Suchergebnisse

In Latin America, the immense existing biodiversity is associated with the abundance of enormous practically unknown regions and the presence of indigenous peoples, in some cases uncontacted. Along with the profusion of life forms that have been preserved over the years, the danger of genetic erosion caused by indiscriminate exploitation stands out on the one hand, and on the other the attempts at appropriation by institutions and natural persons, at the expense of the prejudice of the communities that inhabit those areas, of their habits of life and of their cultural practices. The purpose of this article is to reflect on these issues, based on the documentary information published by various authors. The examples presented also demonstrate that the region can take advantage of biodiversity for its own development, under a bioeconomy model, in which the efforts of science, education and production institutions coexist, supported by government policies of respect for the environment, indigenous populations and the legal protection of heritage.

After the stipulation of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in the 4th Amendment, the Indonesian state has declared itself to be consistent in implementing the presidential system of government as the basis for the implementation of its government. The presidential system of government or also known as the congressional system is a system of government in a country in the form of a republic in which executive power is elected through general elections and is separated from legislative power. With the complexity of this system, not many countries that implement it fail to pass the test of democratic stability. It can be stated that only the United States of America is capable of becoming the best practice of implementing a successful, effective and efficient presidential system. Therefore, many other countries use the United States as a role model in building an effective and efficient form of presidentialism system as has been done by Indonesia.

This research will examine the double standards of US foreign policy against the coup in Egypt in 2013, given that the US intervention against the Middle East region is very dominant. Attention and the US response be different in response to the case of the coup in Egypt. US seemed to not make this case as a priority despite the coup led to the violation of human rights and democracy. The response shown by the US is very different compared to the US intervention against Iraq and Libya are rated US itself as defending human rights and democracy in the region. The purpose of this research is to find out why the US double standards in its foreign policy related to the Egyptian coup. Data will be explored through literature method (library research). Overall the data will be correlated with foreign political theory of rational actor models that can explain the reason for choosing the attitude of the US double standard in a coup in Egypt in 2013 based on the selection and cost-benefit considerations on the measures taken. The results of this paper indicate that the indication of the double standards shown by the US to Egypt coup influenced by the victory of the Muslim Brotherhood (IM) as a political Islam that could interfere with the stability and US interests in the Middle East. Some of the options and the consequences have been considered by the US in response to the case, including participating ignoring their violations of democracy and human rights in the case even though it was contrary to the foundations and principles of US foreign policy. Another indication that support multiple standards is the response of US allies in the Middle East, such as Israel, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates who consider IM as a threat to the stability and the Middle East region. Keywords: US double standards, US foreign policy, coup Egypt, political Islam, Muslim Brotherhood Penelitian ini akan mengkaji standar ganda politik luar negeri Amerika Serikat terhadap kudeta di Mesir tahun 2013, mengingat bahwa intervensi AS terhadap kawasan Timur Tengah sangat dominan. Perhatian dan respon AS terlihat berbeda dalam menanggapi kasus kudeta di Mesir. AS seolah tidak membuat kasus ini sebagai prioritas walaupun kudeta tersebut berujung pada pelanggaran HAM dan demokrasi. Respon yang diperlihatkan oleh AS sangat berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan intervensi AS terhadap Irak dan Libya yang dinilai AS sendiri sebagai upaya penegakan HAM dan demokrasi di kawasan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mencari tahu mengapa AS bersikap standar ganda dalam politik luar negerinya terkait dengan kudeta Mesir. Data akan ditelaah melalui metode kepustakaan. Keseluruhan data akan dikorelasikan dengan teori politik luar negeri model aktor rasional yang dapat memaparkan alasan AS untuk memilih sikap standar ganda dalam kudeta Mesir 2013 berdasarkan pemilihan dan pertimbangan untung-rugi atas tindakan yang telah diambil. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa indikasi standar ganda yang diperlihatkan oleh AS terhadap kudeta Mesir dipengaruhi oleh kemenangan Ikhwanul Muslimin (IM) sebagai political Islamyang dapat mengganggu stabilitas dan kepentingan AS di Timur Tengah. Beberapa pilihan dan konsekuensi telah dipertimbangkan oleh AS dalam merespon kasus ini, termasuk ikut mengabaikan adanya pelanggaran demokrasi dan HAM dalam kasus tersebut walaupun hal tersebut bertentangan dengan landasan dan prinsip politik luar negeri AS. Indikasi lain yang mendukung standar ganda ialah respon sekutu AS di Timur Tengah, seperti: Israel, Arab Saudi, dan Uni Emirat Arab yang menganggap IM sebagai ancaman bagi stabilitas dan kawasan Timur Tengah. Kata kunci: standar ganda AS, politik luar negeri AS, kudeta Mesir, politik Islam, Ikhwanul Muslimin

AbstrakArtikel ini memberikan informasi mengenai kebebasan dan hak pilih khususnya tentangkebebasan dan hak pilih wanita. Hak pilih adalah sesuatu yang diberikan kepada orang untukmemilih kepala negaranya. Hak pilih wanita di Amerika Serikat telah melewati perkembangansejarah yang panjang, diperlukan adanya sebuah pergerakan sosial agar wanita dapat memilikihak pilihnya dalam pemilihan di negara tersebut. Pada awal mula pemilihan di Amerika Serikat,hak pilih diberikan kepada lelaki berkulit putih yang memiliki kekuasaan dan kekayaan. Pendirinegara tersebut berpikir bahwa hak pilih seharusnya diberikan kepada mereka yang dapatmemimpin dirinya sendiri, wanita tidak termasuk ke dalam kriteria tersebut. Pergerakan inimembawa sebuah perubahan pada pemerintahan di Amerika Serikat. Amandemen ke sembilanbelas menyatakan bahwa wanita memiliki hak pilihnya dalam pemilihan di Amerika Serikat. Kata-kata Kunci : Hak pilih wanita, sejarah pergerakan, demokrasi liberal, pemilihanumum, dan Amerika Serikat AbstractThe aim of this article is to give an information about freedom and suffrage especially aboutwoman freedom and suffrage. Suffrage is something that is given to the people to vote for theirleader of the state. Woman suffrage in United State America have been through a long history,where a social movement for women's suffrage in elections in the United States was required. Atthe begining of the election history in the United States the right to vote was given to the whitemen who have abundant wealth. The founders of the state assume that voting right should begiven to those who can lead theirselves, and women were excluded from that criteria. Thismovement resulted in the change of the Government of the United States. The nineteenthamendment to the constitution states that women have the right to vote in elections. Keywords: woman suffrage, history movement, demokrasi liberal, pemilihan umum, UnitedState of America