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In the late nineteenth century Populism was a major feature of US politics and society. It originated as an agrarian revolt born in response to the crisis of American agriculture vis-à-vis industrialization and the opening of global markets for agricultural products. The ensuing Populist movement involved millions of farmers in the Southern and Mid-Western rural areas hit by the crisis and it spilled over into local and national elections, eventually spreading to other regions and including sections of the emerging middle class, thus posing a formidable challenge to the established two-party system. Though it ultimately failed to bring about an electoral realignment, its influence was nonetheless significant and long-lasting. The Populists instigated political and economic reforms for decades to come while actively partaking in the cultural transformations of the time. Populism, however, generated a culture that was both forward- and backward looking, and as it continued to affect politics over the course of the twentieth and early twenty-first century, its majoritarian impulse inspired new forms of democratic inclusion as well as threats to minorities and republican institutions. This complex phenomenon and its many ramifications have engaged generations of historians, whose political sensibilities changed as events unfolded and scholarly research proceeded. At a time when Populism has once occupied center stage in America, it is worth looking back at its origins and pondering how the historiography has tried to make sense of it.

The essay aims to reflect on the Regional Integration in Latin America: first, by stressing the sense of the concept of "Latin America" from a political perspective; then, by underlining the complex nature of this process. The thesis that is intended to be argued is that the most important advances in the field of regional integration have been produced by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in part by abandoning the European integration model

As we celebrate the 300 th anniversary of William Penn's death as well as the 325 th anniversary of the publication of Penn's plan for a European parliament, it is also worth considering his contribution to American history, notably the foundation of Pennsylvania. The most remarkable feature of Penn's "holy experiment" in colonial British America was the harmonious relationship that was established, and maintained for some seventy years, between the Quaker colonists and the native Americans. Penn advanced racial equality as well as peaceful and harmonious relations between different cultures, sitting in council with the Indians many times and promoting the fair purchase of land from them. Penn's 1682 Frame of Government for the colony limited the power of government and guaranteed many fundamental liberties. It was subsequently adopted by the Pennsylvania Assembly as the New Charter and formed the model for most state governments in the United States. Penn's last revision of the Frame, the 1701 Charter of Privileges, remained in force until 1776. Finally, just as Penn really was the first to propose, in some detail, a European parliament, so he was the first to propose, only a few years later, a union of the British colonies in America."

This article seeks to reflect on the methodological problem that dealing with political concepts with a particular historical and geographical frame entails. After stating how conceptual history, German in its origins, has given rise to different lines of thought throughout the Western World, especially in Europe, we explore how this conceptual approach can be used to address political concepts in Latin America from a philosophical-political perspective. ; Questo articolo si propone di discutere il problema metodologico dell'approccio ai concetti politici all'interno di un particolare contesto storico e geografico. A partire dal fatto che la storia concettuale, originariamente tedesca, ha dato origine a specifici percorsi in tutto il mondo occidentale, e soprattutto nel resto d'Europa, ci chiediamo come questo approccio concettuale possa essere utilizzato quando si affrontano i concetti politici in America Latina da una prospettiva filosofico-politica.

The Escazú Agreement, the first environmental treaty to order that signatory States render available all information on the projects which may have an environmental impact, guarantee that citizens participate in decisional processes and adopt measures to protect defenders of indigenous environments and peoples, entered into force on 22 April 2021. Building on these premises, the paper reports some data with the aim of briefly tracing the framework in which environmental activists work. These, together with indigenous peoples, oppose the extractivist development model adopted by the region's government in the last twenty years, which has had – and still has – a significant impact on the environment, has increased social conflicts, and triggered a violence spiral against environmentalists and some indigenous communities, thus transforming Latin America into the most dangerous place for those who protect the environment ; The Escazú Agreement, the first environmental treaty to order that signatory States render available all information on the projects which may have an environmental impact, guarantee that citizens participate in decisional processes and adopt measures to protect defenders of indigenous environments and peoples, entered into force on 22 April 2021. Building on these premises, the paper reports some data with the aim of briefly tracing the framework in which environmental activists work. These, together with indigenous peoples, oppose the extractivist development model adopted by the region's government in the last twenty years, which has had – and still has – a significant impact on the environment, has increased social conflicts, and triggered a violence spiral against environmentalists and some indigenous communities, thus transforming Latin America into the most dangerous place for those who protect the environment

The Escazú Agreement, the first environmental treaty to order that signatory States render available all information on the projects which may have an environmental impact, guarantee that citizens participate in decisional processes and adopt measures to protect defenders of indigenous environments and peoples, entered into force on 22 April 2021. Building on these premises, the paper reports some data with the aim of briefly tracing the framework in which environmental activists work. These, together with indigenous peoples, oppose the extractivist development model adopted by the region's government in the last twenty years, which has had – and still has – a significant impact on the environment, has increased social conflicts, and triggered a violence spiral against environmentalists and some indigenous communities, thus transforming Latin America into the most dangerous place for those who protect the environment.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç politikası tarihsel açıdan ele alınmış ve Latin Amerika'daki uygulamalarının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle güç kavramından yola çıkılmış, güç unsurları ve çeşitleri ortaya konulmuştur. Kamu Diplomasisi kavramına da değinilen çalışmada Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç ve kamu diplomasisi politikası geçmişten günümüze kadar ele alınmıştır. Bu noktada yumuşak güç unsuru olan kurumlar ve faaliyetlerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmada Latin Amerika - Türkiye ilişkileri tarihsel bağlamda ele alınmış, söz konusu ilişkiler Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminden, hatta kıtanın keşfinden itibaren incelenmiştir. Tezde kıta ile ülkemizin ilişkilerinin tarihçesi, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemleri olarak ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, 2000'ler sonrasından günümüze kadar kıtadaki ülkeler ile ikili ilişkileri geliştirmek ve güçlendirmek için yürütülen kamu diplomasisi çalışmalarından bahsedilmiştir. Kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarının yanı sıra devlet dışı aktörlerin de çalışmalarından örneklerle Türkiye'nin Latin Amerika'daki yumuşak güç faaliyetleri literatür taraması yöntemiyle masaya yatırılmıştır. ; In this study, Turkey's soft power policy was discussed from a historical perspective and aimed to reveal the practices in Latin America. In the study, first of all, the concept of power is set out and power elements and types are explained. The study was also touched upon the concept of public diplomacy and soft power policy of Turkey which was discussed from the past to the present. At this point, institutions and their activities which were soft power elements has been mentioned. The relations of Turkey and Latin America has been discussed with an historical context since the discovery of the continent. In the thesis, the history of the relations between the continent and our country has been evaluated separately as the Ottoman Empire and Republic Periods. In addition, public diplomacy studies have been mentioned which was carried out to develop and strengthen bilateral relations with countries of the continent since the 2000s. The studies of public institutions and non-state organizations has been held with examples of Turkey's soft power activities in Latin America by the literature method.

Nel quadrimestre in considerazione (settembre-dicembre) si sono presi in esame i principali avvenimenti politico-istituzionali avvenuti in America Latina e in particolare la crisi economica e le elezioni del 27 ottobre in Argentina; la crisi politica avvenuta in Bolivia a seguito delle elezioni del 20 ottobre; la rivolta sociale che attraversa il Cile dal 4 ottobre come conseguenza dell'aumento del prezzo dei biglietti della metropolitana; le decisioni politiche del chavismo di Maduro e i rapporti del Governo ufficiale con l'opposizione in Venezuela. L'analisi si conclude con un approfondimento sui più importanti avvenimenti istituzionali e le principali riforme avvenuti in Messico, a cui si rimanda nelle specifiche sezioni dedicate alle istituzioni.

Riassunto Uno dei più significativi archetipi politologici della storia latinoamericana, l'homem cordial teorizzato da Sérgio Buarque de Holanda in Raízes do Brasil (1936) e a lungo considerato politicamente scorretto nel proprio Paese, approda in Italia grazie alla traduzione di Cesare Rivelli pubblicata dai Fratelli Bocca nel 1954. Ma non vi sarebbero, invece, nel contesto italiano che pochi segni di interesse per l'altro homem cordial, quello teorizzato alcuni anni prima in un breve scritto dal brasiliano Ruy Ribeiro Couto, veicolato a livello internazionale da Alfonso Reyes col titolo in spagnolo El Hombre Cordial, producto americano. Interrogarsi sulle ragioni che potrebbero aver lasciato nell'ombra l'homem cordial ribeiriano consente di comprendere come quel dibattito latinomericano degli anni Trenta sia ancor oggi di grande attualità. E come l'archetipo dell'homem cordial buarquiano rimanga una delle chiavi interpretative fondamentali anche a livello internazionale con tutto il suo carico di implicazioni sociali e geo-politiche.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi ; 1990'lı yıllarda meydana gelen küreselleşme olgusuyla birlikte sorgulanmaya başlayan uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini, yeni kavramlar üretmeye başlamıştır. Bu yeni kavramlar arasında yer alan, Joseph Nye'ın yumuşak gücü çıkar maksimizasyonu konusunda uluslararası arenadaki aktörlere alternatif yöntemler sunmuştur. Kültür, siyasi değerler ve dış politika gibi manevi kaynaklardan beslenen yumuşak güç, birçok devlerin ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu anlamda yumuşak gücü benimseyen devletlerden birisi olan Rusya Federasyonu, başta Avrasya coğrafyası olmak üzere Latin Amerika, Afrika ve bunun benzer diğer bölgelere yönelik bu güç türünü kullanmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışma ana hatlarıyla ülkenin yumuşak güç anlayışını tespit etmeyi ve bu gücün Latin Amerika'daki etkisini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bilindiği üzere, SSCB dağılması sonucunda hem sert güç hem de yumuşak güç açısından kayda değer bir mirası elde etmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak, 2000'lere kadarki dönemde etkili kullanılamayan yumuşak güç, Putin'in iktidara gelmesiyle beraber Latin Amerika dahil birçok bölgede aktif hale gelmiştir. ; The discipline of international relations, which started to be questioned with the phenomenon of globalization that took place in the 1990s, started to produce new concepts. Among these new concepts, Joseph Nye's soft power has offered alternative methods to actors in the international arena for interest maximization. Soft power, fed by spiritual resources such as culture, political values and foreign policy, has attracted the attention of many giants. In this sense, the Russian Federation, which is one of the states that adopt soft power, tries to use this type of power towards the Eurasian geography, Latin America, Africa and other similar regions. This study aims to determine the soft power understanding of the country and measure the effect of this power in Latin America. As it is known, as a result of the dissolution of the USSR, it has obtained a remarkable legacy in terms of both hard power and soft power. ...