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Pollutants -- foreign material in the air -- can be man-made or occur naturally, & are concentrated where people are concentrated. Pollution is injurious to health & its prevention places an economic burden on the citizen. Amendments to the Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 & 1977, have been utilized to control air pollution. They encompass different strategies, which have met with varying success. Progress to date has been significant but it has been effected in those areas most amenable to control. Further emission reductions from automobiles, & transportation measures & programs will be more difficult to accomplish, but the challenge has been presented. The decision is up to the citizenry as to whether there shall be clean air for all -- & at what price. HA.

Air pollution issues remain one of the most challenging problems facing the international community. The included papers, which were presented at the 28th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution, provide an invaluable record of recent developments in the science and policies pertaining to air pollution

Pollutants—foreign material in the air—can be man made or occur naturally, and are concentrated where people are concentrated. Pollution is injurious to health and its prevention places an economic burden on the citizen. Amendments to the Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 and in 1977, have been utilized to control air pollution. They encompass different strategies which have met with varying success. Progress to date has been significant but it has been effected in those areas most amenable to control. Further emission reductions from automobiles, and transportation measures and programs will be more difficult to accomplish, but the challenge has been presented. The decision is up to the citizenry as to whether there shall be clean air for all—and at what price.

Intro -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Traffic-related air pollution: Emissions, human exposures, and health: An introduction -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 2: Air pollution, air quality, vehicle emissions, and environmental regulations -- Abstract -- Sources of air pollution -- Pollutant concentration and units -- History of air pollution control regulations in the United States -- Pollutant emission trends in the United States -- Transportation emissions in the United States

This volume of the IARC monographs provides an evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. Outdoor air pollution is a complex mixture of pollutants originating from natural and anthropogenic sources, including transportation, power generation, industrial activity, biomass burning, and domestic heating and cooking. The mix of pollutants in outdoor air varies widely in space and time, reflecting the diversity of sources and the influence of atmospheric processes. Commonly measured air pollutants include particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide; the concentration of particulate matter is often used as an indicator of pollution levels. Millions of people worldwide are exposed to outdoor air pollution at levels that substantially exceed existing health-based guidelines. This evaluation is the culmination of a series that has examined individual pollutants that are contained in the mixture of outdoor air. Related previous evaluations have been published in IARC Monographs Volumes 92, 93, 95, 100C, 100E, 103, and 105. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological studies, animal cancer bioassays, and mechanistic data to assess the carcinogenic hazards of exposure to outdoor air pollution and particulate air pollution. --

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Acid deposition and acid rain 1 -- Aerosols 4 -- Air-conditioning 6 -- Air pollution 7 -- Air-pollution policy 12 -- Air Quality Index 18 -- Airborne particulates 18 -- Asbestos 20 -- Atmospheric inversions 22 -- Automobile emissions 23 -- Bhopal disaster 25 -- Bicycles 27 -- Biogeochemical cycles 29 -- Black lung 30 -- Black Wednesday 31 -- Carbon cycle 32 -- Carbon dioxide 34 -- Carbon dioxide air capture 35 -- Carbon monoxide 36 -- Carcinogens 37 -- Cash for Clunkers 38 -- Catalytic converters 39 -- Center for Health, Environment, and Justice 40 -- Chicago Climate Exchange 40 -- Chlorofluorocarbons 41 -- Clean Air Act and amendments 42 -- Climate change and human health 47 -- Climate models 48 -- Climatology 49 -- Coal ash storage 51 -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 52 -- Detoxification 53 -- Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane 55 -- Diquat 59 -- Donora, Pennsylvania, temperature inversion 60 -- Dust Bowl 61 -- El Niño and La Niña 63 -- Europe 66 -- Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 70 -- Freon 70 -- Global warming 71 -- Green buildings 74 -- Greenhouse effect 76 -- Greenhouse gases 79 -- Hazardous and toxic substance regulation 81 -- Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings 84 -- Incineration of waste products 86 -- Indoor air pollution 88 -- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 89 -- Krakatoa eruption 90 -- Kyoto Protocol 92 -- London smog disaster 94 -- Malathion 95 -- Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 96 -- Medfly spraying 97 -- Methane 98 -- Molina, Mario 100 -- Montreal Protocol 100 -- Mount Tambora eruption 102 -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 103 -- Nitrogen oxides 104 -- Noise pollution 106 -- North American Free Trade Agreement 107 -- Odor pollution 109 -- Ozone layer 111 -- Pandemics 114 -- Pesticides and herbicides 117.

In this short critical perspective, we outline the serious problems caused by air pollution in Europe. Using two types of metrics, level assessment and trend assessment, we quantify the contribution of ammonia, NO(x), SO(x), non‐methane volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter in terms of years of life lost per capita and explain the connection between the various pollutants and their effects on human health and the environment. This is done on the basis of data collected by individual European Union (EU) member states as well as by the EU as a whole. We examine general emission trends as well as sector‐specific emissions and discuss the effectiveness of current legislation in reducing health risks and environmental damage. By combining these results with a cost–benefit analysis, we show that a further reduction in NO(x) emissions is the most urgent and potentially the most beneficial.

Many cities in Kosovo suffer from poor air quality, with ambient concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) significantly exceeding the national and European Union (EU) standards and global air quality guidelines for PM2.5 established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The air pollution in the capital city of Prishtina rivals that of big cities like Beijing, Mumbai, and New Delhi. Especially in winter, urban areas face severe smog episodes, caused by the increased demand for heat from the residential and commercial sector, which is mainly provided by burning solid fuels. Such levels of air pollution are unsafe for Kosovo's population of 1.9 million and cause significant deleterious health impacts. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management (AQM) in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia. It examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Kosovo. It provides estimates of the health burden and the economic cost associated with the health impacts of AAP, that is, PM2.5, in Kosovo. It also analyzes of the roles of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in Kosovo at a national level. The institutional and policy framework for AQM in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting Kosovo in addressing air pollution. Furthermore, the report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in Kosovo.