the former era actually facilitated, rather than impeded, the occupation's mission to transform the Japanese into active and self-responsible citizens for rebuilding the nation state in the new global order. My dissertation demonstrates that while radio was indeed a powerful and effective medium, politicizing the masses into "responsible" members of society through radio was neither a unilateral process nor a smooth operation. I argue that if radio served as a unique intermediary in transwar politics, it did so because of its ability to channel major political themes, norms, and representations into the realms of mass culture and the rhythms of the everyday. My research documents how seemingly trivial popular genres of broadcasting such as the amateur singing contest, the quiz show, and the serial drama played a central role, although not without unexpected twists, in awakening the masses into "responsible" and "useful" members of society in work and play

This historical study examined the educational dimensions of the Citizen's Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes from 1981-1995. Its role as an agent of adult education in the grassroots movement for environmental justice was demonstrated by tracing the movement from the toxic waste disaster at Love Canal, New York and focusing on the role of Lois Gibbs as a leader in the movement. The conceptual framework for the study was built upon interdisciplinary work in the fields of adult education, sociology, and educational history. The study examined the mission, belief systems, processes and strategies of learning and information dissemination by the Clearinghouse during three periods: 1981-1986, during which the organization was formed and began to develop a mission and belief system; the 1987-1991 period when CCHW experienced enormous growth and began to exert its power nationally with campaigns such as the McToxics Campaign. It was also during this period that CCHW began the process of working toward a unified grassroots environmental justice movement; and the period from 1992-1995 which marked the beginning of CCHW's second decade of existence and in which CCHW conducted an in-depth organizational assessment. Organizing and technical assistance were found to be the primary vehicles of learning. Publications and site visits were powerful dissemination mechanisms used to assist citizens in their struggles against corporations and government authorities. Secondly, citizens who remained active in the environmental justice movement often took on broader roles such as organizing regional citizen groups. The study found that women composed nearly eighty percent of the leaders in the movement. Reasons for involvement varied, but most women became involved initially out of fear for theirs or a loved one's health. Conclusions drawn indicate that learning occurred through everyday experiences and empowered citizens to take direct action in their communities. Secondly CCHW emerged as a powerful national political force due to its ability to maintain its mission of continuously listening and meeting the needs of its grassroots constituents. ; Ph. D.

The content of this material refers to dissatisfaction with Navajo Tribal attorney's. Raymond Nakai analyzes the state of Navajo attorney's with regard to their fees and their objectives. Nakai explains the background of the Navajo Tribal Council and how the lack of education finds the council needing someone to trust to inform about legal status and cases. The person that became their legal trust was Norman Littell. He began working for the Navajo Tribe, contracted for $25,000 a year, for five years. After four years he increased his fee. Nakai, listening to the concerns of the Navajo people and the Navajo Tribal Council, felt that Littell was not working in the best interests of the Navajo Nation. Littell would suggest partnerships with private companies without extensive insight, at the same time, planting seeds of distrust for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Nakai became adamant that legal counsel is needed only after Navajo Tribal Council decisions. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: Raymond Nakai, a Navajo Indian, was born in 1918 in Lukachukai, Arizona, on the Navajo Reservation. Raymond Nakai is noted as being the first modern Navajo political leader serving as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1963-1971. As chairman, the issues most important during his tenure were self determination in Navajo Education, reservation unemployment, developing Navajo economy, further development of the tribal government and improving relations with the federal government and surrounding states. Nakai had much unprecedented success as Navajo Tribal Chairman: In 1967 the Navajo Nation Bill of Rights was created, in 1968 Navajo Community College opened being the first tribally controlled community college, the Tribal Scholarship Trust was developed, relations with off reservation natural resource companies began, he was supportive of religious freedom of the Native American Church on the Navajo Reservation. Raymond Nakai led an active personal and political life and was an innovative leader for the Navajo People. The Raymond Nakai Collection contains material documenting his activities as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1963 - 1971.