Suchergebnisse

Bewertungen der landschaftlichen Typizität, Eigenart und Schönheit dienen hauptsächlich der Landschafts- und Regionalplanung mit Schwerpunkt der Erholungsplanung und der Bemühung um Erhaltung historischer Kulturlandschaften. Sie werden seit Jahren in vielen Ländern der Erde diskutiert. Bild und Charakter der Landschaft und ihre Bedeutung für die Bevölkerung sind dementsprechend zu einem wichtigen Thema geworden. Im Jahre 2004 wurde in Tschechien eine Vereinheitlichung unterschiedlicher methodischer Vorgehensweisen zur Erfassung und Bewertung des Landschaftscharakters politisch und fachlich gefordert. Ergebnis der Vereinheitlichung sollte ein operationales Vorgehen zur Landschaftsbildbewertung sein, welches weiterhin zum Schutz und zur Entwicklung des Landschaftsbildes beitragen sollte. Diese Forderung machte die Anpassung eines neuen Vorgehens zur Landschaftsbildbewertung notwendig. Um dieses entwickeln zu können, mussten zuerst die bestehenden Methoden analysiert werden, um konkrete Mängel und Lücken der Bewertungsprozesse festzustellen. Da die Landschaftsplanung in Deutschland kontinuierlich entwickelt wurde, während dies in Tschechien auf Grund der politischen Situation in dem Zeitraum 1968 – 1989 nicht möglich war, wird in der vorliegenden Untersuchung die aktuelle Situation in beiden Ländern analysiert. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind die Expertenmethoden zur Bewertung des Landschaftsbildes und des Landschaftscharakters in Deutschland und in Tschechien, welche die ästhetische Qualität der Landschaft messen. Diese wurden im Rahmen einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse bezüglich ihrer Objektivität, Validität und Reliabilität untersucht. Die für die Landschaftsbild- und Landschaftscharakterbewertung entwickelten Gütekriterien wurden auf insgesamt 13 Expertenmethoden angewandt und auf diese Weise auf ihre Tauglichkeit hin geprüft. Die Inhalte sowie die formalen Rahmenbedingungen der Expertenmethoden wurden auf ein Untersuchungsgebiet angewendet. An Beispielen aus dem Testgebiet im Landkreis Zlin in Tschechien wurden diese Aspekte dargestellt und veranschaulicht. Nach einer kartografischen Erfassung der Landschaftselemente wurde anschließend die Bewertung des aktuellen Zustandes anhand von Kriterien aus den untersuchten Theorien zur Landschaftsbildbewertung durchgeführt. Während der Zusammenfassung von notwendigen Forschungsgrundlagen wurden drei unterschiedliche Perspektiven zur Annäherung an die Landschaftsästhetik formuliert. Es sind die künstlerische, die philosophische und die gesellschaftliche Perspektive. Erforschung und Definition dieser Perspektiven waren notwendig, weil diese als Referenz zur Beurteilung untersuchter landschaftsbildbewertender Methoden als geeignet eingestuft wurden. Neben den Expertenmethoden wurden die landschaftsplanerischen Paradigmen und die naturschutzfachliche Gesetzgebung aus beiden Ländern zur Bewertung des Landschaftsbildes und -charakters analysiert. Die Bestandsaufnahme ergab, dass die aktuelle Landschaftsbildbewertung mittels Expertenmethoden sich durch ihre inhaltliche sowie formale Vielfalt auszeichnet. Beispiele sind hier die Nutzung von qualitativ unterschiedlichem Material (Luftbilder, historische und aktuelle Landnutzungskarten vom Maßstab 1:5000 bis 1:200 000 und Literaturquellen), die unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte Einbeziehung von Geoinformationssystemen sowie die als relevant definierten Kriterien und Indikatoren für die Bewertung des Landschaftsbildes. Weiterhin zeigte sich ein Unterschied in der Auswahl von theoretischen Hintergründen zur Ableitung der Bewertungsskalen. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse wurde mit Beispielen aus dem Testgebiet in Zlin belegt. Die Gesetzesanalyse von tschechischen und deutschen Landschaftsschutzgesetzen zeigte, dass die deutsche naturschutzfachliche Gesetzgebung eine sehr komplexe Aufgabenaufstellung für die Landschaftsplanung mit sich bringt, welche über Bewertung und Interpretation des Landschaftszustandes zu Planung von zukunftsorientierten Handlungsmaßnahmen hinausgeht. Die tschechische Gesetzgebung begrenzt sich im Vergleich dazu ausschließlich auf Schutzmaßnahmen. Die Europäische Landschaftskonvention schließt hingegen zukunftsorientierte Aspekte, wie Aufwertung und Gestaltung von Landschaften ein. Auf Grund dessen sind die durch die tschechische Gesetzgebung bestimmten Maßnahmen als nicht ausreichend zu betrachten und sie entsprechen nicht dem aktuellen Stand des Wissens in der Landschaftsplanung. Ein Vergleich zwischen Gesetzesinhalten und landschaftsplanerischen Paradigmen hat deutlich gemacht, dass sowohl die tschechische als auch die deutsche Gesetzgebung mehr fordert, als die Expertenmethoden zu leisten im Stande sind. Es wurde belegt, dass der Komplex der ästhetischen Qualität von Landschaft nur mit einer Paradigmen- bzw. Methodenkombination bewertbar ist. Die Lösung besteht in einer Annäherung und in der Zusammenarbeit von Experten und der beteiligten Bevölkerung. Das Landschaftsbild und der Landschaftscharakter als Instrumente der Landschaftsplanung sind nur dann gesellschaftlich begründet und berechtigt, wenn sie in der Bevölkerung unterstützt werden. Gerade Landschaftsexperten mit ihrem Fachverstand, ihrer Erfahrung und einer oft stark ausgeprägten positiven Beziehung zu bestimmten Landschaften haben die Möglichkeit, solche Diskussionen zu eröffnen. Denn alle Maßnahmen der Landschaftsplanung sowie der Landespflege haben nur dann eine langfristige Chance, wenn sie von der Bevölkerung bewusst akzeptiert werden. Unter dieser Prämisse ist der Ausbau von Kommunikation auf mehreren Ebenen der erste Schritt zu einem langfristig positiv wahrgenommenen Landschaftsbild. Eine konstruktive und transparente Kommunikation zwischen Experten aller Landschaftsdisziplinen, der Bevölkerung sowie den Investoren fördert die Identifikation mit der Landschaft und schafft Akzeptanz gleichermaßen für Prozesse der Bewahrung und der Veränderung. ; Evaluations of a landscape's typicism, uniqueness and beauty mostly serve leisure planning as well as the efforts to preserve historical cultural landscapes as part of the overall landscape and regional planning. For years these evaluations have been discussed in many countries. Accordingly, the appearance and character of a landscape and their meaning for the local population have become increasingly important issues. In the Czech Republic harmonisation of different landscape evaluation methods was called for by politicians and experts in 2004. The purpose of this harmonisation was to bring forth an operational evaluation method, which would continue to contribute to the preservation and development of the landscape's appearance. This demand required an adaptation of the landscape evaluation methods applied. In order to facilitate this existing methods had to be analysed first to identify specific shortcomings and gaps within existing evaluation procedures. Since landscape planning in Germany had been developed continuously, whereas such a development was hindered in the Czech Republic due to the political situation between the years 1968 and 1989, this study analyses the current situation in both countries. The research focused on the examination of expert methods used for evaluating the appearance and character of the landscape in Germany and the Czech Republic, measuring the aesthetic quality of the landscape. As part of a qualitative content analysis these expert methods were examined with regard to their objectivity, validity and reliability. The quality criteria developed for evaluating the appearance and character of the landscape were applied to a total of 13 expert methods testing the criteria's practicability. The contents as well as the formal overall conditions of the expert methods were applied to an investigation area in the Czech administrative district Zlin using examples from that area. Following the mapping of landscape elements the current state was evaluated applying the criteria based on landscape evaluation theories. As part of the synopsis of the necessary research fundamentals three different perspectives on approaches to landscape aesthetics were formulated. These are the artistic, the philosophical, and the societal perspective. Researching and defining these perspectives was necessary because they were considered to be suitable references for the assessment of the landscape evaluation methods that were analysed. Landscape planning paradigms and legislation with regard to nature protection drawn upon for the evaluation of the appearance and character of the landscape in both countries were analysed in addition to the expert methods. The analysis of the current state showed that contemporary landscape evaluation by means of expert methods is very heterogeneous in form and content. Examples are the use of materials of different qualities (aerial photos, historical and recent land use maps of scales between 1:5000 to 1:200 000, and literature sources), various degrees of employing geographical information systems, as well as differences with regard to the criteria and indicators considered to be relevant for evaluating the landscape. Furthermore the choice of theoretical backgrounds serving as a basis for evaluation scales differ. The evaluation of the results were backed up by examples from the investigation area in Zlin. The analysis of Czech and German landscape protection legislation showed that the German legislation includes a very complex catalogue of landscape planning tasks going beyond the evaluation and interpretation of the state of the landscape carried out to plan future-oriented measures. In comparison Czech legislation solely focuses on protection measures. The European Landscape Convention includes future oriented aspects though, e.g. improving and designing the landscape. Due to this the measures defined by Czech legislation are considered to be insufficient and do not comply with the current standard of knowledge in relation to landscape planning. A comparison of the legislations' contents and landscape planning paradigms made it clear that both Czech and German legislation demand more than the expert methods can provide. It was proven that aesthetic quality of the landscape can only be evaluated by combining paradigms and methods. The solution lies in the cooperation of experts and the population that is involved. The appearance and character of a landscape as instruments of landscape planning are only justified at societal level, if the population supports them. Especially landscape professionals – with their expertise, experience, and often very positive relationship with landscapes – can initiate discourses. All landscape planning and management measures can only be successful in the long term, if the population consciously approves. Based on this precondition communication at different levels is the first step towards a lasting positive perception of the landscape. Constructive and transparent communication between experts of all landscape disciplines, the population, as well as investors supports the identification with the landscape and serves as a basis for accepting both preservation and change.

Craig Santos Perez presents on the Literatures of the World panel for the Words in the World Symposium. Literatures of the World: This panel engages from different locations the question of the pedagogical limits of the concept of World Literature, both in terms of classroom practice and theoretical understandings of literary traditions across the world. It asks as well: How might the phrase "literatures of the world" (rather than the pluralizing phrase "world literatures") work toward notions of literary commons? On what terms would such commons be envisioned as most productively countering the globalizing logics and poetics that have driven "world literature"? Moderator: Paul Lyons Panelists: Hosam Aboul-Ela, Francesca Orsini, Ruth Mabanglo, Craig Santos Perez

Editors' Introduction -- Preface - Professor Jeffrey Ross, University of Baltimore -- Chapter one: Unlocking Prisons: Toward a Carceral Taxonomy - Associate Professor James Oleson, University of Auckland -- Section One: Prison and prisoner representations -- Chapter two: The 1980s behind Bars: the Punitive System in Prison (1987) and Lock Up (1989) - Fernando Gabriel Pagnoni Berns, Juan Juvé and Mariana Zárate, Universidad de Buenos Aires -- Chapter three: Freeing every Last man of Shawshank: a Reading of Frank Darabont's The Shawshank Redemption - Debaditya Mukhopadhyay, Manikchak College -- Chapter four: Incarceration as a Dated Badge of Honour: The Sopranos and the Screen Gangster in a Time of Flux - Robert Hensley-King, Ghent University -- Chapter five: 'So Neglect Becomes Our Ally': Strategy and Tactics in the Chateau D'If in Kevin Reynolds' The Count of Monte Cristo (2002) - Dr Kwasu D Tembo, University of Edinburgh -- Chapter six: Prisons on Screen in 1970s Britain - Dr Marcus K Harmes, Meredith A Harmes, Dr Barbara Harmes, University of Southern Queensland -- Chapter seven: Porridge Reheated: Rewriting the Prison Sitcom - Eleanor March, University of Surrey -- Chapter eight: In the Name of the Father: (Re)Framing the Guildford Four - Dr Fran Pheasant-Kelly, University of Wolverhampton, UK -- Chapter nine: 'You're in trouble mate': Prison and Screen Practice - Dr Lewis Fitz-Gerald, University of New England -- Chapter ten: How Does the Design of the Prison in Paddington 2 (2017) Convey Character, Story and Visual Concept? - Jane Barnwell, University of Westminster -- Section Two: Prisoner reactions to representation -- Chapter eleven: Reading Bronson from Deep on the Inside: An Exploration of Prisoners Watching Prison Films - Dr Victoria Knight, De Montfort University, UK and Dr Jamie Bennett, University of Oxford, UK -- Chapter twelve: Voices from the Inside: Prison Podcasts - Dr Dawn K. Cecil, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg -- Chapter thirteen: A Place to Stand: the Importance of Inmate Narratives in Media - Nathan Young, Arizona State University -- Chapter fourteen: Mediated Representations of Prisoner Experience and Public Empathy - Dr Katrina Clifford, Deakin University and Professor Rob White, University of Tasmania -- Section Three: Out of the depths: media creations from inside prison -- Chapter fifteen: Prison on Screen in Italy: From 'Shame Therapy' Propaganda to Citizenship Programs - Dr Nicoletta Policek, University of Cumbria, UK -- Chapter sixteen: Make Do and Mend: Images and Realities of Prisoners' Positive Creativity - Charlotte Bilby, Reader in Criminology, Northumbria University -- Chapter seventeen: 'O Prison Darkness … Lions in the Cage'; The 'Peculiar' Prison Narratives of Guantánamo Bay - Dr Josephine Metcalf, University of Hull -- Chapter eighteen: Ghost Ships in the Sea: Guantánamo Bay Detainee Art and a Torturous Exhibition - Emilee Grunow, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities -- Section Four: Learning from prison: ethics, education, and audiences -- Chapter nineteen: The Lord of the Flies in Palo Alto - Professor James Oleson, Auckland University -- Chapter twenty: Story as 'Freedom,' Story as 'Prison': Narrative Invention and Human Rights Interventions in Camp 14: Total Control Zone - Professor David Scott Diffrient, Colorado State University -- Chapter twenty-one: An Evaluation of the Effect of Prison Break on Youth Perception of Prison - Dr Okechukwu Chukwuma, Islamic University in Uganda, Kampala Campus and Julius Omokhunu, Edo State, Nigeria -- Section Five: Sensational prisons: incarceration and punishment as reality TV -- Chapter twenty-two: Tacumbú in the News: Non-Sensational Reporting of a Perpetually Unfolding Real-Life Prison Drama - Timothy Revett, New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary -- Chapter twenty-three: Bad Teens, Smug Hacks & Good TV: The success and legacy of Scared Straight! - Catherine Harrington, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL -- Chapter twenty-four: The Same, but Different: Discourses of Familiarity and Fear in 60 Days In - Dr Faye Davies, Birmingham City University, UK -- Chapter twenty-five: Reality TV: Instilling Fear to Avoid Prison - Dr Erin DiCesare, Johnson C. Smith University -- Chapter twenty-six: The Queen without a Kingdom: Vulnerability, Martyrization, Monolingualism and Injury Towards a Quechua Speaking Woman Imprisoned in Argentina - Dr Sergio Rodríguez-Blanco, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City -- Chapter twenty-seven: Women Behind Bars: Dissecting Social Constructs Mediated by News and Reality TV - Jennifer Thomas, Howard University -- Chapter twenty-eight: Monstrous Celebrity and Train-Wreck Femininity: The Tabloid-isation of Prisons and Prisoners - Dr Susan Hopkins, University of Southern Queensland -- Section Six: Genre and prisons: Black Mirror and beyond -- Chapter twenty-nine: Speculative Punishment, Incarceration, and Control in Black Mirror - Dr David Pierson, University of Southern Maine -- Chapter thirty: Carceral Imaginaries in Science Fiction: Toward a Palimpsestic Understanding of Penality - Kaitlyn Quinn, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Erika Canossini, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto Vanessa Evans, Department of English, York University -- Chapter thirty-one: 'It's more like an eternal waking nightmare from which there is no escape': Media and Technologies as (Digital) Prison in Black Mirror - Julie Escurignan, University of Roehampton and Dr François Allard-Huver, University of Lorraine -- Chapter thirty-two: Dark Fantasies: The Prisoner and the Future of Imprisonment - Dr Marcus Harmes, Meredith Harmes, Dr Barbara Harmes, University of Southern Queensland -- Chapter thirty-three: Minority Report, Abjection and Surveillance: Futuristic Control in the Scientific Imaginary - Dr Fran Pheasant-Kelly, University of Wolverhampton, UK -- Chapter thirty-four: Moral Ambivalence and the Executioner's Hood – Averting the Retributive Gaze in Dystopian Fiction - Dr Francine Rochford, La Trobe University, Australia -- Section Seven: Creative and commercial transformations: dark tourism in dark places -- Chapter thirty-five: Dark Tours: Prison Museums and Hotels - Associate Professor James Oleson, Auckland University -- Chapter thirty-six: 'Pack of thieves?': The visual representation of prisoners in dark tourist sites - Dr Jenny Wise and Dr Lesley McLean, University of New England, Australia -- Chapter thirty-seven: The Legend of Madman's Hill: Incarceration, Madness and Dark Tourism on the Goldfields - Dr David Waldron, Federation University Australia -- Chapter thirty-eight: Three Related Danish Narratives: the Film 'R', the Penal Museum at Horsens and the Replacement Prison of East Jutland - Dr Jack Dyce -- Chapter thirty-nine: 'Ulucanlar from Prison to Museum: Struggle on Memory and the Future in Turkey' - Dr Mine Gencel Bek, University of Siegen -- Section Eight: Orange is the New Black: race and gender in a television phenomenon -- Chapter forty: Introduction to Imprisonment by the 'Nice White Lady': Piper Chapman as the Ideal Racialised and Classed Neoliberal Subject - Kate Meakin, University of Sussex -- Chapter forty-one: Can Prison be a Feminist Space?: Interrogating Television Representations of Women's Prisons - Jessica Ford, University of New South Wales, Australia -- Chapter forty-two: Advocating Prisoners' Human Rights: A Textual Analysis of Orange is the New Black - Dr Alina Thiemann, Institute of Sociology, the Romanian Academy -- Chapter forty-three: Is Yellow the New Orange? Vis a Vis: The Transnational Phenomenon of Female Prison Dramas and the Rise of Spanish Television - Julia Echeverría, University of Zaragoza, Spain -- Section Nine: Varieties of incarceration: from Wentworth to Bitch Planet -- Chapter forty-four: Wentworth and the Politics and Aesthetics of Representing Female Embodiment in Prison - Cornelia Wächter, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany -- Chapter forty-five: From the Stony Ground Up: the Unique Affordances of the Gaol as 'Hub' for Transgressive Female Representations in Women-in-Prison Dramas - Stayci Taylor (RMIT University, Melbourne), Craig Batty (University of Technology, Sydney), Tessa Dwyer (Monash University, Melbourne), Radha O'Meara (University of Melbourne) -- Chapter forty-six: 'Are You Woman Enough to Survive?': Bitch Planet's Collaborative Critique of the Neo-Liberal Prison-Industrial Complex - Dr Martin Zeller-Jacques, Queen Margaret University -- Chapter forty-seven: The Pleasure Politics of Prison Erotica - Dr Nicoletta Policek, University of Cumbria, UK -- Chapter forty-eight: Let's Have Redemption! Women, Religion and Sexploitation on Screen - Dr Marcus Harmes, Meredith Harmes, Dr Barbara Harmes, University of Southern Queensland -- Section Ten: Exploitation and racialization in prison: film, memoirs and music -- Chapter forty-nine: Screening Fear and Anxiety: African American Incarceration and the Dawning of the Prison-Industrial Complex - Assistant Professor Keith Corson, University of Central Arkansas -- Chapter fifty: 'If These Walls Could Talk': The Prison Motif in the Work of Kendrick Lamar - Chelsea Roden, Universität Heidelberg, Germany -- Chapter fifty-one: How Race and Criminality Interface Through Memoir, Drawing & Film: an Investigation of Austin Reed, Frank Jones Jamaa Fanaka - Ravi Shankar, University of Sydney, Australia.

Au cours de son histoire, le Séminaire de Québec acquiert des œuvres d'art par voie d'achats, de dons ou d'importants legs des collections personnelles des prêtres qui en sont des membres agrégés. Qu'elles soient des objets de consultation personnelle, de collections d'étude pour l'Université Laval – institution d'enseignement fondée par le Séminaire en 1852 – ou des éléments de décor des espaces communs, certaines images se démarquent par le sujet qu'elles représentent et appellent une réflexion sur les valeurs qu'elles peuvent constituer au sein de l'institution. La forte représentativité de Rome dans les collections d'estampes s'est imposée comme un questionnement au vu de la démultiplication des objets. Ce constat est également contemporain de l'accroissement de la circulation des prêtres vers la Ville éternelle au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Les récits de voyages de ces derniers permettent de situer les perceptions qu'ils ont de Rome, de ses monuments, ses musées, ses églises, sa religiosité et ses mœurs. De ces récits, générateurs d'images mentales, se démarque le journal de voyage de l'archevêque de Québec, Mgr Joseph-Octave Plessis, tenu en 1819-1820, un document qui permet d'assoir des hypothèses sur la préparation du voyage des prêtres à Rome au XIXe siècle. Tout aussi pertinent, celui de l'abbé Benjamin Pâquet, rédigé entre 1863 et 1866 durant ses études de doctorat en théologie au Collège romain, est une source à partir de laquelle des faits concrets guident la définition de la visualité de Rome, comprise comme un ensemble urbain et un lieu idéal et mythique. À partir des descriptions des expériences sensorielles que les prêtres voyageurs font des lieux et des objets, les images physiques représentant Rome conservées au Séminaire et à l'Université prennent de la valeur et du sens. La concordance des objets et des commentaires génère un corpus représentatif d'une visualité de Rome et du Vatican au Séminaire et à l'Université durant la période ciblée. À ce titre, des œuvres graphiques de monuments romains par Giuseppe Vasi ou Giovanni Battista Piranesi, des portraits de prélats de la curie romaine et du pape par le peintre Vincenzo Pasqualoni et des albums de gravures ou de photographies souvenirs, participent à créer un ensemble de références pour l'institution dont la portée visuelle et culturelle repose sur des faits et une phénoménologie du sensible. L'entretien de rapports diplomatiques entre le Saint-Siège et les membres de l'institution est une constance qui ressort à l'analyse des sources textuelles. À la même époque que le voyage de l'abbé Pâquet, le pape poursuit l'application de stratégies pour consolider son autorité morale et symbolique, alors que son autorité temporelle est affaiblie par les bouleversements politiques en Italie. Ces stratégies se caractérisent, entre autres, par des décrets dogmatiques, le financement de chantiers archéologiques, la restauration de monuments, des commandes artistiques et des rééditions d'estampes à Rome, lesquelles ont influencé le développement de la bibliothèque et des collections du Séminaire. Pour analyser ces modes de correspondance à la fois physique (objets), symbolique (images), spirituel et politique, nous avons fait appel aux règles du monde commun domestique définies par Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot (1991) qui se caractérisent par le respect et la reconnaissance de l'autorité et de la filiation. Celles-ci permettent de comprendre le fonctionnement de la vie en commun auprès d'une micro-société comme le Séminaire; des règles qui influencent également le système de valeurs de celle-ci. Un arrimage intellectuel sur les valeurs idéologiques, humanistes et artistiques, promues par le Saint-Siège explique les formes que peuvent prendre la présence du pape et d'œuvres célèbres du Vatican dans l'imaginaire du Séminaire. La culture visuelle de Rome et du Vatican, dans les collections de l'institution, se trouve ainsi définie par la présence de l'autorité papale garante des humanités classiques, qui s'incarne à travers des actions et des esthétiques valorisant le patrimoine romain antique christianisé, l'historicisme, le purisme et le raphaélisme. ; Throughout its history, Séminaire de Québec acquired works of art by way of purchases, donations, and legacies from the personal collections of priests who are members of the religious community of the institution. Whether these were objects of personal consultation, study collections for Université Laval — founded by the Séminaire in 1852 — or decorative artifacts in common spaces, some images stand out for the subject they represent and call for a reflection on the values that they can constitute within the institution.The strong representatives of Rome in the collection of prints imposes a questioning on the multiplication of objects on the same subject. This observation is also contemporary to the increase of the long-stay of priests in the Eternal City during the second half of the 19th century. Their travel reports allow them to state their perceptions of Rome, its monuments, its museums, its churches, its religiosity and its customs. From these stories, themselves generators of mental images, stands out the travel diary of the Archbishop of Quebec, Mgr. Joseph-Octave Plessis. Written in 1819-1820, this document allows to formulate hypotheses on the preparation of the journey of priests in Rome in the 19th century. Equally relevant, the travel diary of Abbot Benjamin Pâquet, written between 1863 and 1866 during his doctoral studies in theology at the Roman College, is a source from which concrete facts guide the definition of the visuality of Rome, understood as a urban ensemble and as an ideal and mythical place. From the descriptions of the sensory experiences that traveling priests make of places and objects, the physical images representing Rome kept at the Séminaire and at the Université acquire value and meaning. Concordance of objects and comments generates a corpus representative of a visualization of Rome and the Vatican at the Séminaire and at the Université during the targeted period. As such, graphic works of Roman monuments by Giuseppe Vasi or Giovanni Battista Piranesi, portraits of prelates of the Roman curia and of the Pope by the painter Vincenzo Pasqualoni, and albums of prints or souvenir photographs, create a set of references for the institution whose visual and cultural significance is based on facts and on a phenomenology of the sensitive experience. The fostering of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the members of the Séminaire is a constancy that emerges from the analysis of textual sources. Around the same time of Abbot Pâquet's journey, the Pope continued to apply strategies to consolidate his moral and symbolic authority, while his temporal authority was weakened by political upheavals in Italy. These strategies were characterized, among other things, by dogmatic decrees, the funding of archaeological sites, the restoration of monuments, artistic commissions, and reissues of prints in Rome, which influenced the development of the library and of the collections of Séminaire de Québec. To analyze these modes of correspondence which are both physical (objects), symbolic (images), spiritual and political, we have used the rules of the "common domestic world" defined by Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot (1991) which are characterized by respect and recognition of authority and filiation. These make possible to understand the functioning of a life in common within a micro-society, like at the Séminaire; rules also influence its system of values. An intellectual link with the ideological, humanist and artistic values promoted by the Holy See explains the forms that the presence of the Pope and famous Vatican works can take in the imagination of the priests of the Séminaire. The visual culture of Rome and the Vatican, in the collections of the institution, is thus defined by the presence of a papal authority, guardian of the classical humanities, which is embodied through actions and aesthetics valuing Christianized ancient Roman heritage, historicism, purism and Raphael ism.

Les systèmes agroforestiers intercalaires (SAI) se caractérisent par l'intégration d'espèces ligneuses disposées en rangées largement espacées dans les champs cultivés. Dans un contexte où les paysages agricoles, qu'ils soient marqués par l'intensification des pratiques agricoles ou un abandon plus ou moins marqué de l'agriculture, sont en quête de durabilité, les SAI sont proposés comme des systèmes écologiques et productifs ayant le potentiel de répondre aux enjeux vécus à l'échelle des fermes et des paysages. Afin d'optimiser la participation des SAI à la construction de paysages durables, il est nécessaire d'acquérir une vision intégrée de leur cohérence paysagère, c'est-à-dire de leur arrimage avec les dimensions écologiques et sociales des paysages, ainsi que de développer des outils pouvant guider leur aménagement dans une perspective paysagère. Or, la cohérence potentielle des SAI avec les dimensions sociales des paysages reste encore peu documentée, et les outils permettant d'envisager l'intégration et l'aménagement des SAI dans une perspective paysagère rares et peu adaptés au contexte québécois. En se basant sur un cadre conceptuel associant les approches dialectiques du paysage aux systèmes socio-écologiques, la thèse a évalué, ex-ante, certains aspects de la dimension sociale de la cohérence paysagère des SAI dans deux contextes paysagers fortement contrastés : la municipalité régionale de comté (MRC) des Maskoutains, marquée par des paysages d'intensification agricole, et celle de Charlevoix-Est, marquée par la déprise agricole. Les perceptions de 40 professionnels (agriculteurs, conseillers agricoles et forestiers, aménagistes et élus) travaillant dans des territoires à l'étude furent scrutées à travers des entrevues semi-dirigées et des groupes de discussion. L'impact des SAI et de leur aménagement (espacement des rangées et diversité des espèces ligneuses) sur l'appréciation des paysages agricoles par les résidents fut sondé via un questionnaire en ligne. La dimension écologique de la cohérence paysagère des SAI fut analysée via une revue de littérature des services écosystémiques qu'ils peuvent potentiellement fournir, une analyse des enjeux vécus dans les paysages agricoles du Québec et des entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées avec quatre experts agroforestiers. Les dimensions sociale et écologique furent ensuite combinées pour créer deux outils d'aide à la décision multicritères pour guider le choix des sites d'implantation et des aménagements des SAI dans une perspective paysagère. Les entrevues semi-dirigées et les groupes de discussion ont révélé que les facteurs influençant l'intégration des SAI dans les paysages variaient d'un milieu à l'autre. Dans les Maskoutains, les SAI s'arriment très bien aux enjeux écologiques prioritaires perçus par les acteurs et répondent même à certains enjeux esthétiques, mais leur rentabilité incertaine, l'inadéquation des politiques agricoles avec ces systèmes et les habitudes liées aux pratiques intensives limitent leur cohérence paysagère. Dans Charlevoix-Est, c'est l'intérêt esthétique des SAI et la nécessité de diversifier les revenus issus de l'agriculture qui sont apparus comme les éléments favorisant le plus l'implantation des SAI, alors que les prix du bois, très bas, sont apparus comme un élément limitant majeur. Les analyses multivariées et qualitatives des appréciations paysagères des résidents ont démontré que, peu importe la MRC ou le profil des répondants, les scénarios présentant des SAI et des paysages ordinaires étaient également appréciés, hormis pour la prairie qui s'avéra significativement plus appréciée que les SAI. Les répondants ont aussi exprimé des préférences régionales contrastées pour l'aménagement des SAI, démontré une certaine préférence pour des systèmes diversifiés et révélé que l'aspect linéaire des systèmes diminuait leur attrait. En somme, dans les Maskoutains, les SAI présentent, malgré leur pertinence écologique et les plus grandes possibilités offertes en matière de choix d'espèces ligneuses, une cohérence paysagère faible en raison de contraintes sociales relativement peu favorables à leur intégration. Le contexte de Charlevoix-Est, plus équilibré, est globalement plus propice à l'intégration des SAI, notamment à cause de facteurs sociaux plus favorables et malgré des possibilités plus restreintes en matière de diversité végétale. La thèse démontre ainsi l'importance d'une approche territorialisée et intégrant à la fois une analyse des dimensions écologiques et sociales pour choisir les sites d'implantation, les espèces et les types d'aménagement à prioriser afin d'optimiser la cohérence des SAI dans les paysages. Les résultats plaident globalement pour une diversification et une « délinéarisation » des modèles de SAI afin de mieux les arrimer aux conditions socio-écologiques des paysages, dans le respect de leurs dynamiques évolutives. ; Agroforestry intercropping systems (AIS) are characterized by the integration of woody species arranged in widely spaced rows in cultivated fields. In a context where agricultural landscapes, whether shaped by the intensification of agricultural practices or by a more or less important agricultural decline, are in search for sustainability, AIS are proposed as alternative, ecological and productive land-use systems that could tackle the challenges experienced both at the farm and landscape levels. Optimizing the contribution of AIS to landscape sustainability requires an integrated vision of their landscape coherence, understood as their match with the ecological and social dimensions of landscapes, as well as the use of tools aimed at guiding their design and implementation in a broad, landscape perspective. Up to now, the potential coherence of AIS with the social dimensions of landscapes remains poorly documented, and the tools enabling the choice of optimal AIS designs following a landscape perspective rare and not suited to Quebec's context. Using a conceptual framework linking landscape dialectic approaches to socio-ecological systems, the thesis assessed, ex-ante, some aspects of the social dimension of AIS landscape coherence in two highly contrasted agricultural landscape contexts: the regional county municipality (RCM) of Les Maskoutains, shaped by agricultural intensification landscapes, and the RCM of Charlevoix-Est, featuring agricultural decline. The perceptions of 40 professionals (farmers, farm and forestry advisors, landscape planners and local authorities) working within the studied territories were scrutinized through semi-directed interviews and focus groups. The impact of AIS and of their design features (row spacing and woody species diversity) on agricultural landscape appreciation by residents was surveyed using an online questionnaire. The ecological dimension of AIS landscape coherence was analysed through a literature review of the ecosystem services they may provide, an analysis of the challenges faced within agricultural landscapes in Québec and semi-directed interviews conducted with four agroforestry experts. The social and ecological dimensions were then combined and enabled the creation of two multicriteria decision-tools aimed at guiding the implementation sites and designs of AIS in a landscape perspective. Semi-directed interviews and focus groups revealed that the factors influencing AIS integration within landscape vary between regions. In Les Maskoutains, AIS match the most crucial ecological issues perceived by stakeholders, and even some landscape aesthetic concerns, but their uncertain economic viability, the mismatch of public agricultural support to these systems and the habits linked to intensive agricultural practices limit their landscape coherence. In Charlevoix-Est, the AIS aesthetics and the necessity to diversify agricultural income appeared as the elements most facilitating AIS implementation, while very low wood prices appeared as a major constraint. Multivariate and qualitative analysis performed on the landscape appreciation declared by residents demonstrated that, regardless of the region or the profile of the respondents, AIS and ordinary agricultural landscapes were equally appreciated, excepted for the hay field which was significantly more appreciated than the other landscapes. Respondents also expressed contrasted regional preferences for AIS designs, demonstrated a slight preference for AIS featuring diversified woody species and revealed that the linear aspect of AIS was lowering their attractivity. Globally, in Les Maskoutains, AIS present, despite their high ecological relevance, a weak landscape coherence caused by a social context somehow not very favorable to their integration. The context in Charlevoix-Est, more balanced, is globally more suitable to AIS integration despite restrained possibilities in terms of woody perennial diversity. The thesis thus demonstrates the importance of a territorial approach integrating ecological and social dimensions to choose implementation sites, woody species and global AIS designs to optimize their landscape coherence. The results globally advocate for a diversification and a "delinearization" of AIS models to better match them to the socio-ecological conditions of landscape, with respect for their evolutive dynamics.

Cette HDR est composée de trois volumes : Volumes 1 - Parcours professionnel : Parcours d'une géographe : La carte, entre enseignement et objet de recherche Volume 2- Publications : Représenter le territoire et territoires représentés Volume 3- Synthèse scientifique : La cartographie au service de l'action publique et de l'aménagement du territoire ; Mapping and Territorial analysis Part 1: Professional experience. The Geographer's journey: Maps as research and teaching object The first part of this Habilitation to conduct researches aims at presenting the academic background as Lecturer and researcher since 1990. The author explains her epistemological and pedagogical choices using the different step of designing a map as metaphor. The narrative is structured around 4 steps of the author's professional life: - Studying geography: crave for arts and geographical pathway, base maps, data - Teaching: modes of representations - Managing and collaborating: cartographic layout - Seeking out intellectual and scientific path: synthesis map or multi-scalar cartography? Part 2: Publications. Territory representations The second part of the work ambitions to render the structuring steps of the author's scientific path both the content and the working methods. Part 3: Scientific syntheses. Supporting political agendas and territorial planning The last part of the work aims at exploring from a cartographic point of view the European territorial planning management and organisation. The author outlines also some reflections to feed into the debate and the next programs. First the author explains the fact that at institutional level, maps are strongly subordinated to political purposes. 3 guidance principal are to be used in analysing institutional maps: what is in it and maybe what is not in it? And how the information is layered? Thus, technical considerations tell a lot on both the political context of the production of the map and apparent neutrality of images. The European Union and the ESPON program set a rigid institutional system imposing a strong control of maps and representations. The author argues, in a second part, for more innovation in the cartographic field. Maps are a strong means to present complex political realities. On the basis of efficiency, aesthetics, practical and conceptual innovations considerations, the author presents a new link between policy-makers and cartographers to improve the production and design of operational maps. ; HDR- Christine Zanin - Cartographie et analyse territoriale- 4 décembre 2013 Le premier volume, Parcours d'une géographe : La carte, entre enseignement et objet de recherche, est consacré à la présentation de mon parcours d'enseignante-chercheure. Il présente l'ensemble de mes activités depuis mon élection, en 1990, comme maître de conférences de l'enseignement supérieur. Mon itinéraire géographique y est décrit par l'intermédiaire de l'objet emblématique du géographe, fondamental pour comprendre mes choix pédagogiques et mes bifurcations scientifiques. Comprendre les jalons d'une formation universitaire et d'un parcours d'enseignante-chercheure pour entrevoir le chemin de la cartographe-géographe que je suis devenue. J'ai choisi de décliner mon parcours en quatre tranches de vie principales : - La formation d'une jeune étudiante en géographie : rêves artistiques et parcours géographiques, fond de carte et données - La pratique de l'enseignement supérieur : modes de représentations - L'accomplissement de tâches administratives et collectives : mise en page cartographique - La recherche d'un parcours intellectuel et scientifique : carte de synthèse ou cartographie multi échelle ? Le deuxième volume, Représenter le territoire et territoires représentés, est organisé autour d'un choix de dix-neuf références permettant d'éclairer les principales étapes de mon parcours scientifique, tant en ce qui concerne le contenu que les méthodes utilisées. Quatre idées générales ont guidé l'organisation des références sélectionnées pour illustrer mes productions. Elles apparaissent comme des " points d'ancrage " facilitant la mise en cohérence d'un corpus caractéristique de l'évolution de mes centres d'intérêts et de recherche tout au long de ma carrière : Une thèse en 1989 sur la qualité de la vie : un concept à définir et évaluer ; Un cadre opérationnel de recherche : le territoire représenté et son aménagement ; Une passion : le monde des cartes et de la cartographie ; Un cadre d'application de la recherche et un enthousiasme : la pédagogie. Ces idées se superposent et s'enchevêtrent tout au long de ma carrière mais l''information géographique reste mon terrain de jeu. Mes centres d'intérêts scientifiques s'organisent autour de ce terrain qui permet de mettre en scène des scénarios d'analyse, de traitement, de représentation et de présentation de l'information. Les acteurs sont nombreux et les exigences parfois contradictoires : analyse scientifique, demande sociale, information citoyenne, décision politique, formulation d'hypothèses théoriques ou opérationnelles, communication, organisation, visualisation, etc. La question posée cherche à résoudre la question de la circulation et du rôle de l'information géographique dans ces mises en scène : comment l'utiliser comme une matière première malléable vers l'objectif affiché ? Un schéma aide à en comprendre l'essentiel et donne sa place à la boîte à outils du géographe qui devient l'élément central de mon parcours et de mes publications. Le troisième volume, La cartographie au service de l'action publique et de l'aménagement du territoire, est un texte inédit qui articule mes réflexions théoriques, en matière de cartographie et les applications développées ces dernières années. Ce volume propose une exploration cartographique au sein de l'organisation, la gestion et la planification territoriale européenne. Il apporte des éléments de réponse aux questions posées dans ce domaine mais il a aussi pour objectif de proposer des pistes de réflexion susceptibles d'alimenter des programmes de recherches futures. La première partie de ce volume, Un certain regard sur le territoire européen, fait la démonstration empirique et critique de l'influence du cadre institutionnel de la conception cartographique sur l'aspect général des images proposées. La carte est ici étroitement subordonnée à une finalité politique, mais, techniquement, elle peut s'analyser selon trois principes : ce qui s'y trouve, ce qui ne s'y trouve pas et la façon dont l'information y est hiérarchisée. Ainsi, en analysant une carte du point de vue technique, on peut apprendre beaucoup de choses sur le contexte politique de production et sur ce qui se cache derrière la neutralité apparente de l'image, les intentions cachées, etc. Cela est particulièrement vrai a fortiori lorsqu'il s'agit d'étudier les cartes de l'Union européenne, espace aux enjeux territoriaux complexes et conflictuels. L'innovation, on le verra, n'est pas toujours au rendez-vous et le cadre institutionnel d'un programme comme ESPON qui impose un fort contrôle de la carte, devient souvent synonyme de normalisation excessive des représentations et, par là même, des " visions " stratégiques du territoire européen proposées. La deuxième partie de ce volume, A la recherche de l'innovation cartographique, entre réflexion territoriale et pouvoir, trace la voie pour le programme de recherche que je veux mener dans les prochaines années. À travers les questions d'efficacité, d'esthétisme et d'innovations pratiques et conceptuelles, je tente un chemin qui permettrait de dépasser le stade primitif du GSTN pour repenser le lien entre le décideur politique et le cartographe dans la production de cartes opérationnelles. Ce chemin est complexe mais nous verrons qu'il aboutit à une évidence que je pensais pourtant dépassée : la carte est un outil puissant, en constante mutation, innovant mais encore mal utilisé et mal compris. Notre objectif n'est pas de faire de la carte un objet neutre exempt de controverses mais, bien au contraire, celui qui assume efficacement le discours du politique (le message désiré est bien celui qui est perçu) comme celui qui donne à voir les multiples facettes d'une réalité à aménager (l'image produite aide à produire aussi bien la réflexion que le discours) et qui permet la discussion à partir d'images bien construites. Cette partie est également l'occasion d'afficher mon projet de recherche cartographique que je veux centrer sur l'action pour l'aménagement du territoire : trouver des solutions opérationnelles pour traiter une information géographique diversifiée et toujours plus abondante, se rattacher au questionnement sur les politiques territoriales, aborder le processus d'échanges entre concepteur et utilisateur de cartes, tout en travaillant la mise en scène.

Cette HDR est composée de trois volumes : Volumes 1 - Parcours professionnel : Parcours d'une géographe : La carte, entre enseignement et objet de recherche Volume 2- Publications : Représenter le territoire et territoires représentés Volume 3- Synthèse scientifique : La cartographie au service de l'action publique et de l'aménagement du territoire ; Mapping and Territorial analysis Part 1: Professional experience. The Geographer's journey: Maps as research and teaching object The first part of this Habilitation to conduct researches aims at presenting the academic background as Lecturer and researcher since 1990. The author explains her epistemological and pedagogical choices using the different step of designing a map as metaphor. The narrative is structured around 4 steps of the author's professional life: - Studying geography: crave for arts and geographical pathway, base maps, data - Teaching: modes of representations - Managing and collaborating: cartographic layout - Seeking out intellectual and scientific path: synthesis map or multi-scalar cartography? Part 2: Publications. Territory representations The second part of the work ambitions to render the structuring steps of the author's scientific path both the content and the working methods. Part 3: Scientific syntheses. Supporting political agendas and territorial planning The last part of the work aims at exploring from a cartographic point of view the European territorial planning management and organisation. The author outlines also some reflections to feed into the debate and the next programs. First the author explains the fact that at institutional level, maps are strongly subordinated to political purposes. 3 guidance principal are to be used in analysing institutional maps: what is in it and maybe what is not in it? And how the information is layered? Thus, technical considerations tell a lot on both the political context of the production of the map and apparent neutrality of images. The European Union and the ESPON program set a rigid institutional system imposing a strong control of maps and representations. The author argues, in a second part, for more innovation in the cartographic field. Maps are a strong means to present complex political realities. On the basis of efficiency, aesthetics, practical and conceptual innovations considerations, the author presents a new link between policy-makers and cartographers to improve the production and design of operational maps. ; HDR- Christine Zanin - Cartographie et analyse territoriale- 4 décembre 2013 Le premier volume, Parcours d'une géographe : La carte, entre enseignement et objet de recherche, est consacré à la présentation de mon parcours d'enseignante-chercheure. Il présente l'ensemble de mes activités depuis mon élection, en 1990, comme maître de conférences de l'enseignement supérieur. Mon itinéraire géographique y est décrit par l'intermédiaire de l'objet emblématique du géographe, fondamental pour comprendre mes choix pédagogiques et mes bifurcations scientifiques. Comprendre les jalons d'une formation universitaire et d'un parcours d'enseignante-chercheure pour entrevoir le chemin de la cartographe-géographe que je suis devenue. J'ai choisi de décliner mon parcours en quatre tranches de vie principales : - La formation d'une jeune étudiante en géographie : rêves artistiques et parcours géographiques, fond de carte et données - La pratique de l'enseignement supérieur : modes de représentations - L'accomplissement de tâches administratives et collectives : mise en page cartographique - La recherche d'un parcours intellectuel et scientifique : carte de synthèse ou cartographie multi échelle ? Le deuxième volume, Représenter le territoire et territoires représentés, est organisé autour d'un choix de dix-neuf références permettant d'éclairer les principales étapes de mon parcours scientifique, tant en ce qui concerne le contenu que les méthodes utilisées. Quatre idées générales ont guidé l'organisation des références sélectionnées pour illustrer mes productions. Elles apparaissent comme des " points d'ancrage " facilitant la mise en cohérence d'un corpus caractéristique de l'évolution de mes centres d'intérêts et de recherche tout au long de ma carrière : Une thèse en 1989 sur la qualité de la vie : un concept à définir et évaluer ; Un cadre opérationnel de recherche : le territoire représenté et son aménagement ; Une passion : le monde des cartes et de la cartographie ; Un cadre d'application de la recherche et un enthousiasme : la pédagogie. Ces idées se superposent et s'enchevêtrent tout au long de ma carrière mais l''information géographique reste mon terrain de jeu. Mes centres d'intérêts scientifiques s'organisent autour de ce terrain qui permet de mettre en scène des scénarios d'analyse, de traitement, de représentation et de présentation de l'information. Les acteurs sont nombreux et les exigences parfois contradictoires : analyse scientifique, demande sociale, information citoyenne, décision politique, formulation d'hypothèses théoriques ou opérationnelles, communication, organisation, visualisation, etc. La question posée cherche à résoudre la question de la circulation et du rôle de l'information géographique dans ces mises en scène : comment l'utiliser comme une matière première malléable vers l'objectif affiché ? Un schéma aide à en comprendre l'essentiel et donne sa place à la boîte à outils du géographe qui devient l'élément central de mon parcours et de mes publications. Le troisième volume, La cartographie au service de l'action publique et de l'aménagement du territoire, est un texte inédit qui articule mes réflexions théoriques, en matière de cartographie et les applications développées ces dernières années. Ce volume propose une exploration cartographique au sein de l'organisation, la gestion et la planification territoriale européenne. Il apporte des éléments de réponse aux questions posées dans ce domaine mais il a aussi pour objectif de proposer des pistes de réflexion susceptibles d'alimenter des programmes de recherches futures. La première partie de ce volume, Un certain regard sur le territoire européen, fait la démonstration empirique et critique de l'influence du cadre institutionnel de la conception cartographique sur l'aspect général des images proposées. La carte est ici étroitement subordonnée à une finalité politique, mais, techniquement, elle peut s'analyser selon trois principes : ce qui s'y trouve, ce qui ne s'y trouve pas et la façon dont l'information y est hiérarchisée. Ainsi, en analysant une carte du point de vue technique, on peut apprendre beaucoup de choses sur le contexte politique de production et sur ce qui se cache derrière la neutralité apparente de l'image, les intentions cachées, etc. Cela est particulièrement vrai a fortiori lorsqu'il s'agit d'étudier les cartes de l'Union européenne, espace aux enjeux territoriaux complexes et conflictuels. L'innovation, on le verra, n'est pas toujours au rendez-vous et le cadre institutionnel d'un programme comme ESPON qui impose un fort contrôle de la carte, devient souvent synonyme de normalisation excessive des représentations et, par là même, des " visions " stratégiques du territoire européen proposées. La deuxième partie de ce volume, A la recherche de l'innovation cartographique, entre réflexion territoriale et pouvoir, trace la voie pour le programme de recherche que je veux mener dans les prochaines années. À travers les questions d'efficacité, d'esthétisme et d'innovations pratiques et conceptuelles, je tente un chemin qui permettrait de dépasser le stade primitif du GSTN pour repenser le lien entre le décideur politique et le cartographe dans la production de cartes opérationnelles. Ce chemin est complexe mais nous verrons qu'il aboutit à une évidence que je pensais pourtant dépassée : la carte est un outil puissant, en constante mutation, innovant mais encore mal utilisé et mal compris. Notre objectif n'est pas de faire de la carte un objet neutre exempt de controverses mais, bien au contraire, celui qui assume efficacement le discours du politique (le message désiré est bien celui qui est perçu) comme celui qui donne à voir les multiples facettes d'une réalité à aménager (l'image produite aide à produire aussi bien la réflexion que le discours) et qui permet la discussion à partir d'images bien construites. Cette partie est également l'occasion d'afficher mon projet de recherche cartographique que je veux centrer sur l'action pour l'aménagement du territoire : trouver des solutions opérationnelles pour traiter une information géographique diversifiée et toujours plus abondante, se rattacher au questionnement sur les politiques territoriales, aborder le processus d'échanges entre concepteur et utilisateur de cartes, tout en travaillant la mise en scène.

Readers will be aware of the philosophy journal poll I have been hosting here. The poll was comprehensive in that it covered over 140 philosophy journals, most of them suggestions by readers. These journals cover the full spectrum of the discipline. There have been more than 36,000 votes cast already and I believe we can draw some initial findings. Journals are each assigned a score: this is the percent (%) chance that voters will select this journal as their favourite if asked to choose between this journal and a second journal chosen at random.

The first finding is that there appears to be a top tier of philosophy journals -- this is not controversial -- that is relatively small -- this latter part may be more controversial.

From the poll, the top tier of philosophy journals appears to consist of the following publications:

1. Journal of Philosophy 87

2. Philosophical Review 84
3. Philosophy & Phenomenological Research 83
3. Nous 83 
5. Mind 82 
6. Ethics 80

I say that these appear to be the top tier as each were no. 1 or 2 at some point during the voting (unlike other journals). Each would be selected at least 80% of the time if paired with a second journal chosen at random.

A further finding is that the second tier of journals -- which we might classify as chosen at least 60-79% of the time when paired with a second journal chosen at random -- is perhaps surprsingly large. This second tier might consist of the following journals:

7. Philosophical Studies 79
8. Synthese 77
8. Philosophy & Public Affairs 77
10. Analysis 76
10. Philosophical Quarterly 76
10. American Philosophical Quarterly 76
10. Philosophers' Imprint 76
10. Monist 76
10. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 76
16. Journal of the History of Philosophy 75
16. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 75
16. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 75
16. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 75
20. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74
21. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 73
21. European Journal of Philosophy 73
23. Erkenntnis 72
24. Philosophy of Science 71
25. Philosophy 70
25. History of Philosophy Quarterly 70
25. Ratio 70
28. Journal of Moral Philosophy 69
29. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 68
30. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 67
31. Philosophical Papers 67
32. Journal of Philosophical Logic 67
33. Journal of Philosophical Research 66
33. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 66
33. Utilitas 66
33. Mind and Language 66
33. Journal of Ethics 66
38. Southern Journal of Philosophy 65
39. Review of Metaphysics 64
39. Philosophical Investigations 64
39. Kant-Studien 64
42. Metaphilosophy 62
42. Philosophy Compass 62
42. Journal of Political Philosophy 62
42. Philosophical Topics 62
42. Philosophia 62
47. Hume Studies 61
47. Linguistics and Philosophy 61
49. Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy 60

The next third tier of journals are those chosen about 50% of the time (from 40-60%)  where paired with a second journal chosen at random:

50. Phronesis 59 
51. Journal of the History of Ideas 58

51. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 58
53. Ethical Theory & Moral Practice 57
53. Philosophical Forum 57
53. Inquiry 57
56. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 56
57. Political Theory 55
57. Social Theory & Practice 55
57. Philosophical Explorations 55
57. Journal of Social Philosophy 55
57. Economics & Philosophy 55
62. Law & Philosophy 54
62. dialectica 54
62. Public Affairs Quarterly 54
62. Acta Analytica 54
66. Social Philosophy & Policy 53
66. Theoria 53
66. Journal of Applied Philosophy 53
69. Faith and Philosophy 52
70. Political Studies 51
71. Journal of Value Inquiry 51
72. Harvard Law Review 50
73. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 49
73. Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly 49
73. Philosophical Psychology 49
76. Bioethics 48
76. International Journal of Philosophical Studies 48
78. Politics, Philosophy, Economics 47
78. Kantian Studies 47
79. History of Political Thought 44
80. Legal Theory 43
81. Hypatia 42
82. Philosophical Writings 41
82. southwest philosophy review 41
84. Apeiron 40
84. European Journal of Political Theory 40
84. American Journal of Bioethics 40

The remaining results for other journals are as follows:

87. Environmental Ethics 39
87. Logique et Analyse 39
87. Philosophy Today 39
90. Ratio Juris 38
90. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 38
90. Business Ethics Quarterly 38
93. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 37
93. Ethical Perspectives 37
93. Public Reason 37
96. Hegel-Studien 36
97. Philosophy & Social Criticism 35
97. Res Publica 35
97. Philosophy in Review 35
97. Philo 35

101. Neuroethics 34
101. Ethics and Justice 34
103. Philosophy and Theology 33
104. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 32
105. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 32
106. Review of Politics 31
106. Jurisprudence 31
106. Research in Phenomenology 31
109. Journal of Philosophy of Education 30
109. Review Journal of Political Philosophy 30
109. Philosophy East and West 30
112. South African Journal of Philosophy 29
112. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 29
114. Teaching Philosophy 28
114. Review Journal of Philosophy & Social Science 28
114. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 28
117. Journal of Global Ethics 27
117. APA Newsletters 27
119. Transactions of the C. S. Peirce Society 26
120. Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 25
121. Adam Smith Review 23
121. Archiv fur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 23
121. Imprints: Egalitarian Theory and Practice 23
124, Theory and Research in Education 22
125. Polish Journal of Philosophy 21
125. Epoche 21
125. Fichte Studien 21
125. Symposium: Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy 21
125. Asian Philosophy 21
130. Think 20
131. Archives de Philosophie du Droit 18
131. Collingwood & British Idealism Studies 18
131. Owl of Minerva 18
131. New Criminal Law Review 18
135. Journal of Indian Philosophy 17
136. Continental Philosophy Review 17
136. The European Legacy 17
138. Education, Citizenship, and Social Justice 15
139. Reason Papers 14
139. Associations 14
139. Journal of Indian Philosophy and Religion 14
142. Studia Philosophica Estonica 13
143. Derrida Today 5

Some further reflections. While there are several exceptions, it would be interesting to analyze any correlation between the age of a journal and its position in the rankings. There are several surprises on the list, this list does not correspond to my own opinions (I would have ranked many journals differently), and I do not believe that there is much difference between journals ranked closely together.

I also purposively put some selections in to see how they might play out. For example, I added Harvard Law Review out of curiosity and I was surprised to see of all journals exclusively publishing law and legal philosophy journals it appears to come second to the Oxford Journal of Legal Studies and above other choices. (I was surprised legal philosophy journals did not score much better.) I added several journals edited by political scientists, such as Political Studies, and was surprised to see they did not score as highly as I had thought. Roughly speaking, journals with a wider remit performed much better than journals with a more specific audience. I also added at least one journal, Ethics and Justice, that I believe is no longer in print. (Can readers correct me on this? I hope I am in error.) It scored 34% and came in at 101st.

What I will do shortly is create a new poll that will only have the top 50 philosophy journals from this poll roughly speaking. Expect to see this new link widely advertised shortly.

In the meantime, what do readers think we can take away from the results thus far? Have I missed anything?

Quaderni della Rivista di Cultura classica e medievale 1–7, 1999, 2001, 2002bis, 2003, 2004bis. (Heikki Solin) Sapheneia. Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie 1, 2, 4–11, Hrsg. M. Billerbeck - B. K. Braswell 1997, 1998, 2000 (bis), 2002, 2003, 2004 (bis), 2006. (Heikki Solin) Primum legere. Annuario delle attività della delegazione della Valle del Sarno dell'A.I.C.C. A c. di G. Caiazza – A. Esposito, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Corona coronaria. Festschrift für Hans-Otto Kröner zum 75. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von S. Harwardt - J. Schwind, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Nova de veteribus. Mittel- und neulateinische Studien für Paul Gerhard Schmidt. Hrsg. von A. Bihrer - E. Stein, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Mittelalter und Renaissance. In honorem Fritz Wagner. Hrsg. von A. Lozar - S. De Vito-Egerland, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Homo pictor. Hrsg. von G. Boehm. Red. S. E. Hauser, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Ricerche di antichità e tradizione classica. A cura di E. Lanzillotta, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Unfreie Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnisse von der Antike bis in die Gegenwart. Eine Einführung. Hrsg. von E. Herrmann-Otto, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Gab es das Griechische Wunder? Griechenland zwischen dem Ende des 6. und der Mitte des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Hrsg. von D. Papenfuß und V.M. Strocka, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Santuari e luoghi di culto nell'Italia antica. A cura di L. Quilici - S. Quilici Gigli, 2003. (Heikki Solin) Viabilità e insediamenti nell'Italia antica. A cura di L. Quilici - S. Quilici Gigli, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Theodor Mommsens langer Schatten. Das römische Staatsrecht als bleibende Herausforderung für die Forschung. Hrsg. von W. Nippel - B. Seidensticker, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Theodor Mommsen: Gelehrter, Politiker und Literat. Hrsg. von J. Wiesehöfer, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Epitheta deorum apud Homerum. The Epithetic Phrases for the Homeric Gods. Edited by J. H. Dee, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Sophocles: Selected Fragmentary Plays. Volume I. Edited with Introductions, Translations and Commentaries by A. H. Sommerstein, D. Fitzpatrick and T. Talboy, 2006. (Vesa Vahtikari) C. Schefer: Platons unsagbare Erfahrung. Ein anderer Zugang zu Platon, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Euripides: Electra. Edidit G. Basta Donzelli, 2002. (Heikki Solin) Aristoteles och Pseudo-Xenofon om Athenarnas statsförfattning, Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία. Övers. och noter av S. Wahlgren, 2001 (Heikki Solin) New Testament Greek. A Reader, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Soranos: Kvinnolära, Om graviditet, förlossningskonst, spädbarnsvård och kvinnosjukdomar, Γυναικεια. Översättning av S. Törnkvist - I. Ursing, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Philipp Brandenburg: Apollonios Dyskolos. Über das Pronomen, 2005. (Anneli Luhtala) Sortes Astrampsychi. Vol. II. Edidit R. Stewart, 2001. (Heikki Solin) T. Maccius Plautus: Den skrävlande soldaten. Miles gloriosus. Tolk., inled. och anm. av A. Önnerfors, 2001. (Heikki Solin) G. Graf v. Gries: "Hercle" ante Herculem natum? 2003. (Heikki Solin) E. Karakasis: Terence and the Language of Roman Comedy, 2005. (Hilla Halla-aho) M. Porcius Cato: Über den Ackerbau. Hrsg. übers. und erl. v. D. Flach, 2005. (Paavo Castrén) Virgil: Aeneid 3. A Commentary by N. Horsfall, 2006. (Hannu Riikonen) P. Naso Ovidius: Carmina amatoria. Amores, Medicamenta faciei femineae, Ars amatoria, Remedia amoris. Ed. A. Ramírez de Verger, 2006. (Heikki Solin) Hyginus: Fabulae. Ed. P.K. Marshall, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Lactantius (L. Caelius Firmianus): Göttliche Unterweisungen in Kurzform. Eingel., übers. und erl. v. E. Heck und G. Schickler, 2001 (Heikki Solin) Boethius: De consolatione philosophiae. Opuscula theologica. Ed. C. Moreschini, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Collectio Psalterii Bedae Venerabili adscripta. Edidit G. M. Browne, 2001. (Heikki Solin) I. Balde: Liber epodon. Ed. U. Winter, 2002. (Heikki Solin) Hildebertus Cenomannensis episcopus: Carmina minora. Rec. A. Brian Scott, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Hrotsvit: Opera omnia. Ed. W. Berschin, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Io. Genesius Sepulveda Cordubensis: Epistolarum libri septem. Ed. J.J. Valverde Abril, 2003. (Heikki Solin) Antichi e moderni nella filosofia di età imperiale. Atti del II colloquio internazionale Roma. A c. di A. Brancacci, 2001. (Heikki Solin) M. Pani: Le ragioni della storiografia in Grecia e a Roma, 2001. (Heikki Solin) L. Porciani: Prime forme della storiografia greca. Prospettiva locale e generale nella narrazione storica, 2001. (Heikki Solin) E. Segal: The Death of Comedy, 2001. (Heikki Solin) J. Farrell: Latin Language and Latin Culture from Ancient to Modern Times, 2001. (Heikki Solin) A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Volume IV: Macedonia, Thrace, Northern Regions of the Black Sea. Editors P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews, 2005. (Martti Leiwo) M. Morandi Tarabella: Prosopographia Etrusca. I Corpus. 1. Etruria Meridionale, 2004. (Jorma Kaimio) Becoming Roman, Writing Latin? Literacy and Epigraphy in the Roman West. Edited by A. E. Cooley, 2002. (Kalle Korhonen) Supplementa Italica. Imagines. Supplementi fotografici ai volumi italiani del CIL. Latium Vetus I. Di M.G. Granino Cecere, 2005. (Olli Salomies) Historia Numorum: Italy. Gen. Ed. K. N. Rutter, 2001. (Heikki Solin) F. Gschnitzer: Kleine Schriften zum griechischen und römischen Altertum I-II. Hrsg. von C. Trümpy und T. Schmitt, 2001, 2003. (Heikki Solin) N. Morley: Theories, Models and Concepts in Ancient History, 2004. (Harri Kiiskinen) Serta antiqua et mediaevalia VII: Il cittadino, lo straniero, il barbaro, fra integrazione ed emarginazione nell'antichità. A c. di M. G. Angeli Bertinelli e A. Donati, 2005. (Mika Kajava) Zu Wasser und zu Land – Verkehrswege in der antiken Welt. Hrsg. von E. Olshausen und H. Sonnabend, 2002. (Harri Kiiskinen) Antike Bibliotheken. Hrsg. von W. Hoepfner, 2002. (Heikki Solin) E. Winter – B. Dignas: Rom und das Perserreich. Zwei Weltmächte zwischen Konfrontation und Koexistenz, 2001. (Heikki Solin) M. J. T. Lewis: Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome, 2001. (Heikki Solin) E. C. Portale – S. Angiolillo – C. Vismara: Le grandi isole del Mediterraneo occidentale. Sicilia Sardinia Corsica, 2005. (Heikki Solin) H. Bowden: Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle. Divination and Democracy, 2005. (Mika Kajava) Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'Mousike' in the Classical Athenian City. Edited by P. Murray and P. Wilson, 2004. (Stephen Evans) H. Halfmann: Städtebau und Bauherren im römischen Kleinasien. Ein Vergleich zwischen Pergamon und Ephesos, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Politica e partecipazione nelle città dell'impero romano. A cura di F. Amarelli, 2005. (Olli Salomies) Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire. Edited by C. Adams and R. Laurence, 2001. (Heikki Solin) O. Stoll: Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft. Gesammelte Beiträge 1991-1999, 2001. (Heikki Solin) A. E. Cooley: Pompeii, 2003 (Antonio Varone) A. E. Cooley – M. G. L. Cooley: Pompeii. A Sourcebook, 2004 (Antonio Varone) A. R. Amarotta: Salerno romana e medievale. Dinamica di un insediamento, 1989. (Heikki Solin) D. Memoli Apicella: Culti di origine greca a Salerno, 2001. (Mika Kajava) A. Colavitti: Cagliari. Forma e urbanistica, 2003. (Heikki Solin) W. Eck: Köln in römischer Zeit. Geschichte einer Stadt im Rahmen des Imperium Romanum, 2004. (Heikki Solin) D. Rohrbacher: The Historians of Late Antiquity, 2002. (Kaj Sandberg) J.-P. Callu: Culture profane et critique des source de l'antiquité tardive, 2006. (Heikki Solin) The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law. Edited by M. Gagarin and D. Cohen, 2005. (Tiina Purola) R. Förtsch: Kunstverwendung und Kunstlegitimation im archaischen und frühklassischen Sparta, 2001. (Heikki Solin) L. Bernabò Brea: Maschere e personaggi del teatro greco nelle terracotte liparesi, 2001. (Heikki Solin) E. Perry: The aesthetics of emulation in the visual arts of ancient Rome, 2005. (Eeva-Maria Viitanen) Lebenswelten. Bilder und Räume in der römischen Stadt der Kaiserzeit. Hrsg. von R. Neudecker und P. Zanker, 2005. (Heikki Solin) A. Comella: Il santuario di Punta della Vipera, Santa Marinella, Comune di Civitavecchia. I: I materiali votivi, 2001. (Heikki Solin) M. P. Guidobaldi: I materiali votivi della Grotta del Colle di Rapino, 2002. (Heikki Solin) M. Catucci – L. Jannelli – L. Sanesi Mastrocinque: Il deposito votivo dall'acropoli di Cuma, 2002. (Heikki Solin) M. De Franceschini: Ville dell'Agro Romano, 2005. (Eeva-Maria Viitanen) Carta archeologica e ricerche in Campania. Fasc. 1 + 2. A c. di L. Quilici e S. Quilici Gigli, 2004. (Heikki Solin) U. Pappalardo: La descrizione di Pompei per Giuseppe Fiorelli (1875). Con una cronistoria per immagini e la lettera alla Guardia Nazionale del distretto di Castellammare di Stabia, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Volubilis. Eine römische Stadt in Marokko von der Frühzeit bis in die islamische Periode. Hrsg. von M. Risse, 2001. (Heikki Solin)

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter One Reading for the Food -- Chapter Two Rome Eats -- Chapter Three Fooding the Bible -- Chapter Four The Debate over Dinner -- Chapter Five Mimesis, Metaphor, Embodiment -- Notes -- Index -- Image Credits

At DiGRA 2013 (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA), the Indie Game Studies panel and dedicated issue of the journal Loading…, curated by Prof Bart Simon, brought the emerging forms of independent game development to the attention of game scholars (Parker 2014). Five years later, the indie scene has become richer and varied, and has been adapting to mutating contexts of production and distribution. Festivals, incubators for start-ups and small companies, workshops and mentoring schemes, have been proliferating in the USA, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe, and the United Kingdom. Numerous independent companies have been founded in the geographical areas where the video game industry was already solid, and a significant presence is establishing in parts of the world that have been traditionally distant from the main hubs of video game development. While the differences (economic, managerial, ideological) with the mainstream productions have always been contested, the recent proliferation of independent companies has further confused the boundaries that appeared to separate the independent territories from the 'official' video game industry. In 2013 the trade association TIGA estimated that in the United Kingdom '83% of all studios that started up in 2011 and 2012 were independent (as opposed to publisher owned)' (TIGA 2013). It has been estimated that, in 2014, 95% of video game companies in the United Kingdom were micro or small businesses, according to NESTA (2014) and the British government (GOV.uk 2014). In Australia, independent companies now form the 'backbone' of game development (Apperley and Golding 2015, 61; Banks and Cunningham 2016). In 2013, a survey involving 2,500 North American game developers revealed that 53% of them identified as 'indie' (GDC 2013), and a subsequent survey by IGDA revealed that 48% of US game developers self-identified as independent (IGDA 2014). Independence is no longer a marginal or alternative mode of production, if it ever was, but the most common type of organization within the video game industry. It appears that almost every game developer is now partially or temporarily 'indie' within their career, and the trend is expected to grow, consistently with the recent developments of the cinema, music, and fashion industries (Hesmondhalgh 2013, McRobbie 2016). The workshop will explore the current state, meanings, and values associated with independence in video game culture, through a series of contributions and findings that analyse the domain from different perspectives, disciplines and geographical specificities. What is at stake, in 2018, when making claims of autonomy, self-management, and creative control? Are indie games helping improve the diversity deficit in game makers and audiences? Is there still room for independence, in a production context where short-term contracts, individualism, and financial risks are considered necessary to be involved in game development? The workshop picks up where the 2013 DiGRA panel left off, bringing together the most current research and theorizing on the topic of "indie game studies." Speakers, including some of from the original panel in Atlanta, will present and compare research in a series of short (approx. 15 minutes) presentations. The presentation will culminate in a discussion, to which participants will be invited to contribute, identifying patterns, controversies and gaps, with a view toward continuing towards further collaboration, research, publication and dissemination. Speakers' contributions: Indie Game Studies – 5 years later Paolo Ruffino (Lecturer in Media Studies, University of Lincoln, UK) Ruffino will introduce the workshop. Drawing on Felan Parker's proposal of 'indie game studies', the workshop gathers some of the international scholars who are currently doing research on independent game development (Parker 2014). This presentation looks at the various approaches to the study of independence. It also questions the reasons for doing research on this topic in this particular historical moment, while developers are starting to organise in local/global unions and networks of mutual assistance. It also draws on regionally specific studies regarding the meaning and values of independence, with a view on mapping the contemporary topics and questions of academic research in the field. Game Production Studies: Theory, Method and Practice Casey O'Donnell (Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Information at Michigan State University, USA) Dr. O'Donnell's addition to this workshop is rooted in a deep interest and care for game production studies, beginning with his early dissertation work with AAA game developers and subsequently working in a variety of fields doing research on game production in the educational, crowdsourcing and "indie" communities. O'Donnell's focus will be on the theories, methods and practices of performing indie game production studies. Game Production Studies explore the wide array of processes, practices, texts, technologies and aspects that take place in and surrounding the game production process. This process is often referred to generally as "game development," which while rooted in the practice of making games actually constitutes a wide variety of tasks, disciplinary perspectives, processes, people and institutions. Indiepocalypse Nadav Lipkin (Assistant Professor of Media, Communication and Technology at La Roche College, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) In his 2013 article for Loading…, Lipkin went about defining independent games. A fear at the heart of that discussion was that larger corporations would co-opt the indie movement by producing games that look indie without being independent from dominant production practices. Since then, subsequent research suggests a different concern is perhaps more worthy of examination. For this workshop, Lipkin will discuss the Indiepocalypse and focus on how the biggest threat to independents is not the mainstream but each other. Overproduction, a glamorization of insecure and unpaid labor, and mainstream distribution partners (especially Steam) who have contradictory financial interests need to be better understood. By examining these conditions, Lipkin intends to connect the games industry more closely to examinations of other creative industries plagued by similarly poor labor and economic conditions. Some notes on the indiefication of game development Olli Sotamaa (Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Game Lab, School of Information Sciences at University of Tampere, Finland) This presentation will draw on my study of the Finnish game development scene that has been going on for almost a decade now. While Finland arguably is a small node in the global circuits of game production, well known hit games like Rovio's Angry Birds and Supercell's Clash of Clans have attracted attention worldwide. Following Garda & Grabarczyk (2016), I consider it important to highlight how the notions of independent games are always connected to given time and place. Accordingly, I examine how independence and 'indie' get a particular meaning in a North-European game development scene defined by small domestic market and early focus on mobile games. Drawing from diverse examples ranging from Housemarque, an independent studio founded in 1995 and a nominee for the Best Indie Studio in Develop Awards 2018, to Arvi Teikari, the designer of IGF 2018 winner Baba is You, this presentation explores the different understandings of indie in an environment that has never hosted a strong AAA industry. As at least some of the game development practices look increasingly similar, it is clear that we need to take a closer look at the production networks (Tyni 2017) and cultural intermediaries (Parker, Whitson & Simon 2018) and explore how they differ between individual games and companies. The other side of the spectrum – how indies saved VR Paweł Grabarczyk (Post-Doc at ITU Copenhagen, Denmark) As has been pointed out (Juul 2015, Garda & Grabarczyk 2016) pixel art and low (or at least relatively humble) production values have become the de facto aesthetic standard for contemporary independent games. Indie games can typically be run on modest computers as they do not require expensive graphics cards or fast processors. The result of this common association is that independent games with relatively high production values are sometimes dubbed as "AAA indie" (Hellblade Senua's Sacrifice can be a good example of this). Contrary to this VR technologies are typically associated with expensive, high end machines because they require both: the purchase of a relatively powerful computer and the purchase of the headset itself. On the face of it, VR games and indie aesthetics could not be further apart. It is thus very surprising that this expensive technology attracted a substantial number of independent developers (for example, there are currently 1864 games tagged as "independent" "VR" games on the Steam platform). More importantly, many of the most successful VR games belong to the indie category (Job Simulator, SuperHot VR, Beat Saber). I believe that this phenomenon demands further study, because it escapes some of the existing classifications and conceptualizations of independent games market (the move from retro-aesthetics being the most obvious reason for this). I argue that there are three reasons why independent developers were attracted to VR platforms. The first reason is the move from pixel art to low poly art which has been visible in many recent games (and which made the transition from "flat" games to VR games possible). The second reason is the spirit of innovation which permeates both communities (indie developers and VR developers). The third, most intriguing factor is that VR games created an economic niche which resulted from the lack of so called "AAA" games being developed specifically for VR. Project:INDIE Dr Celia Pearce (Associate Professor of Game Design at Northeastern University, USA) Over the past decade, indie games have grown at such a rapid rate that by 2014 roughly half of game developers identified as indie. This explosion is the outcome of a bottom-up, complex, emergent process representing the convergence of a variety of visible and invisible factors, including: emerging technologies, new publication and funding models, game academia, festivals and exhibitions, accessible creation tools, peer-learning and creative communities (e.g. game jams, co-working spaces), as well changes in government and popular perception of games. Project:INDIE is an initiative and consortium formed to develop an overview of the indie ecosystem, mapping the complex interrelationships and influences between its constituent parts. We will do this by aggregating existing research on indie games, identifying gaps and setting research agendas, and conducting comparative analysis on datasets from key players to understand the synergies between various contributing factors to the growth and commercial success of indie and artgames. Independent game industry in Melbourne, Australia Dr Brendan Keogh (Digital Media Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Australia) Like other countries beyond North America and Japan, Australia has an emerging, grassroots videogame industry consisting primarily of small teams of independent studios creating original IP in precarious conditions. In Australia, this independent game industry has centred on Melbourne, Victoria, where state funding and the support of institutions such as the State Library of Victoria and the Australian Centre of the Moving Image have encouraged the growth of a robust and diverse ecology of videogame makers. Crucially, within this ecology are two interlocking but distinct independent scenes with different practices and approaches. This talk will present preliminary findings from interview research conducted with 40 videogame makers and cultural institutions in Melbourne to highlight the specific tensions, experiences, skills, and identities across these two Melbourne indie game scenes to draw attention to the need to account for a variety of scales of formal and informal creative labour practices within local videogame development fields. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Paweł Grabarczyk is a post-doc researcher at IT University of Copenhagen and adjunct professor at University of Lodz. His research focuses mostly on the boundaries between philosophy and game studies: specifically philosophy of language (ontology of games and conceptual analysis) and philosophy of mind (forms of representation in games and virtual reality). He is also interested in the study of modern and historical trends in games (indie games, shareware games) and demoscene. He is the president of Centre for Philosophical Research and an editor-in-chief of Replay: The Polish Journal of Game Studies. Brendan Keogh is an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Fellow currently conducting research into Australian videogame makers and skills transfer. He is the author of A Play of Bodies: How We Perceive Videogames and Killing is Harmless: A Critical Reading of Spec Ops The Line. Nadav Lipkin is an Assistant Professor of Media, Communication and Technology at La Roche College in Pittsburgh. His dissertation, "Agents at work: Decision making capacity and creative labor in network society," explores agency for creative professionals through a cross-industry analysis and a case study of the independent game development community in New York City. His research focuses on independent media production both in and beyond the games industry. Currently, he is examining the responses of YouTube content producers to changes in the platform's content policies. Casey O'Donnell is an Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Information at Michigan State University. His research examines the creative collaborative work of videogame design and development. This research examines the cultural and collaborative dynamics that occur in both professional "AAA" organizations and formal and informal "independent" game development communities. His first book, "Developer's Dilemma" is published by MIT Press. Casey is an active game developer, releasing "Osy," in 2011, "Against the Gradient," in 2012, "GLITcH" in 2013 and "Kerem B'Yavneh," in 2016. His work has been funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institute of Health (NIH). Celia Pearce is an award-winning game designer, researcher, writer and curator. She currently holds a position as Associate Professor of Game Design at Northeastern University. She is the author or co-author of numerous of books and papers, including Communities of Play (MIT Press), Ethnography and Virtual Worlds (Princeton) and IndieCade@10: A Decade of Innovation (CMU ETC Press-In Progress), which chronicles the history of IndieCade, the festival she co-founded. Her recent game credits include Fracture, co-designed for the Blinks Platform, and eBee, which won the 2016 award for Innovation in Tabletop Game Design at Boston Festival of Indie Games. Paolo Ruffino is Lecturer in Media Studies at University of Lincoln, UK, and artist with the collective IOCOSE. Ruffino is the author of Future Gaming: Creative Interventions in Video Game Culture (Goldsmiths and MIT Press), and editor and co-author of numerous publications on games cultures, gamification, and game art. He has been researching in the areas of digital culture, media and cultural studies, media art, and semiotics. Ruffino is President of DiGRA Italia and board member of British DiGRA. Olli Sotamaa is an Associate Professor of game cultures studies at the University of Tampere. His publications cover co-production, user-generated content, game industry analysis & game studies methods. Sotamaa is the co-director of University of Tampere Game Research Lab and a team leader at the Centre of Excellence in Game Culture Studies (2018-2025). His current research interests include game production studies, creative labour and game policy. BIBLIOGRAPHY Apperley, T. and Golding, D. (2015) "Australia" in In Video Games Around the World (M.J.P. Wolf, dir.), Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press, pp. 57–70. Arsenault, D., and Guay, L.-M. (2015). "Canada". In Video Games Around the World (M.J.P. Wolf, dir.), Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press, p. 105-118. Garda, M.B. & Grabarczyk, P. (2016). Is Every Indie Game Independent? Towards the Concept of Independent Game. Game Studies, vol. 16, Issue 1. GDC (2013) "GDC State of the Industry research exposes major trends ahead of March show". GDConf.com. February 28. Available at http://www.gdconf.com /news/gdc_state_of_the_industry_rese/ GOV.uk (2014). "Video games tax relief passes final hurdle". GOV.uk, 27th March. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/video-games-tax-relief-passes-final-hurdle Gregg, M. (2011) Work's Intimacy. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press Hesmondhalgh, David. 2013. The Cultural Industries. 3rd Edition. London: Sage. Kultima, A; Alha, K. & Nummenmaa, T. (2016). Building Finnish Game Jam Community through Positive Social Facilitation. Proceedings of the 20th International Academic Mindtrek Conference, pp. 433-440. New York: ACM. Juul, J. (2014). "High-tech Low-tech Authenticity: The Creation of Independent Style at the Independent Games Festival". In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. Fort Lauderdale. Lessard, J. (2012). "Glutomax: Québecois Proto-Indie Game Development". Loading. Vol. 7, no 11, December 31st. Available at http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/127. Lipkin, N. (2012). "Examining Indie's Independence: The Meaning of "Indie" Games, the Politics of Production, and Mainstream Cooptation". Loading. Vol. 7, no 11, December 31st. Available at http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/122. NESTA (2014) "A Map of the UK Games Industry", Nesta.org, 25th September. Available at https://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/map-uk-games-industry McRobbie, A. 2016. Be Creative: Making a Living in the New Culture Industries. Cambridge: Polity Press. Parker, F. (2014) "Indie Game Studies Year Eleven". In Proceedings of DiGRA 2013: DeFragging Game Studies, Vol. 7, August 2014. Available at http://www.digra.org/digital-library/publications/indie-game-studies-year-eleven/ Parker, F; Whitson, J.R. & Simon, B. (2018). Megabooth: The cultural intermediation of indie games. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1953-1972. Ruffino, P. (2012). "Narratives of Independent Production in Video Game Culture". Loading. Vol. 7, no 11, December 31st. Available at http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/120. Swalwell, M., and Davidson, M. (2015). "Game History and the Case of 'Malzak': Theorizing the Manufacture of 'local Product'in 1980s New Zealand". Locating Emerging Media (Ben Aslinger et Germaine R. Halegoua, dirs.), London: Routledge. Swalwell, M. (2012). "The Early Micro User: Games writing, hardware hacking, and the will to mod". In Proceedings of DiGRA Nordic 2012 Conference: Local and Global—Games in Culture and Society , June, Tampere Swalwell, M. (2008). "1980s Home coding: The art of amateur programming". Aotearoa Digital Arts New Media Reader (Stella Brennan and Su Ballard, dirs.), p. 192-201. Tyni, H. (2017). Double Duty: Crowdfunding and the Evolving Game Production Network. Games and Culture, Online First. UKIE (2017) "The UK Video Games Sector: a Blueprint for Growth". The UK Interactive Entertainment Association. Available at http://ukie.org.uk/blueprint

Doctorado en el Programa de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales ; El objetivo de la Tesis es ofrecer unos Prolegómenos expresados a modo de Presupuestos para postular una posible Filosofía de la Comunidad política en Kant, tanto en sus aspectos "estético-formales" como "teleológico-conceptuales". Es decir, nos proponemos como horizonte una Filosofía de la Comunidad política, cuyos Presupuestos se anuncian en la Crítica del Juicio, como condición de posibilidad, presentados a modo de conceptos potentes. La pregunta central de la Tesis es la siguiente: ¿Qué elementos de la Crítica del Juicio contribuyen a esbozar la posibilidad de una Filosofía de la Comunidad política en Kant? Por el análisis de la Crítica del Juicio atendiendo a la primera parte de la obra desde la consideración estética arribamos a los Presupuestos para una Comunidad política, la segunda parte también nos revela una impronta de praxis política presente de manera más explícita, desde la consideración teleológica. Partimos del análisis de la Crítica del Juicio centrado en rastrear y analizar los Presupuestos para una posible Comunidad política, revelados fundamentalmente en el análisis de la deducción trascendental del juicio de gusto (Comunidad estética) y la consideración del juicio teleológico (Comunidad de fines), que es el concepto central de la Crítica del Juicio. Ambos configuran lo que se puede entender como una Comunidad del juicio reflexionante, que se constituye en el Prolegómeno de la Comunidad política. A partir de las caracterizaciones de dicha Comunidad podemos enrumbarnos hacia la consecución de una Comunidad política. El aporte de la Crítica del Juicio se da desde la comprensión total de la obra, para así arribar a una Comunidad política que ya está anunciada en clave de: Comunicabilidad, de Sensus communis (primera parte de la tercera Crítica) y Finalidad, y Moralidad (segunda parte de la tercera Crítica). En la filosofía kantiana se va progresivamente hacia distintos niveles de análisis conceptual, gracias a los "tránsitos" y a las analogías que permiten avanzar hacia nuevos niveles de comprensión, tránsitos que convocan la unidad de la razón. El "tránsito" hacia una Comunidad política ya está inscrito y anunciado en la misma Crítica del Juicio, así lo revelan la huella de una impronta política contenida en el § 83, en el § 84, en el § 86, y en el § 88 de la segunda parte de la tercera Crítica, en tal sentido, se puede afirmar que la tercera Crítica está cargada de una "impronta" de praxis política, que entendida en consonancia con el aporte del análisis del juicio de gusto: la Comunicabilidad y el Sensus communis fundamentalmente de la primera parte de la Crítica del Juicio, deviene y pasa a Configurar una Comunidad política en sentido judicativo. Kant atendió a diversos ámbitos del pensamiento. Pero hemos de reconocer que en su producción filosófica no existe un libro titulado explícitamente "Crítica del juicio político", ni "Filosofía política". También es cierto que no habla directamente de "Comunidad política". Por tal motivo, nosotros seguimos las caracterizaciones explicitas de conceptos teleológicos que arrojan "indicios" de una impronta política, y conceptos estéticos que contienen una impronta de Comunidad. De tal modo, que se puede interpretar que se anuncia una presencia de una Comunidad política en Crítica del Juicio, expuestos en los puntos siguientes: A) Presencia de los elementos formales de la filosofía kantiana: la legalidad y la finalidad. B) Los conceptos de la primera parte de la Crítica del Juicio: Sensus communis y Comunicabilidad configuran la idea de una Comunidad estética, y de lo Comunitario en clave estético-formal. C) Entendemos la Comunidad (Gemeinschaft) estética como la constitución formal de la condición de regularidad de la experiencia estética, propiciada por el sentido común, y orientada según la finalidad. D) Por Comunitario entendemos lo que dentro de esa condición de regularidad de la experiencia estética se comparte de común, en términos generales es lo humanamente compartido. E) Los conceptos que propone en la segunda parte de la tercera Crítica son potencialmente susceptibles de ser interpretados como "políticos", en especial el § 83, el § 84, el § 86, y el § 88. F) Desde la perspectiva de la Crítica del Juicio se configura una noción no solamente de lo político, sino de la praxis política, entendida como "aplicación del ejercicio de la facultad de juzgar", a la vida en comunidad y en la convivencia común y pacífica con otros ; The objective of the thesis is to offer some Prolegomena, expressed by way of Presuppositions to postulate a possible philosophy of the political community in Kant, both in its "aesthetic-formal" and "teleological-conceptual" aspects. Namely, we propose as a horizon a philosophy of the political community, whose Presuppositions are announced in the Critique of Judgment, as a condition of possibility, presented by way of powerful concepts. The central question of Thesis is the following: Which elements of the Critique of Judgment contribute to outline the possibility of a philosophy of the political community in Kant? By the analysis of the Critique of the Judgment and by focusing the first part of the work from the aesthetic consideration, we arrive to the Presuppositions for a political community; second part also reveals an imprint of political praxis that is more explicitly present from the teleological consideration. We start from the analysis of the Critique of Judgment, focused on tracking and analyzing the Presuppositions for a possible political community, primarily revealed in the analysis of the transcendental deduction of the judgment of taste (aesthetic Community) and the consideration of the teleological judgment (Community of purposes) which is the central concept of the Critique of Judgment. Both form what can be understood as a community of reflective judgment, which becomes the Prolegomena of a political Community. From the characterizations of this Community we can guide toward the achievement of a political community. The contribution of the Critique of Judgment is given from a full understanding of the work in order to reach a political community that is already announced in key: Communicability, Sensus communis (first part of the third Critique) and Purpose, and Morality (second part of the third Critique). Kantian philosophy goes progressively toward different levels of conceptual analysis, thanks to the "Transits" and to the analogies that allow progress toward new levels of understanding, transits that summon the unity of the reason. The "Transit" toward a political community is already registered and announced in the same Critique of Judgment, as it is revealed by the imprint of a political mark contained in the §§ 83, 84, 86 and 88 of the second part of the third Critique; in this sense, it can be said that the third Critique is noted with a "mark" of political practice, understood in line with the contribution of the analysis of the Judgment of taste: Communicability and Sensus communis, primarily from the first part of the Critique of the Judgment, becomes and configures a political Community policy in judicative sense. Kant attended various fields of thought. But we have to recognize that in his philosophical production there is no book entitled nor "Critique of the Political Judgment" nor "Political Philosophy." It is also true that he does not speak directly of "political community." For this reason, we follow the explicit characterizations of teleological concepts that shed "evidence" of a political imprint, and aesthetic concepts that contain an imprint of community. Thus, it can be interpreted that a presence of a political community is announced in the Critique of the Judgment, exposed in the following points: A) Presence of the formal elements of the Kantian philosophy: the legality and purpose. B) The concepts of the first part of the Critique of the Judgment: Sensus communis and Communicability configure the idea of an aesthetic community, and the Communitarian in aesthetic-formal key. C) We understand the community (Gemeinschaft) aesthetics as the formal constitution of the condition of regularity of aesthetic experience, facilitated by the common sense, and oriented according to the purpose. D) By communitarian we understand what within that condition of regularity of the aesthetic experience is shared in common, in general terms it is what is humanly shared. E) The concepts that are proposed in the second part of the third Critique are potentially susceptible to be interpreted as "political", in particular §§ 83, 84, 86 and 88. F) From the perspective of the Critique of the Judgment a notion not only of the political but of the political praxis is configured, understood as "application of exercise of the faculty of judgment", to life in community and in the common and peaceful coexistence with others.

El objetivo de esta investigación es fijar el campo semántico del concepto de representación en el momento de su origen (siglos XVII y XVIII). Pretendemos identificar las diversas esferas de la experiencia sobre las que se ha fundamentado esta construcción conceptual y, al mismo tiempo, describir las mutaciones que ha sufrido, hasta su crisis. Estas esferas son: artística, epistemológica y jurídico-política. Nuestra hipótesis supone que la nueva concepción del poder político contractualista depende de la metáfora de la representación teatral. Trataremos de mostrar cómo la vieja metáfora del Theatrum Mundi, liberada del sistema teológico, se va a transformar en el Barroco en una forma de sociedad espectacular. El ciudadano se convierte en espectador tanto en el teatro como en la sociedad y en la política. Nuevas relaciones de poder y nuevos sujetos (la burguesía y las masas urbanas), pero también nuevos espacios ciudadanos: reales y abiertos (plazas y jardines), y espacios virtuales y cerrados (teatros). Ese complejo estético-político tiene en la ópera cómica, desarrollada durante el clasicismo, el signo distintivo de la Ilustración y de la burguesía. Los textos han sido tratados por una metodología hermenéutica haciendo una nueva lectura de todos aquellos documentos originales que presentaban una perspectiva de esa metáfora escénica. La problemática actual de la representación política se ha tratado desde el método genealógico usando tres perspectivas que constituyen sendas figuras conceptuales. La primera es la que presenta las tres disciplinas por las que conocemos la representación en Occidente: la teoría política, la epistemología y la estética. La segunda hace referencia a los personajes representativos: el político, el científico y el artista. Finalmente, la representación cultivada por estos tres personajes constituye el espectáculo que se ofrece al público. El espectador "actúa" en la representación como el representado. El espectador (público-masa), constituye la tercera figura conceptual o perspectiva. El resultado de este tratamiento nos permite ver cómo, gracias a esa forma de diferenciación social basada en la distinción o gusto estético, frente a la ópera y otras manifestaciones artísticas, se configuraba un sistema espectacular absolutamente vertical. Las altas culturas se presentaban a aquellos individuos distinguidos, convertidos en personajes representativos (alta burguesía). La moderna sociedad de clases reinventa la desigualdad a través de la cultura. En las reflexiones sobre el arte dramático hemos descubierto las claves para la comprensión del moderno hombre público en tanto que personaje representativo. El espacio público se ha transformado en un escenario (El gran teatro del mundo) y se presenta bajo la forma de la representación. La sociedad y la ciudad se han convertido en una escenografía para el espectáculo; el ciudadano es el público y para él se procede a organizar la compleja representación. Se diseña la figura profesional del representante de los asuntos públicos: el político representativo, casi de la misma manera que hay un protagonista de la representación en el teatro: el actor. Dentro de las conclusiones constatamos que la representación no ha entrado en crisis, como viene anunciado en arte y política, más bien al contrario, se ha reforzado, y la moderna red global está organizada por los sistemas mediáticos que gestionan la opinión pública y estimulan el consumo espectacular de las masas. Hemos identificado, en diálogo con Foucault, que la crisis no ha afectado al sistema completo de la representación sino a uno de sus componentes, ese que caracterizó al racionalismo clásico: al modelo cartesiano del orden metódico. En consecuencia, podemos constatar la pervivencia del clasicismo actualmente. Las músicas populares, las dramaturgias cinematográficas, etc. van a promover un nuevo género que regresa a las fuentes populares, aunque se aleja de los patrones musicales del clasicismo ya convertido en música culta, música clásica. El mundo de la comedia clásica está en nuestra sensibilidad, las estructuras espectaculares creadas en aquella época siguen funcionando. Este mundo de la comedia ilustrada ha llegado a convertirse en la dramaturgia de la cultura de masas que la Dialéctica de la Ilustración llamó "industria cultural". Este trabajo ha pretendido realizar la genealogía de los contenidos de esa cultura que impregna todos los productos culturales que se producen en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, especialmente después de que la ilusión de la crisis de la representación haya acabado con la Vanguardia. Y a través de ese análisis hemos definido un modelo crítico de la actitud ciudadana. Respecto a esa construcción cultural se construyen dos figuras del espectador: la ofrecida por Rousseau y otra de Diderot. Nuestra perspectiva es más diderotiana que roussoniana: el espectador debe dejar de serlo, pero en el teatro mismo, no contra el teatro. Nuestras formas culturales y espectaculares forman parte de nuestra identidad y, por ello, debemos exigir no solo su mantenimiento sino la calidad de su custodia, su renovación y su desarrollo. The objective of this research is to set the semantic field of the concept of representation at the time of its origin (17th and 18th centuries). We aim to identify the various areas of the experience on which this conceptual structure is based upon and, at the same time, describe the mutations it has suffered up to its crisis, in its triple aspect: artistic, epistemological and juridical. We will try to show how the old metaphor of the Theatrum Mundi, freed from the theological system, became a form of spectacular society, during the Baroque period Our hypothesis is that the new concept of contractual political power, depends on the metaphor of the theatrical performance, which is the indisputable paradigm of this cultural model. The citizen becomes a spectator both at the theatre as in society and politics. New relations of power and new individuals (the bourgeoisie and the urban masses), but also new urban and civic spaces: real and open (squares and gardens), or virtual and closed (theatres). These aesthetic-political complex performances will reveal through the musical show invented in the 16th century: the opera. During the 18 th. century, the comic opera became a hallmark of the Enlightenment and the bourgeoisie. The texts have been submitted by a hermeneutics methodology by doing a transversal reading about all those original documents presenting a perspective of this scenic metaphor. The current issue of political representation has been treated since the genealogical method using three perspectives. The first one by presents the three disciplines which we know the representation in the West: political theory, epistemology and aesthetics. The second perspective, that illuminates a capital element within this system, makes reference to the representative characters: the politician, the scientist and the artist. Finally, the representation cultivated by these three characters is the performance that is offered to the public, which "acts" in the representation as the represented: the spectator (the crowd-audience), which is the third conceptual figure or perspective. The result of this process lets us see how, thanks to that form of social differentiation based on the distinction or aesthetic taste, opposite the opera and other artistic manifestations, a spectacular system absolutely vertical was configured. High cultures addressed those distinguished individuals converted into emblematic (representative) characters (gentry). We have discovered the keys to the understand the modern public man as a symbol, through our reflections about drama. The public space has been transformed into a stage (the great theatre of the world) and is presented in the form of representation. The society, the city, has become a stage for the show; the citizen is the public and for it proceeds to organize complex representation. The professional figure of the public affairs representative is designed: the political representative, almost in the same way that there is a protagonist of the representation in the Theatre: the actor. One of the most important conclusions is that performance has not entered into crisis, but strengthened enormously while the modern global network is organized by the media that manage public opinion and stimulate mass consumption. Therefore, the crisis has not affected the whole system of performance, but us one of its components, the one which characterized classical rationalism, the Cartesian model of the methodical order. As a result, we can recognize the survival of classicism: popular music, the cinema dramaturgy, etc. generate a new genre that returns to the popular sources, although it moves away from the musical patterns of classicism as converted into art music, classical music. The world of classical comedy is in our sensitivity, the spectacular structures created at that time are still operating. This world of the illustrated comedy has become the drama of mass culture that Dialectics of Enlightenment called cultural industry. This work has tried to carry out the genealogy of the contents of that culture that permeates all cultural products that are produced in the second half of the 20th century, especially since the illusion of the crisis of performance finished with the avant-garde. Through this analysis, we have defined a critical model of citizen attitude. Two figures of the viewer are built on that cultural construction: the one offered by Rousseau and another by Diderot. Our perspective is more Diderot-like than Roussonian: the spectator must cease to be, but within the theatre itself, not against the theatre. Our cultural and spectacular forms are part of our identity, thus we must demand not only its maintenance but also the quality of its custody, renewal and development.

Final report ; Coralligenous is a hard-bottom mainly biogenic habitat, produced by the agglomeration of calcareous encrusting algae growing in dim-light conditions. It is characterized by high structural complexity and spatial heterogeneity, thus supporting rich biodiversity and a variety of sessile assemblages, shaping a typical and one of the most important habitats of the Mediterranean Sea. It produces goods (e.g. food, raw material) and services in several domains (e.g. CO2 sequestration, aesthetics and education). Pollution, smothering and abrasion from a variety of human activities may cause its degradation at a broad scale, whilst fishing and collection of organisms mainly affect target species. Its high aesthetic value may also induce frequentation by SCUBA divers, an additional cause of degradation. Coralligenous is also susceptible to invasive alien species. This habitat, which is of great ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance, is also under the pressures linked to global warming.CIGESMED's GOAL was to understand links between natural and anthropogenic pressures and coralligenous habitats as well as the effects on their functioning to define the Good Environmental Status (GES) of the coastal Mediterranean Sea and propose solutions for maintaining good environmental conditions.Coralligenous specific indices have been constructed and tested by scientists, marine natural parks and reserves managers, also through the implementation of a "citizen science" pilot network. The use of the newest data mining techniques and the development of visualization tools to sort, organize and illustrate very large heterogeneous sets of data constitute an original but complex approach. It permitted to mobilize, visualize and share large data collections, and to manage knowledge to study these habitats.The OUTCOME consists of: i) experimentation and results of new methods to build survey at large scales (testing operating process and materials during dive, photo analyses, population genetics, phylogenetic and metabarcoding approaches) ii) tools to diffuse new methods (website, services, training and field tools for scientists and citizen science, publications) and avoid indices misun-derstanding, iii) tools, methods and prototypes to provide datamining usable for an integrative assessment of the GES within the Framework of the Marine Strategy Directive (for this part, CIGESMED members initiated a new consortium using CIGESMED metadata and dataset to build graph representation, mine graphs and provide tools for environmental decision making). All the outcomes are freely accessible online on websites with open access, open source and open data.The overall achievement was to to bring together researchers (in ecology, economics, sociology, law, etc.) and managers in order to (i) identify the needs and to better address them, (ii) to determine interdisciplinary areas of research concerning the development and management of the coralligenous that could be the subject of a new [multidisciplinary / European / Mediterranean] research project.CIGESMED gathered scientists from France, Greece and Turkey, making it possible to assess the coralligenous habitat in a number of sites in both the northwestern Mediterranean basin and the Aegean-Levantine, under a common approach. Members of ten highly experienced marine ecology laboratories were involved.A total of 10 stations in France (in the Gulf of Lions), Greece (in the Ionian and the Aegean Seas) and Turkey (in the Aegean and the Levantine Seas) were selected to study coralligenous assemblages across the Mediterranean Sea. Analyses of photoquadrats (50x50 cm) and in situ visual observations revealed 313 species, belonging to 15 higher taxa. A total of 204 species were found in Turkey, 192 species in France and 109 species in Greece. Only fifty species were common in all sites. The abundance of the taxonomic groups in coralligenous habitats vary among sites and countries. The multivariate analysis revealed five main assemblages across the Mediterra-nean Sea. A number of important threats were withnessed to have an important impact on coralligenous, with the settlement of invasive alien species (e.g. Caulerpa cylindracea, Womersleyella setacea), sedimentation and factors causing algal bleaching being the most important ones.A new method and index were applied and tested in France (60 stations in Gulf of Lions and Provence) and Greece (4 stations in the Gulf of Corinth) to evaluate the health condition of coralligenous assemblages. This method (INDEX-COR), based on images analyses (60x40cm) and in situ observations, takes into account three metrics giving different levels of information: (i) the ratio "Sensitive-Tolerante Species", (ii) the observable taxonomic richness of the assemblages and (iii) the structural complexity. The global index combining these metrics was tested according to a global index of pressure. Reference conditions were defined in France to propose an interpretation grid to evaluate the status of coralligenous assemblages. This grid applied in Greece demonstrated the necessity to collecte multiple and complete dataset in order to define the reference conditions for the different Mediterranean sectors (e.g. Ionian Sea, Egean Sea and Cretan Sea). Finally, additional indices (CAI, COARSE and ESCA) were tested on the datasets obtained in France and Greece. The comparison of the results is still in progress. The first ones show the advantages and the limits of each index. They underline the need to achieve precisions on (i) their degree of sensitivity in the evaluation of the coralligenous assemblages and (ii) the impact of the different images analysis techniques.Although the global set of samples is still under analysis, the metabarcoding pilot study already gave very promising results for the assessment of coralligenous community species composition: many more species were identified than by eye, predicting a higher resolution than traditional approaches for monitoring and comparing coralligenous assemblages.A dedicated Citizen Science initiative was designed and launched in the course of the project, aiming to engage enthusiast divers in the study and monitoring of coralligenous assemblages through the gathering of basic information regarding spatial occurrence, assemblage structure and associated pressures and threats. The implementation platform comprises a data collection protocol and a multilingual website which serve both educational and data submission purposes. Online and paper educational documentation, as well as observation protocol guidelines are essential tools developed to train volunteer divers. Underwater slates based on the princi-ples of rapid visual assessment have also been developed and distributed to all participants for data collection. Geo-referenced data reporting focuses on: (a) basic topographic and abiotic features for the preliminary description of each site, and the creation of data series for sites receiving multiple visits; (b) presence and relative abundance of typical conspicuous species, as well as, (c) existence of pressures and imminent threats, for the characterization and assessment of coralligenous assemblages. More than 100 observation sets from across the Mediterranean have been registered to date by approximately 30 divers while 75 members have registered to the website, which remain active after the conclusion of the project.Metadata and data produced by the CIGESMED project have a high potential for use by several stakeholders involved in environmental management. Mapping this information needed to share common definitions on coralligenous components and allows starting building a micro thesaurus. The methodology is now developed and the first part of the thesaurus is online. A new consortium called IndexMed whose task is to index Mediterranean biodiversity data, makes it possible to build graphs in order to analyse the CIGESMED data and develop new solutions for coralligenous data mining.The outreach activity of the project included participation of the Consortium to an impressive number of Conferences, Symposia and Workshops, which made it possible to achieve not only the communication of the main objectives of the project but also the development of links with other projects, targeting Marine Biodiversity [e.g. EMBOS (The European Marine Biodiversity Observa-tory), LifeWatch (ESFRI Research Infrastruc-ture), DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status), VECTORS (VECTORS of Change in European Marine Ecosystems and their Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts) and EU BON (Building the European Biodiversity Observation Net-work)]. A flyer was developed to provide the basic information on the project. The project was also advertised during much larger events, in the premises of the participating institutes, such as open days (e.g. exhibitions for the Climate change, TEDx events). The target audience for the outreach activity consisted of researchers and scientists, students, educators, environmental managers, policy makers and stakeholders from all the economic sectors including industry. The means which were used were: (a) the project website, which until now shows a high number of visits recorded for a specialized one: 250,000 hits; (b) the production of 353 articles for the scientific audience and for the society at large. Five websites have been created from which information on the project is broadcasted.The methods and datasets produced by CIGESMED are disseminated to the STIC community, as free tools for studies to be used for any type of data sciences (data mining, data representation .), particularly through the means provided by IndexMed and through data qualification processes (which will need to be continuously improved to keep them relevant). This reusability of the data will be improved in particular by the production of data papers and future animations planned within the framework of the IndexMed consortiumThe Steering Committee consisting of all the WP leaders and the coordinator was responsible for all practical decision making, strategic planning and implementation.A Committee of External Advisors met at an annual basis, and aimed at providing advice on all aspects of the execution of the project to ensure CIGESMED to meet its objectives.

Final report ; Coralligenous is a hard-bottom mainly biogenic habitat, produced by the agglomeration of calcareous encrusting algae growing in dim-light conditions. It is characterized by high structural complexity and spatial heterogeneity, thus supporting rich biodiversity and a variety of sessile assemblages, shaping a typical and one of the most important habitats of the Mediterranean Sea. It produces goods (e.g. food, raw material) and services in several domains (e.g. CO2 sequestration, aesthetics and education). Pollution, smothering and abrasion from a variety of human activities may cause its degradation at a broad scale, whilst fishing and collection of organisms mainly affect target species. Its high aesthetic value may also induce frequentation by SCUBA divers, an additional cause of degradation. Coralligenous is also susceptible to invasive alien species. This habitat, which is of great ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance, is also under the pressures linked to global warming.CIGESMED's GOAL was to understand links between natural and anthropogenic pressures and coralligenous habitats as well as the effects on their functioning to define the Good Environmental Status (GES) of the coastal Mediterranean Sea and propose solutions for maintaining good environmental conditions.Coralligenous specific indices have been constructed and tested by scientists, marine natural parks and reserves managers, also through the implementation of a "citizen science" pilot network. The use of the newest data mining techniques and the development of visualization tools to sort, organize and illustrate very large heterogeneous sets of data constitute an original but complex approach. It permitted to mobilize, visualize and share large data collections, and to manage knowledge to study these habitats.The OUTCOME consists of: i) experimentation and results of new methods to build survey at large scales (testing operating process and materials during dive, photo analyses, population genetics, phylogenetic and metabarcoding approaches) ii) tools to diffuse new methods (website, services, training and field tools for scientists and citizen science, publications) and avoid indices misun-derstanding, iii) tools, methods and prototypes to provide datamining usable for an integrative assessment of the GES within the Framework of the Marine Strategy Directive (for this part, CIGESMED members initiated a new consortium using CIGESMED metadata and dataset to build graph representation, mine graphs and provide tools for environmental decision making). All the outcomes are freely accessible online on websites with open access, open source and open data.The overall achievement was to to bring together researchers (in ecology, economics, sociology, law, etc.) and managers in order to (i) identify the needs and to better address them, (ii) to determine interdisciplinary areas of research concerning the development and management of the coralligenous that could be the subject of a new [multidisciplinary / European / Mediterranean] research project.CIGESMED gathered scientists from France, Greece and Turkey, making it possible to assess the coralligenous habitat in a number of sites in both the northwestern Mediterranean basin and the Aegean-Levantine, under a common approach. Members of ten highly experienced marine ecology laboratories were involved.A total of 10 stations in France (in the Gulf of Lions), Greece (in the Ionian and the Aegean Seas) and Turkey (in the Aegean and the Levantine Seas) were selected to study coralligenous assemblages across the Mediterranean Sea. Analyses of photoquadrats (50x50 cm) and in situ visual observations revealed 313 species, belonging to 15 higher taxa. A total of 204 species were found in Turkey, 192 species in France and 109 species in Greece. Only fifty species were common in all sites. The abundance of the taxonomic groups in coralligenous habitats vary among sites and countries. The multivariate analysis revealed five main assemblages across the Mediterra-nean Sea. A number of important threats were withnessed to have an important impact on coralligenous, with the settlement of invasive alien species (e.g. Caulerpa cylindracea, Womersleyella setacea), sedimentation and factors causing algal bleaching being the most important ones.A new method and index were applied and tested in France (60 stations in Gulf of Lions and Provence) and Greece (4 stations in the Gulf of Corinth) to evaluate the health condition of coralligenous assemblages. This method (INDEX-COR), based on images analyses (60x40cm) and in situ observations, takes into account three metrics giving different levels of information: (i) the ratio "Sensitive-Tolerante Species", (ii) the observable taxonomic richness of the assemblages and (iii) the structural complexity. The global index combining these metrics was tested according to a global index of pressure. Reference conditions were defined in France to propose an interpretation grid to evaluate the status of coralligenous assemblages. This grid applied in Greece demonstrated the necessity to collecte multiple and complete dataset in order to define the reference conditions for the different Mediterranean sectors (e.g. Ionian Sea, Egean Sea and Cretan Sea). Finally, additional indices (CAI, COARSE and ESCA) were tested on the datasets obtained in France and Greece. The comparison of the results is still in progress. The first ones show the advantages and the limits of each index. They underline the need to achieve precisions on (i) their degree of sensitivity in the evaluation of the coralligenous assemblages and (ii) the impact of the different images analysis techniques.Although the global set of samples is still under analysis, the metabarcoding pilot study already gave very promising results for the assessment of coralligenous community species composition: many more species were identified than by eye, predicting a higher resolution than traditional approaches for monitoring and comparing coralligenous assemblages.A dedicated Citizen Science initiative was designed and launched in the course of the project, aiming to engage enthusiast divers in the study and monitoring of coralligenous assemblages through the gathering of basic information regarding spatial occurrence, assemblage structure and associated pressures and threats. The implementation platform comprises a data collection protocol and a multilingual website which serve both educational and data submission purposes. Online and paper educational documentation, as well as observation protocol guidelines are essential tools developed to train volunteer divers. Underwater slates based on the princi-ples of rapid visual assessment have also been developed and distributed to all participants for data collection. Geo-referenced data reporting focuses on: (a) basic topographic and abiotic features for the preliminary description of each site, and the creation of data series for sites receiving multiple visits; (b) presence and relative abundance of typical conspicuous species, as well as, (c) existence of pressures and imminent threats, for the characterization and assessment of coralligenous assemblages. More than 100 observation sets from across the Mediterranean have been registered to date by approximately 30 divers while 75 members have registered to the website, which remain active after the conclusion of the project.Metadata and data produced by the CIGESMED project have a high potential for use by several stakeholders involved in environmental management. Mapping this information needed to share common definitions on coralligenous components and allows starting building a micro thesaurus. The methodology is now developed and the first part of the thesaurus is online. A new consortium called IndexMed whose task is to index Mediterranean biodiversity data, makes it possible to build graphs in order to analyse the CIGESMED data and develop new solutions for coralligenous data mining.The outreach activity of the project included participation of the Consortium to an impressive number of Conferences, Symposia and Workshops, which made it possible to achieve not only the communication of the main objectives of the project but also the development of links with other projects, targeting Marine Biodiversity [e.g. EMBOS (The European Marine Biodiversity Observa-tory), LifeWatch (ESFRI Research Infrastruc-ture), DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status), VECTORS (VECTORS of Change in European Marine Ecosystems and their Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts) and EU BON (Building the European Biodiversity Observation Net-work)]. A flyer was developed to provide the basic information on the project. The project was also advertised during much larger events, in the premises of the participating institutes, such as open days (e.g. exhibitions for the Climate change, TEDx events). The target audience for the outreach activity consisted of researchers and scientists, students, educators, environmental managers, policy makers and stakeholders from all the economic sectors including industry. The means which were used were: (a) the project website, which until now shows a high number of visits recorded for a specialized one: 250,000 hits; (b) the production of 353 articles for the scientific audience and for the society at large. Five websites have been created from which information on the project is broadcasted.The methods and datasets produced by CIGESMED are disseminated to the STIC community, as free tools for studies to be used for any type of data sciences (data mining, data representation .), particularly through the means provided by IndexMed and through data qualification processes (which will need to be continuously improved to keep them relevant). This reusability of the data will be improved in particular by the production of data papers and future animations planned within the framework of the IndexMed consortiumThe Steering Committee consisting of all the WP leaders and the coordinator was responsible for all practical decision making, strategic planning and implementation.A Committee of External Advisors met at an annual basis, and aimed at providing advice on all aspects of the execution of the project to ensure CIGESMED to meet its objectives.