La sensibilité contemporaine empêche toute possibilité d'esthétique du phénomène guerre. Pourtant, le grandiose des champs de bataille possède sa beauté propre, relevée tant par le praticien militaire que l'artiste et l'écrivain. Cette esthétique de la guerre peut toutefois conduire aux pires dérives, car en magnifiant la guerre, le risque semble grand de justifier ses horreurs et ses excès. Pour dépasser cette impasse, il semble qu'il ne faille pas reconnaître une beauté de la guerre, mais une beauté dans la guerre, à la fois source d'efficacité et d'éthique.
This article seeks to analyse Samuel Butler's satirical treatment of Victorian institutions and values in Erewhon (1872). It focuses on the function of the utopian genre to account for the ideological struggles that inform society, and its capacity to suggest cures to social ills.
The hypothesis of an aesthetics of cynicism in contemporary theatre is based on an empirical observation: while theatre often proclaims itself as political, without claiming any ideology, a lot of contemporary European texts and performances since the end of the eighties express a cynical point of view on the world through the characters that they stage or the situations that they present. Appearing in the midst of a more general movement characterized by the renewed interest of authors towards themes drawn from reality, the cynicism that surfaces in the artworks seems to reflect people's waning interest in political matters, and the subject's indifference towards the future of the community.Taking into consideration the dual meaning of the term "cynicism", which refers both to the Greek philosophy movement, of which Diogenes of Sinope has been retained as representative, and to the behaviour of an unscrupulous person who would do anything to achieve their purposes, including breaking free from morality and conventions, this thesis intersects dramaturgical, historical, philosophical, and sociological approaches to explore the different ramifications of cynicism in contemporary theatre, as well as its main features. Sometimes the manifestation of a – possibly unconsciously – conservative spirit, sometimes the signs of an untouched subversive vivacity, the elements constituting the aesthetics of cynicism form a sparse galaxy, insidiously imprinting its mark onto contemporary European theatre. ; L'hypothèse d'une esthétique du cynisme dans le théâtre contemporain s'appuie sur un constat empirique : au sein d'un théâtre qui s'autoproclame bien souvent politique, sans néanmoins se revendiquer d'une quelconque idéologie, la scène contemporaine européenne voit se développer, depuis la fin des années quatre-vingt, bon nombre de textes et de spectacles qui, par l'intermédiaire des personnages qu'ils mettent en scène ou des situations qu'ils présentent, expriment un point de vue cynique sur le monde. Dans un mouvement ...
The hypothesis of an aesthetics of cynicism in contemporary theatre is based on an empirical observation: while theatre often proclaims itself as political, without claiming any ideology, a lot of contemporary European texts and performances since the end of the eighties express a cynical point of view on the world through the characters that they stage or the situations that they present. Appearing in the midst of a more general movement characterized by the renewed interest of authors towards themes drawn from reality, the cynicism that surfaces in the artworks seems to reflect people's waning interest in political matters, and the subject's indifference towards the future of the community.Taking into consideration the dual meaning of the term "cynicism", which refers both to the Greek philosophy movement, of which Diogenes of Sinope has been retained as representative, and to the behaviour of an unscrupulous person who would do anything to achieve their purposes, including breaking free from morality and conventions, this thesis intersects dramaturgical, historical, philosophical, and sociological approaches to explore the different ramifications of cynicism in contemporary theatre, as well as its main features. Sometimes the manifestation of a – possibly unconsciously – conservative spirit, sometimes the signs of an untouched subversive vivacity, the elements constituting the aesthetics of cynicism form a sparse galaxy, insidiously imprinting its mark onto contemporary European theatre. ; L'hypothèse d'une esthétique du cynisme dans le théâtre contemporain s'appuie sur un constat empirique : au sein d'un théâtre qui s'autoproclame bien souvent politique, sans néanmoins se revendiquer d'une quelconque idéologie, la scène contemporaine européenne voit se développer, depuis la fin des années quatre-vingt, bon nombre de textes et de spectacles qui, par l'intermédiaire des personnages qu'ils mettent en scène ou des situations qu'ils présentent, expriment un point de vue cynique sur le monde. Dans un mouvement global caractérisé par le regain d'intérêt des auteurs envers des thématiques tirées du réel, ce cynisme affleurant dans les œuvres semble traduire un désintérêt des individus pour le politique, une indifférence du sujet pour le devenir du collectif. En prenant en considération la double acception du terme « cynisme », qui fait à la fois référence au mouvement de philosophie grecque dont la postérité a retenu Diogène de Sinope pour représentant et au comportement d'un individu sans scrupules, prêt à tout pour parvenir à ses fins, y compris à s'affranchir de la morale et des conventions, ce travail croise approches dramaturgique, historique, philosophique et sociologique pour explorer les différentes ramifications du cynisme dans le théâtre contemporain, ainsi que ses caractéristiques principales. Tantôt preuves d'un esprit – inconsciemment, parfois – conservateur, tantôt signes d'une vivacité subversive intacte, les éléments constituant l'esthétique du cynisme forment une galaxie éparse, imprimant insidieusement sa marque dans le théâtre européen contemporain.
Based on a literary study, this essay is an attempt to understand Charles Maurras' poetical discourse within the framework of the extensive, polemical, critical and philosophical narrative of his author, from the end of the nineteenth century until his final custody in Riom. Our work tries to shed light on all the shapes and goals of Charles Maurras' poetry at all the moments of the author's intellectual history and through all his poetical writings. Thanks to this comprehensive approach, this study shows the fundamental role of intellectual and esthetical tradition in maurrassism and its strategic issues in the maurrassian's iconographic depictions. It also highlights Maurras' extraordinary capacity to fashioned an intellectually coherent and imposing structure of ideas, presenting the linkages between his poetical writings and his political doctrine. In particular, the prophetical dimension of his poetry suggests rising the political doctrine to the level of transcendence, above the mundane polemics of daily journalistic life. Finally, and excluding any partisan approach, this work tries to define what the Maurrassian aesthetics is, from the narrow perspective of literary aesthetics. This manuscript therefore endeavours to look deeper into the key questions that have remained unsolved about Maurras' poetry: the content and unity of his neo-classicism, the ambivalences of its aesthetics, the value of the last mystical conversion. It attempts to offer a better understanding of Charles Maurras' intellectual structures, their logics and paradoxes, relying primarily on its literary work. ; Basé sur une étude littéraire, ce travail se propose de resituer le discours poétique maurrassien au sein de la vaste discursivité polémique, politique, critique et philosophique de l'expression maurrassienne, de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle à l'incarcération finale de Riom. Il tente de mettre en lumière la totalité des formes et des enjeux de l'écriture poétique chez Charles Maurras aux divers moments de son histoire ...
Based on a literary study, this essay is an attempt to understand Charles Maurras' poetical discourse within the framework of the extensive, polemical, critical and philosophical narrative of his author, from the end of the nineteenth century until his final custody in Riom. Our work tries to shed light on all the shapes and goals of Charles Maurras' poetry at all the moments of the author's intellectual history and through all his poetical writings. Thanks to this comprehensive approach, this study shows the fundamental role of intellectual and esthetical tradition in maurrassism and its strategic issues in the maurrassian's iconographic depictions. It also highlights Maurras' extraordinary capacity to fashioned an intellectually coherent and imposing structure of ideas, presenting the linkages between his poetical writings and his political doctrine. In particular, the prophetical dimension of his poetry suggests rising the political doctrine to the level of transcendence, above the mundane polemics of daily journalistic life. Finally, and excluding any partisan approach, this work tries to define what the Maurrassian aesthetics is, from the narrow perspective of literary aesthetics. This manuscript therefore endeavours to look deeper into the key questions that have remained unsolved about Maurras' poetry: the content and unity of his neo-classicism, the ambivalences of its aesthetics, the value of the last mystical conversion. It attempts to offer a better understanding of Charles Maurras' intellectual structures, their logics and paradoxes, relying primarily on its literary work. ; Basé sur une étude littéraire, ce travail se propose de resituer le discours poétique maurrassien au sein de la vaste discursivité polémique, politique, critique et philosophique de l'expression maurrassienne, de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle à l'incarcération finale de Riom. Il tente de mettre en lumière la totalité des formes et des enjeux de l'écriture poétique chez Charles Maurras aux divers moments de son histoire ...
The work of this thesis revolves around the artistic and urban practices in four cities, in Australia and New Zealand. Those cities, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland and Wellington are major artistic hubs in Oceania, and form the basis of a theoretical and empirical study. The first challenge is to locate and understand chronologically, through a Western artistic lens and its evolution, what are the inherent nuances of the in situ art. We will see how art produced extramurally, as represented in the United States and Europe (1960-1970), and noted on multiple accounts by artists, relied on various data: spatial, geomorphological, historical, human and contextual course. This understanding will lead us to the first example of space turning or geospatial art or propensity, which can be viewed as out of its traditional frameworks – which is to the museum, to conquer new territories of registration. To address these postcolonial Pacific cities and the culture they devote to artistic creation, we will see how these two young nations have built and continue to build their identity. In light of the New Zealand biculturalism, the value of Maori culture and the place of the people, we are committed to see how extramural art is represented in Wellington and in more rural areas around Auckland. In Australia, in some examples, the historical facts have reinforced a sense of identity through specific examples of urban creation while in other areas the historical contexts lead to politically charged issues; such is the case of the event Sculpture by the Sea. To what extent can a region, through its first four cities, lead us to rethink the in situ expression and geo-aesthetic that emerges? This study based on observation and cross disciplinary theoretical approaches and argues that the tendency of cities to reinvent worlds, regenerate through art until, is in some respects, a true territorial tool. I propose different readings to further understand how singular forms of aesthetics emerge as part of a proactive planning on ...
The work of this thesis revolves around the artistic and urban practices in four cities, in Australia and New Zealand. Those cities, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland and Wellington are major artistic hubs in Oceania, and form the basis of a theoretical and empirical study. The first challenge is to locate and understand chronologically, through a Western artistic lens and its evolution, what are the inherent nuances of the in situ art. We will see how art produced extramurally, as represented in the United States and Europe (1960-1970), and noted on multiple accounts by artists, relied on various data: spatial, geomorphological, historical, human and contextual course. This understanding will lead us to the first example of space turning or geospatial art or propensity, which can be viewed as out of its traditional frameworks – which is to the museum, to conquer new territories of registration. To address these postcolonial Pacific cities and the culture they devote to artistic creation, we will see how these two young nations have built and continue to build their identity. In light of the New Zealand biculturalism, the value of Maori culture and the place of the people, we are committed to see how extramural art is represented in Wellington and in more rural areas around Auckland. In Australia, in some examples, the historical facts have reinforced a sense of identity through specific examples of urban creation while in other areas the historical contexts lead to politically charged issues; such is the case of the event Sculpture by the Sea. To what extent can a region, through its first four cities, lead us to rethink the in situ expression and geo-aesthetic that emerges? This study based on observation and cross disciplinary theoretical approaches and argues that the tendency of cities to reinvent worlds, regenerate through art until, is in some respects, a true territorial tool. I propose different readings to further understand how singular forms of aesthetics emerge as part of a proactive planning on ...
José Rodrigues Miguéis [1901-1980] leaves Portugal in 1935 and, despite several attempts to come back, he spends most of his life in the United States. This exile, mostly due to his political activities against the Salazar regime, will deeply influence his fictional work. Indeed, on the one hand, his ethical concerns as an activist strongly riddle his narratives which very often obey a global literary strategy with an educational intention where classical and satirical irony is a tool of choice. On the other hand, he regularly shows a critical attitude towards the self and towards the real and often stages his doubts and questionings through another irony, romantic and modern, using literary techniques pointing out a reflexive relationship to creation. The paradox constituting any irony – to say at the same time adhesion and detachment – is thus exacerbated by the presence of those two contradictory ironies, often in the same work. This study aims to prove that the particular nature of the Migueisian fiction lies in the simultaneous presence of those two ironies: a fiction considered as a playground characterized by ambiguity, where the writer plays with the conventions of literature, with genres, with the character-narrator-author categories that he tends to mix up all together and, above all, with the autobiographical dimension, which really plays a predominant role. The classical irony and the romantic and modern one then reveal themselves as the two literary faces of the same identitary drama, that of an exiled writer who wishes to be and is, above all, Portuguese. ; José Rodrigues Miguéis [1901-1980] quitte le Portugal en 1935 et, malgré quelques tentatives de retour, il passera la plus grande partie de sa vie aux États-Unis. Cet exil, en grande partie dû à ses activités politiques contre le régime salazariste, va marquer profondément son œuvre fictionnelle. En effet, si, d'un côté, les préoccupations éthiques du militant imprègnent fortement des récits qui obéissent souvent à une stratégie littéraire globale à visée pédagogique où l'ironie classique et satirique est un instrument privilégié, de l'autre, l'écrivain fait régulièrement preuve d'une attitude critique envers soi et envers le réel et met régulièrement en scène ses doutes et ses questionnements à travers une autre ironie, romantique et moderne, qui se traduit par l'utilisation de techniques littéraires signalant un rapport réflexif à la création. Le paradoxe constitutif de toute ironie – dire simultanément l'adhésion et la mise à distance – est ainsi exacerbé par la présence de ces deux ironies contradictoires, souvent dans la même œuvre. L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer que la particularité de la fiction migueisienne réside dans cette cohabitation doublement ironique : une fiction vue comme une aire de jeu caractérisée par l'ambiguïté, où l'écrivain joue avec les conventions littéraire, avec les genres, avec les instances personnage-narrateur-auteur qu'il tend à confondre, et, surtout, avec la dimension autobiographique, prépondérante. L'ironie classique et l'ironie romantique et moderne apparaissent alors comme les deux faces littéraires d'un même drame identitaire, celui d'un écrivain exilé qui se veut et qui est, avant tout, portugais.
José Rodrigues Miguéis [1901-1980] leaves Portugal in 1935 and, despite several attempts to come back, he spends most of his life in the United States. This exile, mostly due to his political activities against the Salazar regime, will deeply influence his fictional work. Indeed, on the one hand, his ethical concerns as an activist strongly riddle his narratives which very often obey a global literary strategy with an educational intention where classical and satirical irony is a tool of choice. On the other hand, he regularly shows a critical attitude towards the self and towards the real and often stages his doubts and questionings through another irony, romantic and modern, using literary techniques pointing out a reflexive relationship to creation. The paradox constituting any irony – to say at the same time adhesion and detachment – is thus exacerbated by the presence of those two contradictory ironies, often in the same work. This study aims to prove that the particular nature of the Migueisian fiction lies in the simultaneous presence of those two ironies: a fiction considered as a playground characterized by ambiguity, where the writer plays with the conventions of literature, with genres, with the character-narrator-author categories that he tends to mix up all together and, above all, with the autobiographical dimension, which really plays a predominant role. The classical irony and the romantic and modern one then reveal themselves as the two literary faces of the same identitary drama, that of an exiled writer who wishes to be and is, above all, Portuguese. ; José Rodrigues Miguéis [1901-1980] quitte le Portugal en 1935 et, malgré quelques tentatives de retour, il passera la plus grande partie de sa vie aux États-Unis. Cet exil, en grande partie dû à ses activités politiques contre le régime salazariste, va marquer profondément son œuvre fictionnelle. En effet, si, d'un côté, les préoccupations éthiques du militant imprègnent fortement des récits qui obéissent souvent à une stratégie littéraire ...
In addition to the visual clinical examination, photography is, for the moment, the preferred method for analysing and evaluating a smile's aesthetics. The democratization of new technologies, especially videography, is changing these analyses. Based on this observation, we wanted to set up a video production protocol, which will aim to make the analysis of the smile more reliable and more precise, especially in the field of periodontology. The objective of this work will first of all be to describe the aesthetic criteria of smile analysis, then we will list and analyse the various aesthetic scores already existing. Finally, we will propose a videography realization protocol as a tool to evaluate the aesthetics of the smile, which will be analysed thanks to one of the existing scores, previously studied. ; En complément de l'examen clinique visuel, la photographie constitue, pour le moment, le support de prédilection pour l'analyse et l'évaluation de l'esthétique d'un sourire. La démocratisation de nouvelles technologies, et plus particulièrement la vidéographie, est en train de faire évoluer ces analyses. Partant de ce constat nous avons voulu mettre en place un protocole de réalisation de vidéographies, qui aura pour but de rendre l'analyse du sourire plus fiable et plus précise, notamment dans le domaine de la parodontologie. L'objectif de ce travail sera tout d'abord de décrire les critères esthétiques d'analyse du sourire, puis nous énumèrerons et analyserons les différents scores esthétiques déjà existants. Enfin, nous proposerons un protocole de réalisation de vidéographies comme outil d'évaluation de l'esthétique du sourire, qui sera analysé grâce à un des scores existants, précédemment étudiés.
In addition to the visual clinical examination, photography is, for the moment, the preferred method for analysing and evaluating a smile's aesthetics. The democratization of new technologies, especially videography, is changing these analyses. Based on this observation, we wanted to set up a video production protocol, which will aim to make the analysis of the smile more reliable and more precise, especially in the field of periodontology. The objective of this work will first of all be to describe the aesthetic criteria of smile analysis, then we will list and analyse the various aesthetic scores already existing. Finally, we will propose a videography realization protocol as a tool to evaluate the aesthetics of the smile, which will be analysed thanks to one of the existing scores, previously studied. ; En complément de l'examen clinique visuel, la photographie constitue, pour le moment, le support de prédilection pour l'analyse et l'évaluation de l'esthétique d'un sourire. La démocratisation de nouvelles technologies, et plus particulièrement la vidéographie, est en train de faire évoluer ces analyses. Partant de ce constat nous avons voulu mettre en place un protocole de réalisation de vidéographies, qui aura pour but de rendre l'analyse du sourire plus fiable et plus précise, notamment dans le domaine de la parodontologie. L'objectif de ce travail sera tout d'abord de décrire les critères esthétiques d'analyse du sourire, puis nous énumèrerons et analyserons les différents scores esthétiques déjà existants. Enfin, nous proposerons un protocole de réalisation de vidéographies comme outil d'évaluation de l'esthétique du sourire, qui sera analysé grâce à un des scores existants, précédemment étudiés.
