Gustav August Vichodil bio je jedan od najznačajnijih hrvatskih agronoma s kraja 19. i početka 20. stoljeća. Rođen je u današnjoj Češkoj. Osim u rodnoj zemlji, školovao se u Njemačkoj i Mađarskoj, a prije dolaska u Hrvatsku radio je u Mađarskoj, Austriji i Češkoj. U Hrvatsku je došao tijekom rujna 1874. godine na poziv Zemaljske vlade u Zagrebu da bi preuzeo mjesto tajnika Hrvatsko-slavonskog gospodarskog društva. Budući da se iskazao kao izvrstan poljoprivredni stručnjak, 1878. godine imenovan je za ravnatelja Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima. Nažalost, već je 1890. godine zbog teške bolesti umirovljen, no nakon ozdravljenja ponovno je počeo raditi i pisati brojne članke o poljoprivredi, koje je objavio u hrvatskim i austrijskim publikacijama. U svojim prvim radovima Vichodil se ponajčešće bavio poljoprivrednom ekonomijom, pa ga se smatra osnivačem te grane znanosti u Hrvatskoj. Kasnije je puno pozornosti posvećivao svinjogojstvu, ali i organizaciji poljoprivrednog obrazovanja u Hrvatskoj. Pritom spada među prve autore koji su pisali o uzgoju ruža. Zbog doprinosa razvoju agronomije u Hrvatskoj, uoči smrti dodijeljen mu je prvi počasni doktorat poljoprivrednih znanosti na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. ; Gustav August Vichodil was one of the most prominent Croatian agronomists at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. He was born in today's Czech Republic. Apart from his native country, he studied in Germany and Hungary, and before coming to Croatia, he worked in Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic. He came to Croatia in September 1874 at the invitation of the Provincial Government in Zagreb to take over the position of the secretary of the Croatian-Slavonian Economic Society. Since he proved to be an excellent agricultural expert, in 1878, he was appointed head of the Royal Agriculture and Forestry College in Križevci. Unfortunately, he retired in 1890 due to a severe illness. However, after recovering, he went back to work and wrote numerous articles on agriculture, which he published in Croatian and Austrian publications. In his early works, Vichodil mostly dealt with agricultural economics, which is why he is considered to be the founder of that branch of science in Croatia. Later, he paid a lot of attention to pig farming, as well as to the organisation of agricultural education in Croatia. He was also one of the first authors to write about the cultivation of roses. Due to his contribution to the development of agronomy in Croatia, shortly before his death, he was awarded the first honorary doctorate in agricultural sciences at the University of Zagreb.
U glavnom gradu EU-a, Bruxellesu, pridružili su se i naši proizvođači mlijeka na dan ukidanja kvota za proizvodnju mlijeka akciji proizvođača mlijeka. Zemlje razvijenog mljekarstva očekuju 20 % porasta proizvodnje bez ekonomskih posljedica, no Republika Hrvatska nema takav tržni alat zbog gubitka velikog broja proizvođača, odnosno isporučitelja mlijeka. Kvote ne ugrožavaju Hrvatsku jer odobrena kvota znatno je veća u odnosu na količinu ukupne proizvodnje mlijeka. Prema izvješću Europske komisije iz prosinca 2013., zbog loših klimatskih prilika i visokih troškova stočne hrane proizvodne kvote EU članica nisu ostvarene za oko 6 %. Dobar primjer su Austrija, Cipar, Poljska i Njemačka te Danska koje su proizvele više od svojih kvota. Zajednička agrarna politika daje praktičnu i organizacijsku potporu za Mliječni paket gdje su određena jasna pravila otkupa mlijeka i njegove cijene u pisanim ugovorima između proizvođača i mljekarske industrije. Tijekom djelovanja sustava kvota restrukturiran je mliječni sektor, odnosno godišnje je proizvodnju napuštalo oko 6 % proizvođača. Poboljšanjem u genetici i učinkovitošću hrane dovodi do povećanja prosječnog prinosa po kravi, iako situacija u tom pogledu znatno varira unutar članica EU-a. Specijalizirane farme u EU-15 članicama ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka od 7300 kg/krava za prosječno stado od 54 krave, dok ostale članice EU-a ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka 5700 kg/krava za prosječno stado 19 krava. Zbog strukture stada ne možemo biti konkurentni farmama u SAD-u sa 115 krava, Australiji sa 258 i Novom Zelandu sa 458 krava. ; In the capital city of EU, Bruxelles, there was a rally of milk producers on the day of abolition of milk quotas, which was joined by our own producers. Countries with developed dairy production expect 20% increase in production without economic consequences, however, Croatia has no such market tool because of the loss of a large number of manufacturers, specifically, suppliers of milk. Quotas are not threatening for Croatia because the approved quota is much higher than the amount of the total milk production. According to the European Commission report in December 2013, due to bad climate conditions and the high cost of animal feed, production quota of EU Member States has not been achieved by the lack of about 6%. Good examples are Austria, Cyprus, Poland, Germany, and Denmark which have produced more than their quota. The Common Agricultural Policy provides a practical and organizational support for the Dairy package where there are certain rules for the purchase of milk and its price in the written agreement between producers and dairy industry. During the period of the quota system dairy sector was restructured, that resulted in annual 6% of manufacturers leaving the production. Improving the genetics and efficiency of food leads to an increase in the average yield per cow, although the situation in this regard varies considerably across the EU Member States specialized farms in the EU-15 Member States achieved an average milk yield of 7300 kg/cow for the average herd of 54 cows, while other EU members are eligible for the average milk yield of 5700 kg/cow for the average herd of 19 cows. Due to the structure of the herd we cannot be competitive with farms in the United States which have 115 cows, Australia 258 and New Zealand with 458 cows.
Politika ruralnog razvoja za svoj glavni cilj ima poboljšanje životnog standarda ljudi koji žive u ruralnim područjima. Ulaskom u Europsku uniju, sve zemlje dobivaju mogućnost korištenja sredstava koje EPFRR (Europskog poljoprivrednog fonda za ruralni razvoj). Cilj ovog rada je prikazati iskoristivost EPFRR-a za zemlje srednje i istočne Europe u razdoblju od 2014. do 2020. godine. Sam cilj EFRR je smanjiti gospodarske razlike između regije kroz razvoj poljoprivrede. Mjere EPFRR odnose se na investiranje u poljoprivredne aktivnosti, potpore slabije razvijenim područjima, u ljudske resurse, zaštitu okoliša i slično. A te mjere još su upotpunjene mjerama za šumarstvo, te mjerama promocije razvoja ruralnih područja. To je napravljeno kroz analizu dokumenata Europske unije, ponajviše ključnih odluka i planova. U radu su dati primjeri na zemljama srednje i istočne Europe, s detaljnijim pregledom iskoristivosti EPFRR u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i Estoniji, Rumunjskoj i Poljskoj. Kroz komparativnu analizu odabranih zemalja Europske unije prikazuju se korištena sredstava EPFRR-a te i prikaz same poljoprivrede tih zemalja i njihovo pozicioniranje u Europskoj uniji. ; Rural development as its main objective has to improve the living standards of people living in rural areas. By joining the European Union, all countries, together with Croatia, get the opportunity to use the funds that are offered. One of the options which got available is the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The aim of this pape is to demonstrate the usefulness of EAFRD for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the period from 2014 to 2020. The Fund's goal is to reduce economic disparities between the regions through agricultural development. The EAFRD measures themselves relate to investment in agricultural activities, support for less developed areas, human resources, environmental protection and the like. And these measures are further complemented by measures for forestry, and measures to promote the development of rural ...
Politika ruralnog razvoja za svoj glavni cilj ima poboljšanje životnog standarda ljudi koji žive u ruralnim područjima. Ulaskom u Europsku uniju, sve zemlje dobivaju mogućnost korištenja sredstava koje EPFRR (Europskog poljoprivrednog fonda za ruralni razvoj). Cilj ovog rada je prikazati iskoristivost EPFRR-a za zemlje srednje i istočne Europe u razdoblju od 2014. do 2020. godine. Sam cilj EFRR je smanjiti gospodarske razlike između regije kroz razvoj poljoprivrede. Mjere EPFRR odnose se na investiranje u poljoprivredne aktivnosti, potpore slabije razvijenim područjima, u ljudske resurse, zaštitu okoliša i slično. A te mjere još su upotpunjene mjerama za šumarstvo, te mjerama promocije razvoja ruralnih područja. To je napravljeno kroz analizu dokumenata Europske unije, ponajviše ključnih odluka i planova. U radu su dati primjeri na zemljama srednje i istočne Europe, s detaljnijim pregledom iskoristivosti EPFRR u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i Estoniji, Rumunjskoj i Poljskoj. Kroz komparativnu analizu odabranih zemalja Europske unije prikazuju se korištena sredstava EPFRR-a te i prikaz same poljoprivrede tih zemalja i njihovo pozicioniranje u Europskoj uniji. ; Rural development as its main objective has to improve the living standards of people living in rural areas. By joining the European Union, all countries, together with Croatia, get the opportunity to use the funds that are offered. One of the options which got available is the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The aim of this pape is to demonstrate the usefulness of EAFRD for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the period from 2014 to 2020. The Fund's goal is to reduce economic disparities between the regions through agricultural development. The EAFRD measures themselves relate to investment in agricultural activities, support for less developed areas, human resources, environmental protection and the like. And these measures are further complemented by measures for forestry, and measures to promote the development of rural areas. This will be done through an analysis of EU documents, highlighting key decisions and plans. Furthermore, this document will attempt to provide a comparative analysis of the researched countries of the European Union, which is an analysis of how much EAFRD is used and how this has affected the development of their rural economic sector, with a more detailed overview of the use of the EAFRD in the Republic of Croatia, as well as Estonia, Romania and Poland.Through a comparative analysis of selected countries of the European Union, the used EAFRD funds are presented, as well as an overview of the agriculture of those countries and their positioning in the European Union.
Prilagodba nacionalnog okvira za dijalog dionika poljoprivrednog sektora o pitanjima Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike prema standardu dijaloga koji se provodi na razini Europske unije važna je zbog kreiranja učinkovitih politika, a posebice sprječavanja netransparentnih političkih odluka. U istraživanju se polazi od pretpostavke kako nacionalni okvir za dijalog dionika o pitanjima ZPP-a nije strukturno prilagođen formalnom standardu EU-a te dionici poljoprivrednog sektora RH nisu koordinirani za dijalog o pitanjima ZPP-a prema protokolu komunikacije i standardu EU-a. Cilj ove disertacije bio je ustanoviti razlike između nacionalnog okvira za dijalog dionika o pitanjima ZPP-a i okvira EU-a. Nadalje, cilj je bio identificirati ključne nacionalne dionike i njihovu ulogu u dijalogu te odrediti mogućnosti prilagodbe nacionalnog dijaloga o pitanjima ZPP-a prema standardu EU-a. Istraživanje je provedeno u pet faza: (1) analiza okvira dijaloga, (2) dubinska analiza dionika poljoprivrednog sektora, (3) analiza stajališta 17 stručnjaka, (4) ispitivanje 31 poljoprivrednika putem fokus grupa (5) testiranje rezultata prethodnih faza istraživanja anketnim ispitivanjem 132 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako nacionalni okvir za dijalog dionika o pitanjima ZPP-a nije strukturno prilagođen formalnom standardu EU-a te postoje razlike u dijelu analitičkih, organizacijskih i edukacijskih kapaciteta. Prema ispitanicima, nedostaje razmjena informacija i znanja koja je temelj za koordinaciju javnih politika. Predloženim istraživanjem metodološki su identificirani ključni dionici dijaloga te su znanstveno potvrđeni potreba i mogućnosti prilagodbe nacionalnog okvira dijaloga prema standardiziranom postupku EU-a. Predložena unaprjeđenja moguće je proceduralno primijeniti i na izradu poljoprivrednih politika za druge države koje su u postupcima pregovora za članstvo u EU-u. Istraživanje može poslužiti kao koncept za izradu nacionalnog okvira za transparentan i redovit dijalog u poljoprivrednom sektoru. ; The adjustment of the national stakeholder dialogue on questions of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) according to the EU-level dialogue standard is important for the creation of effective policies, in particular the prevention of non-transparent policy decisions. The research is based on the assumption that the national framework for stakeholder dialogue on CAP is not structurally adjusted to the formal EU standard and that national stakeholders are not sufficiently coordinated for dialogue on CAP questions. The aim of this dissertation was to find the differences between the national framework for stakeholder dialogue on CAP and the EU framework. Furthermore, the aim was to identify key national stakeholders and their role in the dialogue and to identify options for adapting the national dialogue on CAP to the EU standard. The research was conducted in five phases: (1) analysis of the dialogue framework, (2) in-depth analysis of the agricultural stakeholders, (3) analysis of the dialogue from 17 expert standpoints, (4) focus groups with 31 farmers on the dialogue framework and stakeholders, (5) questionnaire for 132 relevant stakeholders in order to test previous phases of the research. The proposed research methodologically identified key stakeholders in the dialogue and scientifically confirmed the need and possibilities to adapt the national dialogue framework to the EU standardized procedure. By analysing the documents, performing individual interviews with experts, examining the four focus groups and conducting a survey, H1 was confirmed, according to which the national framework for stakeholder dialogue on CAP issues is not structurally adjusted to the formal EU standard. The results showed that according to C1, there are differences between the national framework for stakeholder dialogue on CAP issues and the EU framework, especially in terms of analytical, organizational and educational capacities. It was confirmed that although there are a number of formal meetings, e-Consultations do not follow the tempo of the negotiations at EU level as well as standards related to the publicity of data from meetings, the openness of the information system and the time frame for presenting opinions. The general consultations on agricultural policies with public comments are partially covered through the e-Consultation portal. However, abstracts are necessary in order to facilitate the understanding of the documents under discussion, as well as longer time frames. The e-Consultation portal is not a tool that stakeholders can follow yet and additional consultations are needed. Furthermore, the paper confirms H2, in which the stakeholders of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Croatia are not coordinated for dialogue on CAP issues according to the information, communication and dialogue structure protocol. The results of the second phase survey through C2 and the identification of key national stakeholders and their role in the dialogue on CAP issues according to EU standards, the interviewing of experts and farmers through focus groups and the final survey showed that a large number of different associations, sometimes politically coloured, offer weak arguments during debates and institutions perceive them lightly. Also, the selection of stakeholders is not completely transparent. There is no public invitation to participate in the work of the committees and the selection takes place according to decisions of the officials or heads of the Ministry. There is a need for a transparency register, which could determine who is entitled to present views and be invited to meetings according to certain criteria. Associations initiate meetings themselves and they depend on the good will of the leaders. There is a high level of politicization, mistrust and division in large and small, which contributes to weaker cooperation among stakeholders compared to EU policies. According to the respondents, there is a need for an institution or a coordinating body that will profile the interests of farmers towards decision makers. The Croatian Chamber of Agriculture (HPK) is most often mentioned as a key institution that should connect the views of farmers and CAP decision makers. The exchange of information and knowledge, which are the basis for policy coordination, were assessed negatively by experts (third phase), farmers (fourth phase) and stakeholders participating in the negotiations (fifth phase). The component of an analytical approach to planning and joint organized action at the EU level through the linking of the CAP positions of national representatives in the Council, EU representatives and member associations at the EU level is missing. According to C3, the paper identifies the possibilities of adjusting the national dialogue on CAP issues according to the EU standard. The results showed the need for: •establishing a regular dialogue on CAP at the national level modelled on the CDG of the EC, •establishing a transparency register and clear criteria for selecting stakeholders, •producing summaries that will facilitate the understanding of the documents that are discussed and allow for longer time frames for consultations, •increasing the number of representatives of the real agricultural sector in the negotiation process, especially those for whom agriculture is of vital importance, •offering education and accreditation of the stakeholders who participate in CAP negotiations, •strengthening the overall AKIS (synergy of advisory service, science and farmers) system, bringing the CAP closer to stakeholders in the field with the help of an advisory service and local action groups, •public disclosure of data from meetings at the Ministry of Agriculture and feedback on the implementation of the agreed changes, •strengthening the human and financial capacities of associations participating in negotiations at the EU level, •facilitating the translation of documents that are in the process of negotiation and meetings that include civil society stakeholders. The proposed improvements can be procedurally applied to the development of agricultural policies and to other countries that are in negotiations for EU membership. The research can serve as a concept for developing a national framework for transparent and regular dialogue in the agricultural sector.
Postojeće procjene utjecaja programa SAPARD i IPARD u Hrvatskoj ne daju informaciju o njihovom učinku na financijske pokazatelje poslovanja korisnika potpora, kako na razini pojedinog korisnika tako i na agregatnoj razini. Postojeće ex post evaluacije se bave procjenom uspješnosti provedbe programa korištenjem indikatora ostvarenja kao što su broj korisnika i isplaćeni iznos potpore po mjerama i ukupno za program. Ovim indikatorima možemo odrediti uspješnost administracije (ministarstava i agencije za plaćanja), no ne i utjecaj na poslovni uspjeh korisnika te ne možemo odrediti širu javnu, odnosno društvenu korist. U ovom radu je istražena povezanost potpora SAPARD-a i IPARD-a s financijskim pokazateljima uspješnosti poduzeća korisnika primjenom usporedne analize pokazatelja prije dobivanja potpore i pokazatelja u razdoblju do pet godina nakon dobivanja potpore. Gledano za sve korisnike zajedno, utvrđeno je da financijski pokazatelji nakon dobivanja potpore nisu značajno različiti od istih pokazatelja prije dobivanja potpore. Provjerom po skupinama korisnika s obzirom na područje djelatnosti i veličinu poduzeća, značajne razlike za pojedine pokazatelje ustanovljene su kod određenih skupina po veličini. Rezultati pokazuju da su u razredu mikro poduzeća prihod i profitabilnost značajno veći u prve dvije do tri godine nakon primanja potpore. Zanimljivo je da su značajne razlike kod velikih poduzeća ustanovljene u petoj godini od dobivanja potpore, pri čemu su prihodi od prodaje značajno veći nego prije dobivanja potpore, dok su profitabilnost, zaposlenost i financijska stabilnost manji. Općenito gledano, rezultati ukazuju na slabu vezu između potpora i promatranih pokazatelja. No, s obzirom na to da je u istraživanju primijenjen naive pristup koji ne omogućuje kauzalno zaključivanje, to je za preciznu ocjenu doprinosa potpora uočenim razlikama potrebno obaviti dodatna istraživanja primjenom protučinjeničnog ili sličnog pristupa. ; The existing evaluations of SAPARD and IPARD in Croatia do not provide information on their impact on financial performance of beneficiaries, both at individual company and at aggregate level. Existing ex-post evaluations are concerned with assessing the implementation success of the programs using performance indicators such as the number of beneficiaries and the amount of support granted per measure and in total. These indicators can be used to determine the success of public administration (ministries and paying agency??) but not to determine the influence on business success of beneficiaries or to determine the broader public or social benefit. This paper explores the relation of SAPARD and IPARD grants with the financial performance indicators of the beneficiary companies, using a comparative analysis of pre-grant indicators and indicators up to 5 years after the grant. Taken all the beneficiaries together, the financial indicators after receiving grants were not significantly different from the same indicators prior to receiving grants. Through comparison by groups of beneficiaries with regard to the business sector and size of the company, significant differences in individual indicators were found for certain groups by size. The results show that in the micro-enterprise class, sales revenues and profitability are significantly higher in the first 2-3 years after receiving support. Interestingly, significant differences are found in large enterprises in the 5th year after receipt of the aid, with sales revenues significantly higher than before receiving the aid, while profitability, employment and financial stability are lower. In general, the results indicate a weak link between grants and observed indicators. However, since a naive approach was applied, which does not allow causal inference, additional investigations are required to assess the contribution of the grants to the differences observed.
Protectionism is a system of measures used for the purpose of protecting domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. It has emerged simultaneously with the international exchange of goods. The contemporary protectionist policy and practice imposes the necessity of studying this phenomenon in the light of the current situation and conditions. Agricultural protectionism seems to be a particularly significant issue in the international exchange of commodities. ; Protekcionizam označava sustav mjera ekonomske države sa ciljem zaštite domaće proizvodnje u odnosu na konkurenciju inozemnih proizvođača. Javlja se nakon pojave međunarodne razmjene. Međutim, suvremena protekcionistička politika i praksa obavezuje da se istražuje fenomen protekcionizma u suvremenim uvjetima. Posebno je u suvremenoj teoriji za međunarodnu razmjenu značajan agrarni protekcionizam.
