Suchergebnisse

The present paper examines the political, social and religious sectors that have resulted in a rupture in dramatization. It further elaborates the idea of political and religious resistance in the selected play of death and horseman by Wole Soyinka (1975). So, the tyranny of history and cruelty of colonial powers have made a sharp impact on the thought of colonized. Thus, Africa has been subjected to various forms of naked slavery, exploitation, colonialism and neo-colonialism since the last four hundred years. African world has had an obvious historical and cultural experience in the language and religion which have become significant components of one's cultural identity. As a result, African history, culture and politics cannot only be deeply rooted but also continues in the African consciousness even after independence. Post independence scenario is not absolutely free from the reflection of colonial era. Here, Soyinka highlights the issues of the fundamental forces of African politics, betrayal, victimization and resistance in his chosen play. Thus the portrayal of African resistance in the context of the present study needs to be placed in a wider perspective and larger implication because the strategy of colonization and subjugation is not one-dimensional. For him, it is an impossible to conceive his work outside Yoruban beliefs and systems of thoughts based on dimensions of human existence. This study further discovers forms of drama that developed in pre-colonial African societies and incorporating them in Soyinka's play, especially the emphasis on the Yoruban cosmos, the ritual closure. The playwright sheds light on human understanding of cultural and religious relations that are possible for promoting a co-existence of different cultures. The use of the Yoruba mythical tradition for personal gain, it is an attempt to resuscitate the best of the culture of the Yoruba people and redeem their vanishing value systems in an era of globalization. In addition, the study shows the prospect of co-existence of the best of old order, new order and how the playwright focuses on human understanding of cultural and religious relations. The study concludes that an acknowledgement and respect for other people's religion and ways of life will reduce conflicts and, therefore, promote co-existence of different cultures.

The Ptolemaic era (305–30 BCE) represents an important period of Ancient Egyptian history known for its major material and scientific advances, but also ongoing episodes of political and social unrest in the form of (sometimes widespread) revolts against the Ptolemaic elites. While the role of environmental pressures has long been overlooked in this period of Egyptian history, ice-core-based volcanic histories have identified the period as experiencing multiple notable eruptions, and a repeated temporal association between explosive volcanism and revolt has recently been noted. Here we analyze the global and regional (Nile River Basin) climate response to a unique historical case of 4 consecutive and closely timed eruptions (first a tropical one, closely followed by 3 extratropical northern hemispheric events) between 168 and 158 BCE, a particularly troubled period in Ptolemaic history for which we now provide a more detailed hydroclimatic context. The NASA GISS ModelE Earth system model simulates a strong radiative response with a radiative forcing (Top of atmosphere) of -7.5 W/m 2 (following the first eruption) and -4.0 w/m 2 (after each of the 3 remaining eruptions) at a global scale. Associated with this, we observe a global cooling of the order of 1.5°C at the surface following the first (tropical) eruption, with the following three extratropical eruptions extending the cooling period for more than 15 years. Consequently, this series of eruptions constrained the northward migration of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during the northern hemisphere summer monsoon season, and major monsoon zones (African, South and East Asian) experienced suppression of rainfall >1 mm/day during the monsoon (JJAS) season averaged for 2 years after each eruption. A substantial suppression of north African and Indian summer monsoon over the Nile River headwater region vigorously affects the river flow in the catchment and river discharge. River mass flow consecutively decreases by up to more than 30 % relative to an unperturbed from volcanoes annual mean flow for 2 years after the tropical eruption. A moderate decrease of up to 15–20 % is produced after each of the remaining eruptions. These results show that the first eruption produces a strong hydroclimate response, and the following 3 eruptions prolonged the drying conditions. These results also support the contention that the observed association between ice-core-based signals of explosive volcanism and the hydroclimatic impact of these eruptions during the Ptolemy era, including the suppression of the critical for agriculture Nile summer flooding.

International audience ; Abstract: The appropriation of the concept of the «blue economy» by African states has radically change their perception of the sea. Today, the sea is considered as a pillar of sustainable economic growth and of the well-being of African populations. The ambitions of developing the blue economy and building continental maritime integration expressed in the 2050 African Integrated Maritime Strategy (AIM 2050) and the Lomé charter, the foundations of what is referred to here as African maritime «policy», are a mark of this new era of the continent's maritime history. The key to achieving the goals is the full commitment of African states to promoting the blue economy. The purpose of this reflection is to show that the effectiveness of the African maritime «policy» depends on the degree of African states' individual, collective and concrete commitment to enhancing the sea. They are then the masters of success or the causes of failure.

"The title of this book captures the epic, even biblical, quality of migration from Zimbabwe. The editors of this collection have assembled an excellent team of researchers writing on the principal aspects and destinations of Zimbabwean emigrants. We are provided with a rounded and compelling picture of the great exodus and behind the turmoil of exile and return we can glimpse the extraordinary people behind the statistics."--Robin Cohen, Professor of Development Studies and Director, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford

Examining the social, medical and cultural history of male homosexuality in Spain, this book looks at it from the time homosexuality came to be an issue of medical, legal and cultural concern. Research into homosexuality in Spain is in its infancy. The last ten or fifteen years have seen a proliferation of studies on gender in Spain but much of this work has concentrated on women's history, literature and femininity. In contrast to existing research which concentrates on literature and literary figures, "Los Invisibles" focuses on the change in cultural representation of same-sex activity of through medicalisation, social and political anxieties about race and the late emergence of homosexual sub-cultures in the last quarter of the twentieth century. As such, this book constitutes an analysis of discourses and ideas from a social history and medical history position. Much of the research for the book was supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust to research the medicalisation of homosexuality in Spain.

This thorough, impartial survey brings together some of the best experts on the Sahara question to provide a broad-based analysis of the problem from a range of perspectives. Featuring new research, the chapters examine the roots of the conflict, its dynamics, and potential solutions. Perspectives on Western Sahara also addresses questions of law, human rights, and natural resources from an analytical point of view. Contributed by scholars from North Africa, Europe, and the United States, it is an essential contribution to the literature of Middle East and African studies.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I: AN UNFINISHED CIVIL RIGHTS BATTLE -- 1. An American Injustice: Th e State of African American Health -- Part II: REWRITING OUR HEALTH HISTORY: A NEW VISION OF BETTER HEALTH -- 2. Lose Weight and Win: Fighting Obesity -- 3. From Soul Food to Food for the Soul: Th e Keys to Eating Well -- 4. Make the Right Moves: How to Burn Fat and Be Fit -- 5. Detoxify Your Life: Managing the Th ree Ss (Stress, Sleep, and Smoking) -- 6. Change Your World: Righting the Wrongs of Social Inequity -- Part III: NAVIGATING THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: WHAT EVERY AFRICAN AMERICAN MUST DO NOW -- 7. Know Your Family History -- 8. Understand Your Health Insurance -- 9. Choose the Right Doctor -- 10. Schedule a Physical Exam -- Epilogue -- Frequently Asked Questions -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- F -- G -- H -- I -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Notes -- Resources -- Acknowledgments -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- T -- V -- W.