Suchergebnisse

Donor aid is often regarded as being informally tied (aid increases donorrecipient exports) and this effect is, in general, interpreted as being harmful to aid recipients. However, in this paper, using a gravity model, we show that aid is also positively associated with recipient-donor exports. That is, aid increases bilateral trade ows in both directions. Our interpretation is that an intensi ed aid relation reduces the e ective cost of geographic distance. We find a particularly strong relation between aid in the form of technical assistance and exports in both directions. When we disaggregate aid to specifically study the effects from trade-related assistance (Aid for Trade) the effect is small and fully accounted for by aid to investments in trade-related infrastructure. Our sample includes all 184 countries for which data is available during the period 1990 to 2005.

This paper measures and compares fragmentation in aid sectors. Past studies focused on aggregate country data but a sector analysis provides a better picture of fragmentation. We start by counting the number of aid projects in the developing world and find that, in 2007, more than 90 000 projects were running simultaneously. Project proliferation is on a steep upward trend and will certainly be reinforced by the emergence of new donors. Developing countries with the largest numbers of aid projects have more than 2 000 in a single year. In parallel to this boom of aid projects, there has been a major shift towards social sectors and, as a consequence, these are the most fragmented. We quantify fragmentation in each aid sector for donors and recipients and identify which exhibit the highest fragmentation. While fragmentation is usually seen as an issue when it is excessive, we also show that some countries suffer from too little fragmentation. An original contribution of this paper is to develop a monopoly index that identifies countries where a donor enjoys monopoly power. Finally, we characterise countries with high fragmentation levels. Countries that are poor, democratic and have a large population get more fragmented aid. However, this is only because poor and democratic countries attract more donors. Once we control for the number of donors in a country-sector, democratic countries do not appear different from non-democratic ones in any sector and poor countries actually have a slightly less fragmented aid allocation.

Kritische Darstellung des amerikanischen AIDS-Hilfeprogramms in Afrika. Hauptkritikpunkte des Autors an den Programmen der US Agency for International Development sind u.a. die mangelnde Einbindung der AIDS-Hilfeprogramme in Basis-Gesundheitsdienste und die fehlende Aufklärung über nicht sexuelle Übertragungsmöglichkeiten. Als Grundlage einer alternativen AIDS-Politik will der Autor AIDS nicht primär als Geschlechtskrankheit verstanden wissen, sondern als Umweltkrankheit mit einem Bündel von Ursachen, Ausbreitungswegen und Ansatzpunkten für eine Anti-AIDS-Politik. (DÜI-Spl)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- Part I The Physician-Patient Relationship -- Duty to Treat -- 1 George J. Annas (1988), 'Legal Risks and Responsibilities of Physicians in the AIDS Epidemic', Hastings Center Report, April/May, pp. 26-32 -- 2 Norman Daniels (1991), 'Duty to Treat or Right to Refuse?', Hastings Center Report, March/April, pp. 36-46 -- 3 Doran Smolkin (1997), 'HIV Infection, Risk Taking, and the Duty to Treat', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22, pp. 55-74 -- Confidentiality/Privacy -- 4 Gary B. Melton (1988), 'Ethical and Legal Issues in AIDS-Related Practice', American Psychologist, 43, pp. 941-47 -- 5 Kenneth M. Boyd (1992), 'HIV Infection and AIDS: The Ethics of Medical Confidentiality', Journal of Medical Ethics, 18, pp. 173-79 -- Infected Health Care Workers -- 6 Patti Miller Tereskerz, Richard D. Pearson and Janine Jagger (1999), 'Infected Physicians and Invasive Procedures: National Policy and Legal Reality', The Milbank Quarterly, 77, pp. 511-29 -- 7 Karen C. Lieberman and Arthur R. Derse (1992), 'HIV-Positive Health Care Workers and the Obligation to Disclose: Do Patients Have a Right to Know?', Journal of Legal Medicine, 13, pp. 333-56 -- Part II Aids and the Law -- 8 Larry Gostin (1989), 'The Politics of AIDS: Compulsory State Powers, Public Health, and Civil Liberties', Ohio State Law Journal, 49, pp. 1017-58 -- 9 Richard D. Mohr (1987), 'AIDS, Gays, and State Coercion', Bioethics, 1, pp. 35-50 -- 10 Alistair Orr (1989), 'Legal AIDS: Implications of AIDS and HIV for British and American Law', Journal of Medical Ethics, 15, pp. 61-67 -- 11 Helen Power (1997), 'HIV/AIDS, Sex and the Criminal Law', Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 19, pp. 343-51

HIV and AIDS have posed new challenges to societies, communities and individuals. In many parts of the world, existing health and social services have been hard pressed to cope with the dermands of the epidemic. In hospitals and in the community, new approaches to health education, support and care have been developed. Non-governmental and community organizations have had a central role to play in responding to the challenge of HIV and AIDS. AIDS: Foundations for the Future highlights progress made over the last decade, and offers an agenda for future activism and research. This book examines

THERE IS NOTHING REMOTELY 'NORMAL' ABOUT SOUTHERN AFRICA'S LATEST FAMINE, AND NORMAL SOLUTIONS DO NOT APPLY

WHO estimates that 6 million Africans have been injected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that 1.16 million cases of AIDS had occurred among adults and children in sub‐Saha‐ran Africa by 1991. These are cumulative figures for ten years, including cases and deaths. AIDS is the only disease for which cumulative figures are published; every other disease is reported annually and new cases are separated from that year's death toll. Although I do not wish to minimize the problem of AIDS in Africa, one should note that the effect of cumulative reporting is to amplify the problem.

"HIV/AIDS is a slow-moving, devastating shock that kills the most productive members of society, increases household dependency ratios, reduces household productivity and caring capacity, and impairs the intergenerational transfer of knowledge. It is socially invisible, complicated by silence, denial, stigma, and discrimination. While it affects both rich and poor, it is the poor who are most severely impacted. Though it affects both sexes, it is not gender neutral. Though AIDS is far more than just another health problem, many development organizations have yet to undertake thorough analyses of its impact on what they do and how they do it. Even fewer have actually changed their policies and procedures to adjust to the new realities. In the era of AIDS, food and nutrition security is becoming even more of a priority for many households and communities. We know that food and nutrition are fundamentally intertwined with HIV transmission and the impacts of AIDS. Evidence of the ways in which food insecurity and malnutrition may increase susceptibility to HIV as well as vulnerability to AIDS impacts, and how HIV/AIDS in turn exacerbates these conditions is increasingly well documented. Food and nutrition security is fundamentally relevant to all four of the conventional pillars of HIV/AIDS response -- prevention, care, treatment, and mitigation --and food aid can be an important addition to the arsenal. This paper, based on a detailed review of the relevant literature and the findings of a mission to eastern and southern Africa, highlights the implications of the HIV/AIDS pandemic for food aid strategy and programming. By viewing food aid programs through an "HIV/AIDS lens" and in the context of a livelihoods approach, the authors argue that organizations can design effective interventions that reduce both susceptibility to HIV and vulnerability to AIDS impacts. Though there is little empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of food aid in responding to HIV/AIDS, the authors argue this should not constrain action. Using past experience as a guide, organizations can learn by doing, documenting, and continuously reassessing their programs using the evolving HIV/AIDS lens. By doing so, they ensure maximal relevance and impact." -- from Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP33; Health, Diet and Nutrition; RENEWAL ; FCND

Responds to seven statements related to the global fight against AIDS. It is argued that the world still does not recognize the severity of the AIDS crisis; the lack of people, not money is the biggest obstacle to defeating AIDS; poor patients can, in fact, follow drug regimens; AIDS treatments might or might not lead to risky behavior, but it is the governments' carelessness that is significant in this regard; socially conservative nations are not culturally protected from AIDS; Asia will not be hit by the AIDS epidemic in the same way as southern Africa; and poverty is not the underlying cause for the AIDS epidemic.