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Evaluation monétaire d'un gain d'espérance de vie dû à une réduction de la pollution de l'air : les enseignements d'une évaluation contingente en France Ce papier présente les résultats d'une enquête d'évaluation contingente effectuée en France afin d'estimer les gains en termes d'espérance de vie de la réduction de la pollution de l'air. Le questionnaire utilisé a été développé par Krupnick at al. [2002] pour les Etats Unis. Il a été traduit et administré à 300 individus âgés de 40 à 75 ans. Le questionnaire original a été modifié. D'une part, une question ouverte a été ajoutée après chacune des trois séries d'offre. D'autre part, à la fin du questionnaire et après avoir rappelé au répondant les valeurs de consentement à payer exprimées, l'opportunité lui était donnée de modifier ces valeurs. Chaque questionnaire se termine par un ″debriefing″ écrit détaillé afin d'appréhender comment les personnes interrogées avaient interprété les questions posées. De plus, afin de tester la robustesse des réponses, cinq variantes du questionnaire initial ont été testées sur des échantillons composés d'environ 50 individus chacun. Ces variantes incluaient en particulier des scénarios où le bénéfice issus de la réduction de la pollution de l'air était exprimé en terme de gain d'espérance de vie. Il a alors été possible de tester la sensibilité des réponses recueillies aux offres proposées ou à la description retenue afin de présenter le ″bien″ à évaluer. Pour chaque scénario une ″valeur d'une année de vie″ (VOLY) a été estimée. Ces valeurs sont comprises entre 0.020 to 0.220 M€. Cette forte dispersion reflète la grande difficulté qu'ont les personnes interrogées à comprendre les concepts de variation de risque et à répondre à ces propositions en terme de consentement à payer.

The Chinese economic miracle is running out of breath... literally. The vertiginous development of the world's most populous country over the past twenty years has gone hand in hand with a disastrous side effect that the authorities have long chosen to ignore, namely horrific pollution. The myriad factories, mines and construction sites that continue to mushroom all over China are an absolute calamity for the environment. The air in large cities is unbreathable, the rivers are clogged with industrial waste and the soil is poisoned, with the result that most foodstuffs are toxic. No prizes for guessing the impact on public health. By going all out for unfettered growth, has the country sold its future down the river, so to speak? A flicker of awareness of the problem's enormity seems to be starting to dawn, including-tentatively-among China's politicians. But it might already be too late. Adapted from the source document.

This article addresses research of public action dealing with characterization & comprehension of observed changes using instruments. This approach states that the instruments constitute a dimension as determinant of observable changes of the interests & mobilization of actors, their organizations & their beliefs. Following the diversification of public action instruments of political strife against atmospheric pollution in the past thirty-five years, the author believes to understand the major means of observed transformation in France, as well as in many other industrialized countries. An analysis of the change by instruments provides elements of political interpretation of these changes by underlining the increasing situation of "public democracy" that for the state has created mandatory disclosures. The continuous production & diffusion of information have a constitutive & instrumental function in their respective fields. They are effective in three ways: 1) programming & construction of national agendas; 2) orientation of objectives & methods; & 3) the development of other, non-routine goals. E. Sanchez

Abstract Since the foundation of the GDR in 1949, the diverse pollution were studied. The scientists hoped that a socialist country until the mid -70s will not perpetrate the same errors as the «capitalists». In first times, they worked in a dispersed order, until 1956. After they began to organise and saw that air pollution was more a regional as a local problem. Between 1962 and 1974, the foresters try to discuss with the complex (combinat) and took legal action as expert beside the victims (foresters, farmers, and horticulturists) against the combinat but without a real success. At the beginning of the 70s, it was clear that the solution couldn't come from the industry but only from the forestry. The foresters had to adapt the trees to the air pollution.

Examines extent of air pollution in rural and urban areas; measurement, policy implications, ozone depletion, costs involved in abatement measures, and other issues; France; 8 articles.

Various methodological improvements in production function modelling allow the integration of undesirable outputs, the distinction between stakeholders' objective-function and the sectoral aggregation of individual technologies. This paper gathers these concepts in order to assess the eco-efficiency of the dairy sector in La Reunion. Our assessment compare two objectives seemingly opposed: the productivist approach and the environmentalist approach. According to the productivist approach, focused on the milk production maximization, inefficiency reduction could create an increase of 54% of the dairy production, without additional undesirable emissions. At the same time, a better environmental management leads to an important potential decrease of undesirable outputs as greenhouse gases or nitrogen surpluses (- 46 %), given the current milk production. Unexpectedly, the two approaches lead to similar values of environmental indicators: Nitrogen surplus per liter of milk and greenhouse gases per liter of milk. On an insular territory as La Reunion, impacted by the food self-sufficiency issue of overseas department, efficiency sectoral analysis appears to be a powerful tool to support decision plan, as it allows an assessment of optimal allocation of local resources and an optimization of imported materials for agricultural sector. Adapted from the source document.