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The article contests an argument that the creation of a capital market in educational "human capital" and subsequent voluntary transactions on this market are sufficient to create equal opportunities in education, consequently reducing the income premium enjoyed by households with higher initial wealth endowment end eliminating deadweight detriments to efficiency caused by unequal household budget constraints. The counterargument is based on game-theoretical model developed in Bowles 2004. The inevitable incompleteness of contracts results in allocation inefficiency: agents with above average wealth endowment are able to finance larger projects, and/or projects of worse than average quality, while agents with insufficient initial wealth endowment are excluded from the financial market. This inefficiency can be attenuated only by redistribution enforced by the government. The article concludes with a discussion of the general relationship between equality (redistribution) and efficiency. Adapted from the source document.

This paper is an account of the intellectual process that led, in the early 1980s, to the definition of the new economic theory of inertial inflation, which is identified as the consequence of phased or staggered price adjustments. Economic agents are involved in an endless process of balancing and unbalancing relative prices, as they keep up with the ongoing inflation. To fight inertial inflation, orthodox or conventional fiscal and monetary policies are insufficient. In addition it is necessary to adopt a heterodox mechanism that neutralizes inertia. This article is part of a book in preparation where the author reports his experience as minister of finance in Brazil in 1987. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

This paper examines the effects of the segmentation of the labour and goods markets over the dispersion of relative prices and wages in the Brazilian economy. The theoretical argument is based on the behaviour of firms in the oligopolist and competitive sectors of the economy, on one hand, and the behaviour of organized and non-organized labour, on the other. It is concluded that there has been a redistribution of income in favour of profits and wages of those agents operating in the oligopolist sectors, in detriment of other segments in the economy

This paper aims at analyzing the stream in Actor-Network Theory close to New Materialism from the perspective of its materialistic roots, briefly, outlining the history of materialism, regarding the modifications represented by Marx's theory and the difference of the latter to New Materialism. Whilst Marx distances from Hegel and Feuerbach by giving centrality to labor, the New Materialism, inspired by Deleuze's work, attempts to depart from both modernity and post-modernity, assuming the inexistence of any dyad. In this actor-network Materialist Semiotics, the matter no longer represents something inert waiting for human action, a being endowed with vitality; from a rational over an irrational being. Lastly, based on the distinction between these two materialisms, we present a critic of the Actor-Network Theory based on historical materialism.

There exists a universal ecology-based stratification of levels of activity and meaning-making in human societies, a stratifying architecture that determines existing levels of social experience, types of sign functions and semantic functions in language, and finally the mental principles of human subjectivity. The planetary ecology of civilization is therefore constitutive of human semiotics. The following is a short outline of a theory of meaning based on these observations.

This research on post-doctoral training is themed actions and transdisciplinary teaching strategies that are developed in the College Logosophical of Goiânia. From the moment that this school does not have the basic presupposition of the theory of transdisciplinarity, it is interesting to research by the fact that the actions and used teaching strategies, based on the Logosophical Pedagogy, based on Logosophy recommended by the Argentine philosopher Carlos Eduardo González Pecotche are compatible with this theory, expressed in the actions of teachers and the school management, and strategic shares present in the planning done together and on a daily basis with students. The theoretical contribution is based on Moraes (1997, 2004, 2008), Pecotche (2008), Ausubel (1982); Morin (2007a), MVRSuanno (2013, 2014), & Violant tower (2006a) and JHSuanno (2013, 2014). The goal is to identify the pedagogical actions and transdisciplinary attitudes built by Logosophical College faculty in Goiânia that contribute to the development of students as individuals with human, social and environmental responsibility. This goal stems from the need to know the disciplinary pedagogical actions developed in the College Logosophical of Goiânia.

The present work is focused on the epistemological investigation about the relation between Nonconceptual Self, nonconceptual content of perception, awarenes and recognition of place in the context of the Gibsonian ecological perspective. In view of this investigative purpose our objectives are the following: 1 - to characterize the nonconceptual content of perception in the anti-representationalist context and 2 - to question whether consciousness is necessary for organisms to act in the environment and to acquire perceptual experiences such as the recognition of place. In the context of Gibsonian perspective, we will argue in support of the hypothesis that the ecological-informational and anti-representationalist theory of perception offers innovative theoretical subsidies for the analysis of our research purpose. We understand that in order to have awareness and to be able to think about oneself, the agent must first have basic perceptual experiences of the environment. We consider that the agent's basic perceptual experiences, such as recognition of place, does not necessarily involve consciousness.

Based on Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, Alexandre Kojève produces a theory of an "anthropogenesis" that allocates the constitution of self-consciousness in a markedly historical and social field centered on the "dialectic of the master and the slave". More than this, it emerges in a domaine seized by the conflictuality of such a central operator of socialization, namely the desire, which is always, in the last case, a desire for recognition. Aware of this idea and on the path of the development of an imaginary's theory, Lacan was pursuing the necessity to reallocate certain points of the Freudian constitution's theory of the ego. He was aiming to bypass Freud's supposed "biologism" (especially in his theory of the "death drive") by emphasizing the fundamental dependence of the other's figure on the process of "hominization", in which "aggressiveness" plays an inherent role. If the projects of Kojève and Lacan present undeniable convergences, it is necessary, however, to better understand them, as well as to establish the uniqueness of their distances, inflections and objectives.

Simmel's social theory, namely his formal sociology, has long been considered if not dead, then of little relevance for contemporary sociological theories. This study is an attempt at proving the contrary. Our aim is to show that Simmel's social ontology can be seen as a form of semiology, i.e. a complex body capable of integrating seemingly irreconcilable segments of society into a social science of signs, thus showing that his "social grammar" is a true social theory of sign systems. A keystone which helped us span the bridge between society and language, linguistics and sociology, was the concept of value. By dint of Simmel's theory of economic value we try to connect his social theory, on which it lies, with his theory of sign-money, which it supports. Simmel's social theory is based on an unorthodox concept of interaction, whose main qualities are that of perfect synchrony and unity that is dealt with by Simmel on the empirical as well as experience level. The puzzling term of form is revealed as Simmel's attempt to conceptually grasp this synchronic dimension of interaction. Simmel's theory of economic value is seen as an extension of Simmel's formal sociology. Simmel conceives value as a relation between two processes of valuation brought about within the exchange as a form of interaction. Money is the physical representation of this relation. To prove that Simmel's social theory can be regarded as a fully-grown theory of sign systems, as well as to elaborate our analysis of his social theory, we use the conceptual apparatus of Saussure's linguistics showing that not only does Simmel's theory imply all Saussure's key concepts, but it also solves some of its blind spots in contemporary sociology and spans the so far unsurpassable gulf between the individual and society or structure and development.

If for Ken Booth and Steve Smith theory is always for someone and for some purpose -- following Robert W. Cox's critical investigation -- their commitment with the real world begins right in the pages of a theory textbook. With this article, we set up to bring some light to what we think is one of the most crucial episodes in the recent IR disciplinary history. At the same time we set up to develop the critical potential of the discipline based on an approach that both recognizes the legacy of political realism -- but also of its shortcomings -- and the need to give voice to traditionally marginalized perspectives and interests. Adapted from the source document.

The Brazilian economy pulled by the aggregate demand. This article aims to present the demand-led growth theory and some empirical evidences for a demand-led growth regime in Brazil. First of all, we will do a brief review of the theory of demand led-growth, based in the seminal work of Kaldor (1988), for whom long-run growth is determined by the growth rate of consumption expenditures and the growth rate of exports. Based in the empirical methodology developed by Atesoglu (2002), we run some econometric tests for the hypothesis of demand-led growth for Brazilian economy. The results of such tests shown that near of 85% of GDP growth in Brazil in the period 1991-2005 is explained by variables at the demand side of the economy. Besides that, based in the methodology developed by Ledesma and Thirwall (2002), we shown that natural rate of growth for Brazilian economy is endogenous, increasing during boom times. This means that appears to be no restrictions in the supply side of the economy for a faster growth of Brazilian economy. Finally, we argue that a necessary condition for a sustained growth of Brazilian economy is the adoption of a export-led growth model. For such it is necessary to put an end on the actual over-valuation of real exchange rate. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

The notion of public opinion as a process cannot be limited solely to the empirical basis of a theory, it must also focus on the position that this notion occupies with respect to the interpretation of society. Jürgen Habermas's approach to public opinion stems from his classic work on Bourgeois Advertising. Habermas constructs the Normative Theory of Democracy, which is based on the communicative conditions in which a Discursive Formation of the Opinion and Will of a public formed by the citizens of a State can take place as an unfolding of the analyzes about the public opinion. In this argumentative way, Habermas takes up the historical-philosophical project of modernity, attributing to the public opinion the function of legitimizing the political domain through a critical process of communication based on the principles of a rationally motivated consensus. The scope of this article is to make explicit the constitutive elements of the habermasian reflections on the Rational Formation of Opinion and Will, since it is from this primordial concept that we can understand the legitimation of the Rule of Law. We will trace what led the habermasian reflection to seek the conditions of an authentic participation of individuals in a public space, where there is responsibility and solidarity in the execution of the solutions of the problems of a community, and its consequent unfolding that leads to the theory of political power.

Jürgen Habermas is a modern thinker who presents us with a rationality capable of creating spaces of freedom that correspond to the ideals of social emancipation that have always crossed the horizon of Western modernity. Through several studies by this author, including critical contributions to his theory, we will develop his epistemological reflection and his relevant contribution to the renewal of German critical theory. We will begin by presenting his critique on positivism, and then summoning the dispute with Gadamer about hermeneutics. Habermas adopts hermeneutics, albeit with some criticism, as a facilitator of self-reflection that allows revealing to social sciences the errors of both objectivist social science and vulgar analysis of language. We will follow this thinker's perspective on the interests that guide knowledge and, finally, we will take into account his theory of communicative rationality, which stresses Habermas's universalist optimism, based on a healthy pluralism that allows human consensus.

Gareth Evans has proposed, in The Varieties of Reference, a theory of singular propositions which embody both Frege's speculations about sense (Sinn) and Russell's propositional object-dependence structure. For this purpose, he maintained that propositions containing empty singular terms, i.e., whose putatively denoted objects are non-existent, do not express any thoughts of this type. In this situation, someone who utters a sentence that contains an empty singular term can only express an apparent thought (Scheingedanke). Evans' interpretation of Frege was criticized in works of philosophers such as Bell (1990), Geirsson (2002) and Sainsbury (2002). In this article, I aim to continue this debate and review the objections against Evan's argument regarding the concept of Scheingedanke. I maintain that, though the work of these critics is based on a careful reading of Frege, it is not enough to dismiss Evan's thesis. Instead, I claim that his theory would be better appreciated in an epistemic, not purely exegetical, sphere. This appears to me to be closer to the author's intended approach regarding the theory of singular thoughts.