Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The information on the frontline demonstration conducted on nine oilseeds crops and oilseed based farming systems is provided. ; NMOOP Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Government of India, New Delhi

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food in the Nepalese context. Chitwan district of Nepal was purposively selected to analyze the rice production from the socio-economic and environmental perspective. A total of 100 rice growing farmers, 50 organic and 50 inorganic were selected as the sample for the purpose of the study using the simple random method of sampling. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested semi-structure interview schedule and key informant interviews; secondary data were collected reviewing related publications. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The multiple regression revealed that the four explanatory variables included in the model: age of the household head, primary occupation of the household head, number of family members involved in agriculture and subsidy in inputs for rice farming were found to have positive and statistically significant effect on rice yield (P<0.01). Moreover, chi-square test revealed that the farming practices that contributes to climate change mitigation such as: minimum tillage practice (P<0.05), crop diversification (P<0.01), green manuring (P<0.01), agro forestry practice (P<0.05), incorporating crop residues (P<0.1), weed management practice (P<0.01) and pest management practice (P<0.01)were found to be well adopted by the organic rice farmers, in contrast, the farming practices of inorganic rice farmers were statistically and significantly different in this respect. Government should make such policy that could grave the attention of the Nepalese people towards organic agriculture; moreover, encouraging them to make it their primary occupation.

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; £100,000 of ready money is being annually spent on currans, a mere superfluity, . Their importation is forbidden after 30 September. . -- Steele. ; Order to print dated and signed: Veneris 26 August. 1642. Hen. Elsynge, Cler. Parl. D. Com. ; Annotation on Thomason copy: "Aug. 27.". ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

Reliable tree height-diameter (H-D) allometric equations are a key tool for the estimation of forest productivity and Above Ground Biomass (AGB). Most existing H-D allometric equations developed for the tropical region are based on large-scale multi-species datasets, and their use to derive information on productivity and AGB at the species level is prone to uncertainties. The single-species H-D allometric equations available are mainly focused on monocultures or stands with simple tree species mixtures and did not account for the site effects. Here we measured the height and diameter of 2,288 trees of the emergent tree species Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and in Cameroon. We first examined how accurate multispecies H-D allometric equations are in predicting the total height of P. elata. We then tested whether single-species H-D allometric equations vary between sites. We developed the first H-D allometric equation of P. elata and tested whether and how stand-level and environmental variables induce changes in H-D allometric relationship of P. elata at the regional level. We additionally evaluated whether tree-level variables are important at the local level where climate and stand development stage are expected to be less variable. We found that pantropical, regional and local H-D allometric equations significantly underestimate the total height of P. elata. The local multi-species H-D allometric equation developed for Yangambi showed the highest underestimation in all the studied sites. This result supports the need for an H-D allometric equation specific for P. elata. The species-level H-D allometric equation developed showed significant underestimations for trees from the disturbed and undisturbed forests in DRC, while overestimations were observed for similar sites in Cameroon. Using a mixed-effect H-D allometric equation, we showed that even within a single species, a substantial variation exists between sites. This variation showed to be driven by the differences in the maximum asymptotic height (Hmax) between sites. We found that P. elata trees are taller and attain higher Hmax in DRC than in Cameroon. The basal area showed to be a significant covariate accounting for the site effects at the regional-scale where climate variables showed minor effects. However, at the local-scale, none of climate or stand variables showed to be significant. Local-scale variation showed to be associated with differences in light availability, highlighting the potential of management options that shape the local environment in driving species productivity. ; Peer reviewed

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Karanji Khurd microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Karanji Khurd microwatershed in Humnabad taluk of Bidar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 811 mm of which about 609 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 93 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent covered by rock lands and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 85 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture.  About 85 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) and 11 per cent are very shallow (25-50 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area is covered by non-gravelly soils.  About 44 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 33 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 4 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 21 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 8 per cent deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, farm price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 197 (44) 82 (19) Sapota - 146 (33) Maize - 82 (19) Jackfruit 66 (15) 79 (18) Red gram - 279 (63) Jamun 66 (15) 276 (62) Sunflower 197 (44) 82 (18) Musambi - 343 (77) Cotton 197 (44) 82 (18) Lime - 343 (77) Sugarcane - 82 (18) Cashew 3 (<1) 165 (37) Soybean 241 (54) 39(9) Custard apple 69 (16) 294 (66) Bengalgram 241 (54) 39(9) Amla 66(15) 297 (67) Guava - 146 (33) Tamarind 66(15) 276 (52) Mango - 78 (18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LCUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Karanji Khurd micro-watershed (Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) is located in between 17039' – 17041' North latitudes and 77012' – 77015' East longitudes, covering an area of about 446 ha, bounded by Mustari, Chitgoppa, Bannahalli and Bilkhera villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Karanji Khurd micro-watershed in Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk and Bidar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 71.1 to 28.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 60.0 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 82.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste is around 30.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 75.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is preventing among 10.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. Total cultivated area by dry land condition of among sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 38.2 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 112687 per household. Mobile and television are popular communication mass media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 250 per household, around 10 per cent of sample farmers having weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19500 per household; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 835.1 grams (1698.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.42793 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1765. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 982 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 417469 per year for the total area of 445.9 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6636/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 9600) followed by soybean (Rs. 3671).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 48024) followed by soybeans (Rs. 20594). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (90.6 %) and soybean (9.4 %).  In Karanji Khurd micro watershed, major soils are Devgiri (DGR) series is having deep soil depth covers around 1.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. BNG soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 44.2 % of area; the crops are redgram (88.3 %) and soybean (11.7 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 36603/ha in BGN soil (with BCR of 1.32) and Rs. 30426/ha in DGR soil (with BCR of 1.19). 3  In soybean the cost of cultivation in BGN soil is Rs 28478/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (39.4 to 50.8 %) and soybean (23.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a vertebrate pest of agricultural lands and forest. The study was aimed to report the damage to local crops by the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in the Muzaffarabad District. A survey was conducted to identify the porcupine-affected areas and assess the crop damage to the local farmers in district Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) from May 2017 to October 2017. Around 19 villages were surveyed, and a sum of 191 semi-structured questionnaires was distributed among farmers. Crop damage was found highest in village Dhanni where a porcupine destroyed 175 Kg/Kanal of the crops. Regarding the total magnitude of crop loss, village Danna and Koomi kot were the most affected areas. More than half (51.8%) of the respondents in the study area suffered the economic loss within the range of 101-200$, and (29.8%) of the people suffered losses in the range of 201-300$ annually. Among all crops, maize (Zea mays) was found to be the most damaged crop ranging between 1-300 Kg annually. In the study area, porcupine also inflicted a lot of damages to some important vegetables, including spinach (Spinacia oleracea), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and onion (Allium cepa). It was estimated that, on average, 511Kg of vegetables are destroyed by porcupine every year in the agricultural land of Muzaffarabad. It was concluded that the Indian crested porcupine has a devastating effect on agriculture which is an important source of income and food for the local community. Developing an effective pest control strategy with the help of the local government and the Wildlife department could help the farmers to overcome this problem.

Funding Information: This work was supported as part of the Strategic Research Programme of the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division, Theme 3: Food and Health (Work packages 3.2 and 3.3). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country's water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. ; Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-11-18 (johcin)

The needs of the Milk Producers' Organization are achieved by strengthening the scattered and poorly organized Indian milk producers, who lack access to resources and services. In fact, the Milk Producers' Organization has emerged as an interface between the business environment and individual milk producers through forward and backward linkages, while facilitating the strength of collective action, bargaining power and economies of scale. It has thus responded appropriately to the economic and socio-cultural needs of producer members and surrounding entities. The National Accounts Statistics (2020) of India estimates that the contribution of livestock in total agriculture and allied sectors Gross Value Added (at Constant Prices) has reached to 28.63 per cent (2018-19) which again shows the importance of the Milk Producers' Organization in a populous country such as India. The Organization extends its assistance in the form of financial support, technical inputs, milk productivity, quality produce, managing value chains, access to market actors and handling environmental and business regulation. This review paper outlines the key viewpoints and aims to explore how the Milk Producers' Organization has built capabilities and optimized capacities in the existing scope and challenges of the Indian dairy sector. The livestock sector supports the livelihood of approximately 20.5 million people in India. India's milk production is at 4.8% CAGR as opposed to 1.8% CAGR of global milk production. However, the Organization faces conflicting areas of interest, such as social concern and business demands and this ambivalence necessitates enabling policy and professionalism to steer organizational growth and sustainability. In view of the globalized business environment, the Milk Producers' Organization has taken on the responsibility to compete both on the domestic and global markets. In view of emerging international trade practices, further study is required to establish mechanisms to deal with Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures. A co-operative business model can be further explored with additional utilization of bovine manure and unproductive bovines to re-establish a more cost efficient model to deal with global price levels of milk and dairy products. ; Potreba za osnivanjem Organizacije proizvođača mlijeka temeljena je na nužnosti za ojačanjem raštrkanih i neorganiziranih, siromašnih indijskih proizvođača mlijeka koji nemaju pristup resursima i uslugama. Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka nastala je na sučeljavanju poslovnog okruženja i pojedinačnih proizvođača mlijeka kroz veze unaprijed i unatrag (forward i backward linkages), istovremeno omogućujući osnaživanje kolektivnog djelovanja, pregovaračke moći i ekonomskih razmjera. Time je prikladno odgovoreno na ekonomske i socijalno-kulturalne potrebe članova proizvođača i subjekata koji ih okružuju. Prema procjeni Statistike nacionalnih računa (2020.) Indije, doprinos stočarstva ukupnoj bruto dodanoj vrijednosti (pri stalnim cijenama) poljoprivrede i srodnog sektora dosegnuo je 28,63 % (2018.- 2019.) što ukazuje na važnost Organizacije proizvođača mlijeka u mnogoljudnoj zemlji poput Indije. Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka pruža svoju pomoć s aranžmanima financijskog kredita, tehničkim ulaznim informacijama, produktivnošću mlijeka, kvalitetnim proizvodima, upravljanjem vrijednosnim lancima, pristupom dionicima na tržištu i bavljenjem ekološkim i poslovnim regulativama. U ovom preglednom članku opisana su ključna gledišta i pokušalo se istražiti kako je Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka izgradila sposobnost i optimizirala kapacitet u postojećem opsegu i izazovima indijskog mljekarskog sektora. Stočarski sektor pomaže izdržavati oko 20,5 milijuna stanovnika Indije. Složena godišnja stopa rasta (CAGR) proizvodnje mlijeka u Indiji iznosi 4,8 % u odnosu na 1,8 % CAGR globalne proizvodnje mlijeka. Međutim, Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka suočava se sa sukobljenim područjima interesa: poput socijalnih pitanja, kao i poslovnih zahtjeva i ta ambivalentnost iziskuje poticajne politike i profesionalizam za upravljanje rastom i održivošću Organizacije. S obzirom na globalizirano poslovno okruženje, Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka preuzela je odgovornost natjecanja na domaćem i globalnom tržištu. S obzirom na nove prakse međunarodnog trgovanja, potrebna je dodatna studija za uspostavljanje mehanizma koji će se baviti sanitarnim i fitosanitarnim (SPS) mjerama. Suradnički se poslovni model može dalje istražiti dodatnom uporabom gnojiva goveda i neproduktivnih goveda za ponovnu uspostavu ekonomičnijeg modela kako bi se moglo nositi s globalnim razinama cijene mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-2microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 550ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86per cent is covered by soils, 17 per cent byrock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11soil series and 21soil phases (management units) and 4land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%)lands.  An area of about 8 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and71 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 30per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),21 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and2 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 51 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 57 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 10 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24 (4) 21 (4) Pomegranate 18 (3) 167 (30) Maize 24 (4) 21 (4) Guava 18 (3) 167 (30) Bajra 43 (8) 172 (31) Jackfruit 18 (3) 167 (30) Red gram 18 (3) 26 (5) Jamun - 179 (33) Bengalgram - 75 (14) Musambi 18 (3) 167 (30) Groundnut 38 (7) 251 (46) Lime 18 (3) 167 (30) Sunflower 18 (3) 26 (5) Cashew 24 (4) 209 (38) Cotton - 45 (8) Custard apple 43 (8) 323 (59) Chilli 24 (4) 21 (4) Amla 43 (8) 323 (59) Tomato 24 (4) 21 (4) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick 18 (3) 129 (23) Marigold 24 (4) 21 (4) Mulberry 18 (3) 318 (58) Chrysanthemum 24 (4) 21 (4) Mango - 18 (3) Jasmine 24 (4) 21 (4) Sapota 18 (3) 167 (30) Crossandra 24 (4) 21 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared for the4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 87 (55.77%) men and 69 (44.23%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 24 (15.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 70 (44.87%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (32.69%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.05 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-2 had 30.77 per cent illiterates, 28.21 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.33 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.79 per cent of them had high school education, 7.69 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent of them did ITI and 2.56 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 78.95 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 13.16 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 2.63 per cent were general labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.95 per cent of the household members, 23.72 per cent were agricultural laborers, 7.05 per cent were general labour, 1.28 per cent had household industry, 4.49 per cent were in private, 19.87 per cent were students and 0.64 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 98.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and only 1.28 per cent of the households participated in self help group.  The results indicate that 2.63 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 92.11 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.26 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 68.42 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 68.42 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 28.95 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.2696, mixer grinder was Rs.1444, bicycle was Rs. 1038, motor cycle was Rs.31000 and mobile phone was Rs.1005.  About 10.53 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 23.68 per cent of them possess plough, 21.05 per cent of them posses sprayer, 97.37 per cent of them possess weeder and 23.68 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15500, plough was Rs.1692, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3077, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2888, and the average value of weeder was Rs.33. 2  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 10.53 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.26 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 6.72 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.36.  The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 39.47 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, only 1.92 per cent of the population migrated from the micro watershed, which included 5.26 per cent of landless farmers and 4.44 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicate that, the average distance of migration was 800 kms and average duration was 5 months.  The results indicate that, job/wage/work was the main purpose for migration.  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that their quality of life improved as a result of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-2 micro watershed possess 91.77 ha (84.24%) of dry land and 17.18 ha (15.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.30 ha (96.50%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.12 ha (11.45%) of dry land and 16.37 ha (88.55%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 64.35 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 72,977.06 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 399,832.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 431,586.03 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,620.69 for dry land and Rs. 617,500 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,682.60 for dry land and Rs. 389,067.76 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 258,000 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 3 functioning and 3 defunctioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 21.05 per cent of the farmers, open well was the source of irrigation for 7.89 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.57 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.43 meters. 3  The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha and 20.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (24.21 ha), paddy (7.77 ha), navane (4.66 ha), groundnut (2.43 ha), bajra (2.06 ha), mango (3.36 ha), sugarcane (1.36 ha), brinjal (0.81 ha), ladies finger (0.81 ha) and bengal gram (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, navane and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, navane, bajra and Bengal gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, paddy, navane, groundnut, mango, sugarcane, brinjal and ladies finger. Large farmers have grown maize only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-2 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal and small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.40 per cent, and large farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 5.41 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.51 per cent availed loan from friends/relatives, 35.41 per cent availed loan from money lender, 35.14 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 10.81 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, landless, marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers have availed Rs.81000, Rs.47500, Rs.46125, Rs.79636 and 135000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions which accounted for 50 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 15 per cent of the households borrowed for agricultural production, 25 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed, 5 per cent have borrowed for health care and another 5 per cent have borrowed for purchase of vehicle.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan and 18.18 per cent of the households did not repay their loan. 4  The results indicate that, around 93.33 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.67 per cent of the households said that the credit was easily accessible.  The results indicate that, around 18.18 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirements, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.55 per cent opined that the interest rate was higher in non-institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24971.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28026.25. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 3054.83, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27364.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 7646.45. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 594.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 100090.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 310099.43. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 210008.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.1.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 29944.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95589. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 65644.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.19.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53586.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80670.20. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27083.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 35169.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 103740. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 68570.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95.  The total cost of cultivation for Ladies finger was Rs. 31310.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113620. The net income from Ladies finger cultivation was Rs. 82309.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.63.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 110481.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 477827.40. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 367345.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.32. 5  The results indicate that, 15.79 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.26 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also around 23.68 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.63 per cent of the households opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 114,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 82,850, for small farmers it was Rs. 112,442.19, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 271,250, and for large farmers it was Rs.148000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,585.06. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,937.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,343.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,624.01, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,500.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut, and 830 mango trees in their fields.  42.11 per cent of the households showed interest towards cultivation of horticultural crops.  The results indicate that, households have planted 64 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 6,237.99, for irrigation facility Rs. 2,132.65, for improved crop production Rs. 684.32 and for improved livestock management Rs. 2,894.74.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 55.26 per cent of the households for land development, 36.84 per cent for irrigation facility, 5.26 per cent for improved crop production and 5.26 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of investment for 5.26 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, all crops were marketed to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 92.11 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.63 per cent have sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 5.26 per cent have used truck and another 5.26 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of marginal farmers, 56.25 per cent of small farmers and 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 6  The results indicated that, 28.95 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding and 42.11 per cent of the households adopted summer ploughing.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the structures needed full replacement.  The results indicated that 31.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government and another 39.47 per cent is constructed by other agencies.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 76.32 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 18.42 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 94.74 per cent used fire wood and 10.53 per cent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 25 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 26.32 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 78.95 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 15.79 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.95 per cent, fruits were adequate for 21.05 per cent, milk was adequate for 73.68 per cent and eggs were adequate for 73.68 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 21.05 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 73.68 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 63.16 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 65.79 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.16 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 23.68 per cent and meat was inadequate for 63.16 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (73.68%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.26%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.53%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.53%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.53%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (63.16%), less rainfall (73.68%) and inadequate extension services (57.89%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project