Suchergebnisse

Drawing from well-known theories of democracy and democratic transition, this essay considers the transition to local democracy in Latin America. It raises a central question: Given the landmark decentralization of the past three decades, what constitutes local democracy in the region today and in which countries can we say it exists? Core considerations in comparing local democracy and national democracy are discussed. I present the concept of "minimum decentralization" and, using this framework, posit six procedural and institutional conditions for defining local democracy. Eighteen systems are evaluated against these conditions at the municipal and intermediate levels of government. Despite the real transfer of authority in many countries, and though several Latin American countries have established or nearly established local democracies, only a few of the local systems can be considered democratic. Though the conclusion is somewhat counterintuitive, explanations for the slow development of decentralization and local democracy are considered. Adapted from the source document.

Over the past decade, there has been a surge of "new Left" governments in Latin America, yet polling data shows no comparable shift to the left among the general Latin American population. If electorates have not followed their political leaders to the left, then it is likely that new right- wing political actors will emerge to compensate for the leftward shift in Latin American politics. I propose a research agenda for studying right-wing politics in light of the current wave of left-leaning governments in the region. I argue that we should focus on four main areas of right-wing politics: the political agenda of right-wing groups; their political organization; their power capability; and the institutional environment in which they operate. This agenda requires that we move beyond the traditional focus on right- wing political parties and focus on right-wing organizations at all levels of formal politics, as well as groups that operate outside the formal political arena. Adapted from the source document.

Many Latin American countries democratized between 1975 and 2000, and research has confirmed that contemporary Latin Americans hold democratic political attitudes. Using America's Barometer surveys of 18 countries from 2008, we examine the commitment of Latin Americans to three democratic attitudes -- preference for democracy over other forms of government, support for general participation rights, and tolerance for participation by system critics. We also explore the impact of personal resources, crime and corruption, evaluation of system performance, social capital, and the sociopolitical context on democratic attitudes. A preference for democracy and support for citizens' participation rights are strong, but tolerance is lower than the other attitudes. Evidence is found for acculturation -- that Latin Americans acquire democratic attitudes by living in democratic regimes and through education. Adapted from the source document.

Der Supplementband ergänzt die 2006 bis 2009 erschienene siebenbändige Ausgabe der Constitutional Documents of the United States of America 1776–1860. Er enthält 14 Verfassungsdokumente zu acht verschiedenen Bundesstaaten die erst jetzt in amerikanischen Bibliotheken und Archiven zugänglich wurden. Darunter ist u. a. auch die Verfassung der kurzlebigen, 1832 bis 1835 von New Hampshire abgespaltenen "Republic of Indian Stream", sowie seltene englisch- und spanischsprachige Verfassungsdokumente aus New Mexico und Texas. Die Texte wurden auf der Grundlage der mitunter seltenen Originaldrucke der offiziellen Staats- oder Konventsdrucker unter Hinzuziehung der Originalmanuskripte ediert, annotiert und indexiert

Memories of Underdevelopment, set within the context of Latin America from the 1960s to the 1980s, explores how Latin American artists responded to the unraveling of the utopian promise of modernization. By the 1960s political oppression and brutal military dictatorships had disabused many of their political and artistic hopes. Artists sought out new ways to connect to the public, with conceptual and performance strategies emerging as productive alternatives to older styles, particularly geometric abstraction. This is the first significant survey of these crucial decades, bringing together the work of artists from throughout Latin America, including both artists that are well known in the US, such as Hélio Oiticica and Lygia Pape, as well as lesser-known names

"An awareness of the cultural entanglements in the Global South has become an evident as well as urgent factor in the global constitution of knowledge and the knowledges of globalization. This book contributes to the growing field of research on the relations between Latin America and Asia. From multiple perspectives and disciplinary backgrounds, it addresses the cultural and intellectual entanglements between Latin America and India in the 20th century. The Sur / South cultural cartography that emerges reveals the need for a new reflection on Orientalism as well."--P. [4] of cover

Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic coped well with the global financial crisis of 2008-09. The impact was generally less severe and shorter lived than in previous episodes, the balance of payments adjustment was orderly, and the stability of the financial system was not compromised. This resilience can be attributed to a large extent to the strengthening of the fiscal frameworks, monetary management, and financial reforms conducted in the years preceding the global crisis. Nevertheless, the region faces considerable challenges for the period ahead, including the need to raise

This text consists of an approach to the state of knowledge of technoscience in the region of Ibero-America and Spain, with the purpose of recognizing its main lines of study. Free access, Spanish-speaking works published in the last 10 years are included, favoring scientific articles from peer-reviewed or indexed journals, which constitute the majority of the documents consulted. It is recognized that technoscience is a concept of a multidisciplinary nature, but with greater attention from the social sciences and humanities; concentrating the largest production Spain, Colombia and Mexico. The lines of study were: ontological and theoretical-epistemological positions, dehumanization and ethics, social construction, democracy and power, and education. ; El presente texto consiste en una aproximación al estado de conocimiento de la tecnociencia en la región de Iberoamérica y España, con el propósito de reconocer sus principales líneas de estudio. Se incluyen trabajos de acceso libre, de habla hispana y publicados en los últimos 10 años, privilegiando los artículos científicos de revistas arbitradas o indizadas, los cuales constituyen la mayoría de los documentos consultados. Se reconoce que la tecnociencia es un concepto de naturaleza multidisciplinaria, pero con mayor atención por parte de las ciencias sociales y humanidades; concentrando la mayor producción España, Colombia y México. Las líneas de estudio fueron: las posiciones ontológicas y teórico-epistemológicas, la deshumanización y ética, la construcción social, la democracia y el poder, y la educación. ; Este texto consiste em uma abordagem do estado do conhecimento da tecnociência na região da Ibero-América e Espanha, com o objetivo de reconhecer suas principais linhas de estudo. Incluem-se, de acesso livre, trabalhos de língua espanhola publicados nos últimos 10 anos, privilegiando artigos científicos de periódicos revisados por pares ou indexados, que constituem a maioria dos documentos consultados. Reconhece-se que a tecnociência é um conceito de ...

In Latin America and Colombia, the highest percentage indices of social inequality are concentrated, it is the region where the gap between the rich minority and the poor majority is the largest and most extreme. Therefore, they must have a tax system that plays a redistributive role of wealth, as well as their tax policies, must be aimed at significantly reducing poverty. Interpreting this aspiration, the Political Constitution of Colombia (1991). In such a way, it is intended to make specific reflections on the redistributive capacity of tax policy in Latin America, especially on tax progressiveness in Colombia, in turn define the Challenges of this against the OECD countries. ; En América Latina y, concretamente en Colombia, se concentran los mayores índices porcentuales de desigualdad social; es la región donde la brecha entre la minoría rica y la mayoría pobre es la más grande y extrema. Por tanto, se debe implementar un sistema tributario que juegue un papel redistribuidor de riquezas; a su vez, sus políticas impositivas deben estar orientadas a la disminución significativa de la pobreza. Interpretando esta aspiración está la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991. En este artículo se realizan reflexiones puntuales sobre la capacidad redistributiva de la política tributaria en América Latina, especialmente sobre la progresividad impositiva en Colombia, y se definen los desafíos de esta frente a los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). ; Na América Latina e na Colômbia, concentram-se os maiores índices percentuais de desigualdade social, é a região onde o fosso entre a minoria rica e a maioria pobre é maior e mais extrema. Portanto, eles devem ter um sistema tributário que desempenhe um papel redistributivo da riqueza, assim como suas políticas fiscais devem ter como objetivo reduzir significativamente a pobreza. Interpretando essa aspiração, a Constituição Política da Colômbia (1991). Com isso, pretende-se fazer reflexões específicas sobre a capacidade ...

In this essay, I propose the identification and analysis of one of the major expressions of Euro-American xenophobia and racism, the socio-anthropological refusal to encounter and/or project the existence of capital in non-Western populations. Starting from a critical reading of Eric Wolf's Europe and the People without History, and following some of its lines of exploration, I question a nostalgic episteme in the creation of a world without capital in the Euro-American periphery, specifically in Latin America. Without delving into the logics of the religious discourses that advocated for the recovery of paradise on earth, nor of the construction of the American indigenous people as anti-economic or, at least, anti-economic subjects, for example, those of Franciscan catechization, I attempt to recall that socio-cultural anthropology formed an important part of the colonial enterprise. As such, genealogical, critical, and epistemological analyses must be used to discern how anthropology helped to establish Latin American populations as mere objects of Political Economy in the popular doxa. ; En este ensayo propongo la identificación y análisis de una de las mayores expresiones de xenofobia y racismo euro-americano, la negación socio-antropológica a encontrar y/o a proyectar la existencia capital en poblaciones no occidentales. Partiendo de una lectura crítica de Europa y la Gente sin Historia, de Eric Wolf, y retomando varias de sus líneas de exploración, cuestiono la voluntad nostálgica de creación de un mundo sin capital en la periferia euro-americana, específicamente en Latinoamérica. Sin profundizar en las lógicas de los discursos religiosos que propugnaron la recuperación de un paraíso en la tierra, ni de la construcción de los indígenas americanos como sujetos antieconómicos o, por lo menos, aneconómicos, por ejemplo, los de la catequización franciscana, intento recordar que la antropología socio-cultural formó una parte importante de la empresa colonial. Como tal, análisis genealógicos, críticos y epistemológicos podrían precisar en la doxa popular para descubrir cómo la antropología coayudó a establecer a las poblaciones latinoamericanas como meros objetos de la Economía Política.

The advent of Covid-19 virus pandemic in 2019 generated an economic, social, and ecologic emergency worldwide, which caused a financial lockdown in almost all economic activities and an exacerbation of problematics associated to politic and socioeconomic context of each country. Therefore, thepurpose of this article is to prepare a diagnosis of the economic situation in Latin America before and during the pandemic derived from Covid-19. For these purposes, a general overview of the economic situation in Latin America before the pandemic derived from Covid-19 was first prepared. Likewise, the methodology used for the elaboration of the analysis through the document review technique was proposed. Subsequently, the results and growth proposals are presented in the face of a "Post Covid-19" era that could be applied in Latin America, with distinction of the socioeconomic particularities of each of the countries in the region and the political will to part of the respective governments to overcome the imminent crisis that is being faced, and thus, achieve a favorable economic result. ; La aparición del virus Covid-19 en el 2019 constituyó una emergencia económica, social y ecológica a nivel mundial, considerando que no sólo generó una parálisis financiera en casi todas las actividades económicas, sino que además aseveró problemáticas derivadas de los contextos políticos y socioeconómicos propios de cada país. Es por esta razón que el presente artículo tiene como propósito elaborar un diagnóstico de la situación económica en América Latina antes y durante la pandemia derivada del Covid-19. Para estos efectos, se elaboró en primer lugar un panorama general de la situación económica en América Latina antes de la pandemia derivada de la Covid-19. Así también, se planteó la metodología empleada para la elaboración del análisis a través de la técnica de revisión documental. Posteriormente, se presentan los resultados y laspropuestas de crecimiento de cara a una eraPosCovid-19que podrían aplicarse en América Latina, con ...

South America was surprised by the COVID-19 pandemic at difficult times, characterized by an economic crisis, polarization, and political divergences.Regional governance is weakened, there are no leaderships or consensus. The paper aims to analyze the responses to pandemic crisis by thegovernments of the region. It focuses on identifying them by differentiating between responses collectively framed in regional strategies, andunilateral, with a predominance of the last ones. The main argument is that the reaction to the crisis may have had a regional rather than a unilateralundertone. However, the previously weakened regional governance affected the agenda, without being able to provide coordinated responses to thepandemic crisis, the region was left in a state of unprecedented vulnerability. The article begins by contextualizing the crisis of regional governance,subsequently, it contrasts and identifying the responses to the pandemic given by the regional institutions. To do that, a content analysis is made usingas sources Mercosur´s and Pacific Alliance´s official documents; the analysis evidenced the deficit of the regional governance in South America tomanage the pandemic crisis and the unilateral conjunctural responses to the crisis. ; La pandemia del COVID-19 sorprendió a América Latina en un difícil momento, caracterizado por crisis económica; polarización y divergencias políticas. La gobernanza regional está debilitada, actualmente no hay liderazgos ni consensos, generando un vacío en la dimensión institucional con consecuencias. El objetivo del artículo es analizar las respuestas a la pandemia por parte de los gobiernos de la región, se focaliza en identificarlas diferenciando entre las unilaterales y los esfuerzos enmarcados colectivamente en estrategias de nivel regional. El argumento principal es que las respuestas a la crisis de múltiples dimensiones podrían haber tenido un trasfondo regional en vez de unilateral; sin embargo, la previa crisis de gobernanza incidió en la agenda por su ausencia, sin ...