Suchergebnisse

This article looks at research into comparative patterns of
promotion of men and women in Australia. The study was by interview and
looked at equal numbers of men and women in medium to large
organisations. A number of the findings were contrary to prevalent
myths, e.g. both men and women were prepared to play games of corporate
politics. Some women saw being too outspoken as a hindrance to promotion
but more women saw their success as due to their own performance, while
men were more likely to put it down to luck. In general there were more
similarities than differences in patterns of promotion and perceived
factors that help or hinder.

An Australian study interviewed 50 women and men middle and senior managers about the factors they perceived as important in their promotion in management. A major finding was the similarity between the profiles of female and male managers although female managers averaged fewer promotions. Helping factors, perceived similarly by both female and male managers were: coaching by others, past training and experience, personal skill and positive work attitudes. Male managers mentioned luck as a factor in promotion more than the female managers. "Having a career plan" was not an important factor and few of the managers had firm plans for the next five years. Greater variability was found in the factors perceived to hinder promotional progress. The findings are discussed considering the popular advice offered to emergent managers by self‐help books, researchers and consultants.

SummaryAge-specific mortality rates have been used to illustrate certain aspects of the characteristics of old age. A consideration of the experience of the ageing person in his fifties and early sixties suggests that during this period he comes to recognize death as being an increasingly common characteristic of his age group. Thus the standard procedure for studying old age problems in a sample of people over the age of 65 may miss the period of life when people are making the crucial adjustments to old age and may give a distorted view of some gerontological problems. Certain demographic aspects of old age are considered in detail with regard to the occurrence of, first, widowhood and, second, social isolation.

This paper studies optimal earnings taxation in a three period life cycle model where the taxes raised to finance an exogenous amount of public expenditure are allowed to be differentiated across ages. Agents choose their level of education when young and their age of retirement when old. We first look at the problem of optimal taxation when the young can borrow and then turn to the case where young face borrowing constraints. It is shown that, without borrowing constraints, a first best optimum can be decentralized by setting a zero tax rate in the third period and a first period tax lower than the second one. With the borrowing constraint, the government may not be able restore intertemporal efficiency in which case a zero tax rate when old may not be optimal.

This paper studies optimal earnings taxation in a three period life cycle model where the taxes raised to finance an exogenous amount of public expenditure are allowed to be differentiated across ages. Agents choose their level of education when young and their age of retirement when old. We first look at the problem of optimal taxation when the young can borrow and then turn to the case where young face borrowing constraints. It is shown that, without borrowing constraints, a first best optimum can be decentralized by setting a zero tax rate in the third period and a first period tax lower than the second one. With the borrowing constraint, the government may not be able restore intertemporal efficiency in which case a zero tax rate when old may not be optimal.