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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore whether empirical support exists for two commonly held beliefs about the work‐home interface: women, and particularly managerial women, are prone to "super‐mother" or "super‐manage" in an effort to balance both career and child‐rearing, and these demands diminish markedly when children reach school age.Design/methodology/approachVia a survey mailed to their home, 1,103 managerial and non‐managerial men and women completed measures of work‐home and home‐work conflict, work‐related stress and strain, and reported their number of work, domestic, and leisure hours per week.FindingsSomewhat consistent with the popular beliefs, the authors found that managerial women reported working significantly more in the home; measures of conflict and strain, however, while showing some effect were not impacted to the degree that managerial women's combined number of work and home hours per week might suggest. The authors also found that measures of hours, conflict, and strain did not diminish abruptly when children entered school, due perhaps in part to manager's increased work hours and managerial women's renewed work emphasis when children entered school. Measures of hours, conflict, and strain did show some reduction for parents of teenaged children, although they were still significantly higher than those of nonparents.Originality/valueAside from being one of the few empirical papers to examine the impact of child rearing on managerial women, our data show how these demands are not confined to working parents of preschoolers.

This study examines the extent to which fathers are involved in parenting their children under several conditions, using a multivariate regression model. The model includes the age of the child, father role salience, and the father and child's coresidential status as predictors of father involvement. Although nonresidential fathers tend to be less involved than residential fathers under most conditions, this is not the case for fathers of adolescents who find the father role to be at least moderately salient. Explanations for their greater involvement are proposed, focusing specifically on the unique characteristics of the parent‐child relationship involving an adolescent child and a nonresidential parent.

The author presents a developmental assessment for school-age children within the context of a systems–ecological perspective. Particular attention is focused on identification and evaluation of distortions in development as well as developmental delays as sources of information regarding disturbed behavior in childhood. The assessment includes development in the cognitive, social, affective, and physical domains; temperament; academic and social functioning; family functioning; and social and ecological resources and stresses. Subjective and objective approaches for these assessments are identified, and the relationship between assessment and diagnosis in childhood is considered.

Accessing child sexual exploitation material (CSEM; child pornography in legal statutes) can indicate sexual interest in children. It logically follows then that the age and gender of the depicted children may reflect specific interests in those age/gender groups, and if so, may correspond to age and gender of any known contact offending victims. We had data on CSEM characteristics and child victims for 71 men convicted of CSEM offenses who also had contact sexual offenses against children; some had also sexually solicited children online. Sixty-four men had 134 prior or concurrent child victims, and 14 men reoffended directly against 17 children during follow-up. There were significant, positive associations (with moderate to large effect sizes) between age and gender of children depicted in CSEM and age and gender of child contact or solicitation victims. Examining future offending, though with only 14 recidivists, all men who sexually reoffended against a girl had more girl CSEM content, and all men who sexually reoffended against a boy had more boy CSEM content. Our results suggest that CSEM characteristics can reflect child preferences. This information can be relevant in clinical settings, police investigations, and community risk management, though it does not rule out interest in, or offending against, victims of other ages or gender. We discuss these findings in the context of other evidence regarding victim cross-over, and suggest future research.

Methodological problems in the study of child soldiers / Barry Ames -- An ethical perspective on child soldiers / Jeff McMahan -- The evolution of the United Nations' protection agenda for children: applying international standards / Tonderai W. Chikuhwa -- No place to hide: refugees, displaced persons, and child soldier recruits / Vera Achvarina, Simon Reich -- Recruiting children for armed conflict / Jens Christopher Andvig, Scott Gates -- The enablers of war: causal factors behind the child soldier phenomenon / P.W. Singer -- Child recruitment in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Nepal / Jo Becker -- Organizing minors: the case of Colombia / Francisco Gutierrez Sanín -- War, displacement, and the recruitment of child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo / Sarah Kenyon Lischer -- Disaggregating the causal factors unique to child soldiering: the case of Liberia / James B. Pugel -- Girls in armed forces and groups in Angola: implications for ethical research and reintegration / Michael G. Wessells -- National policies to prevent the recruitment of child soldiers / Emily Vargas-Barón -- Wise investments in future neighbors: recruitment deterrence, human agency, and education / Maureen W. McClure, Gonzalo Retamal -- Ending the scourge of child soldiering: an indirect approach / Andrew Mack

This article focuses on the important symbolic role of photographs of children in the context of developing diplomatic and trade relationships between Australia and Japan between the 1880s and 1920s. A fascinating series of studio, commercial and tourist photographs are examined, including commemorative postcards marking the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and hand-coloured lantern slides produced commercially in Japan. Building on political and military studies of Australian–Japanese relations, it explores the ways that Australian–Japanese relationships were mediated and reproduced through photography practices operating across private and public domains. In these photographs, children feature simultaneously as the face of Japan and an interface for political and cultural interpretation. As photographs of children helped to reinforce conflicting conceptions of Japan as a children's paradise, a budding military power and an industrial threat, they offer insight into Australian anxieties about what modernity meant for the two Asia-Pacific nations.