В рамках исследования анализируются социокультурные аспекты американского варианта английского языка. Автор идентифицирует и анализирует влияние социальных факторов на этот язык. В исследовании использованы исторически-сравнительный, исторически-описательный методы исследования лингвистики. Дается подробная картина развития и формирования американского английского языка.
The aim of the study is to examine the activities of professional academic associations in the U.S., which are close to the memory institutions in Europe. The author examines the role of professional associations as memory institutions in the development of memorial culture through the representation of the past in contemporary politics, its reflection in public and public spaces of American society. The novelty of the study lies in the comparison of institutions that determine the main vectors and trajectories of historical policy as memory policy in the United States. The article analyses the problems of the activities of institutionalized actors of collective memory policy in the U.S., including the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians and the Southern Historical Association. It hypothesizes that these groups can shape civil society versions of collective memory as alternatives to politically motivated use of the past by political elites. The article deals with the institutional and formal features of historical politics in the United States, the participation of historical associations in memorial conflicts and "memory wars", issues of politicization of history and the academic community's attempts at forming a canon of historical collective memory which is formally free from ideological influences. The activities of professional historical associations have supposedly been a factor in the development of revisionism in the interpretation of the history of the American South and the Confederate States of America. Therefore, the author considers the role and responsibility of American historians as public intellectuals who shaped compromise versions of memorial culture that contributed to the consolidation of society. The article highlights the contribution of professional historical associations as memory institutions to the development of mnemonic spaces of American society and its memorial culture. It analyses the attempts of American historians to preserve the "purity" of academic research in the context of the growing ideologization and instrumentalization of history by ruling elites. The research results suggest that memory institutions are an important factor in the development of contemporary identities in the United States in the context of revision of the past and the formation of new or alternative memorial canons in American political culture.
New monographs of the scholarly series ROSSICA. Russia and the West. Literary Connections and Contacts of the Litfact publishing house examine Russian-French and Soviet-American literary and cultural connections of the first half of the 20th century. Book by Alexandre Stroev is dedicated to the Russian writers (I. Bunin, Dm. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, E. Zamyatin, M. Voloshin) in France, their literary and public reputation and the reception of their works. Galina Lapina considers American-Soviet contacts and joint projects (theatrical, cinematic, educational) of the 1930s and early 1940s. The heroes of her book are American writers, journalists, diplomats, artists, and students. Both monographs are based on archival documents, letters, memoirs, fictional texts, materials from the Soviet/Russian and foreign (French or American) press. The study of an impressive source array made it possible to reveal unexplored episodes in the life of Russian writers in France and unknown part of their legacy, to reconstruct the history of Soviet-American joint ventures in the fields of culture, education, literature, theater and cinema.
This article is based on materials collected by the author over many years in 28 cities and towns in 14 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. He aims to show how the historical (aka cultural or social) memory of the Civil War (War of the North and the South) from 1861 through 1865, and the corresponding abolition of slavery become a factor in the anti-racist movement that has swept the country again in recent years. Attention is drawn to transformations in the Civil War memory associated with changing perceptions of the history, essence, and sociocultural boundaries of the American nation. Th e essence of these changes is the affi rmation of a view of the U.S. nation as the entity that includes both whites and blacks on an equal footing. It has also changed the perception of the Civil War as a key moment in the formation of the American nation: whereas previously the War of the North and the South was seen as a war between Northern whites and Southern whites, it has increasingly emphasized the active role of black Americans. At the same time, the differences in the historical memory of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery that persist in the North and the South allow the author to argue that the sociocultural division of U.S. society into Northerners and Southerners has not disappeared to this day. Th e article also highlights that not just racial dichotomies, but racial inequalities were embedded in the very foundation of the American nation at the time of its formation. Th is fact raises the question of whether so-called systemic (otherwise structural, institutional, or social) racism is in principle eradicable in the United States, despite the obvious change for the better in the black community since the victory of the black civil rights movement of 1954–1968.
В настоящее время продолжаются начатые методистами много лет назад поиски действенного и по-настоящему эффективного метода изучения материала. Современные подходы к усвоению лексических единиц требуют не только классических методов запоминания, но и взаимодействия с психологическим аспектом в виде сознательного и бессознательного. Актуальность данной работы обусловлена именно такой необходимостью, поскольку современная педагогика нуждается в соответствующих времени решениях проблем при работе с иностранной аудиторией. Одной из подобных проблем может являться недостаточный словарный запас. Свободный ассоциативный эксперимент призван облегчить восприятие русской лексики представителями другой культуры через призму их особенностей. В статье раскрывается основная идея свободного ассоциативного эксперимента как в общем, так и в лингвистическом аспекте, а также рассматривается его использование в рамках изучения лексики русского языка в испаноязычной аудитории. Кроме того, авторами самостоятельно был проведен свободный ассоциативный эксперимент среди студентов из стран Латинской Америки, который продемонстрировал и доказал не только важность восприятия языкового материала, но и необходимость учета таких аспектов, как возраст, гендер, академические и географическиеособенности учащихся, поскольку именно они формируют особое восприятие языка, который является неотъемлемой частью культуры. Nowadays, the search for an efficient and truly effective method of studying the material, which was begun by methodologists many years ago, continues up to now. Modern approaches to the assimilation of lexical units require not only classical methods of memorization, but also interaction with the psychological aspect in the form of conscious and unconscious. This work is topical because modern pedagogy needs solutions to problems concerning work with foreign students. One of these difficulties is insufficient vocabulary. The free associative experiment is aimed to help foreigners to understand Russian vocabulary through the prism of their cultural differences. The article reveals the main idea of the free associative experiment, both in general and in its linguistic aspect, and discusses its use in the study of the vocabulary of the Russian language in the Spanish-speaking audience. The authors have also independently carried out a free associative experiment with the students from Latin America, which showed and proved not only the importance of perception of the linguistic material, but also the need to take into account such aspects as age, gender, academic and geographical characteristics of the students, because they form a special perception of language, which is an integral part of culture.
Настоящая статья посвящена языковой репрезентации прошедших президентских выборов в американских СМИ и нацелена на анализ языковых фактов, в которых манифестируется отношение к кандидату на пост президента США - Д. Трампу. Статьи о выборах президента всегда характеризуются различной степенью оценочности, т. е. в условиях конкуренции кандидатов и определенного ограниченного количества избирателей отрицательная и положительная оценка кандидатов вербализуется посредством языковых средств, уже имеющих оценочный компонент в значении, или же оценка может возникать контекстуально. Языковые факты, в которых проявляется негативное отношение к Д. Трампу, численно преобладают по сравнению с примерами, в которых Д. Трамп оценивается положительно. Оценочная сторона дискурса президентской кампании проявляется в виде парной структуры, в которой негативная оценка нечестного/глупого/жадного Д. Трампа, его стремление к наживе/прибыли при минимальном словесном уважении к нему в дискурсе подается на фоне языковых фактов, в которых описывается компетентность/честность/опытность Дж. Байдена. Авторы приходят к выводу, что негативное отношение к Д. Трампу в период выборов отличается использованием более разнообразных языковых средств по сравнению с его положительной оценкой. This article is devoted to the linguistic representation of the past presidential elections in the American media and is aimed at analyzing the linguistic facts in which the attitude towards the candidate for the US presidency, D. Trump, is manifested. Articles on presidential elections are always characterized by varying degrees of evaluativeness, i.e., in the conditions of competition between candidates and a certain limited number of voters, negative and positive evaluations of candidates are verbalized with the linguistic means that already have an evaluative component in the meaning, or the evaluation may arise contextually. Linguistic facts in which a negative attitude towards D. Trump is manifested numerically predominate in comparison with the examples in which D. Trump is evaluated positively. The evaluative side of the discourse of the presidential campaign manifests itself in the form of a paired structure, in which a negative evaluation of the dishonest/stupid/greedy D. Trump, his desire for profit with minimal verbal respect for him is presented in the discourse against the background of linguistic facts describing the competence/honesty/experience of J. Biden. The authors come to the conclusion that the negative attitude towards D. Trump during the election campaign is distinguished by the use of more diverse linguistic means compared to his positive evaluation.
The article is devoted to the relations of Russia with the regional association Central American Integration System (Spanish: SICA). The features of formation and development of Russia's integration policy in SICA are briefly revealed. The positive dynamics of this process is traced. The most promising areas for the future cooperation are identified.
The book is constructed in the form of an interview of the famous Soviet/Russian sociologist and americanist doctor of sciences N.P. Popov with doctor of sciences B.Z. Doktorov, who developed the genre of scientific memoirs and conducted over a hundred interviews with Russian and American sociologists. The paper covers three main topics. Like any biography, this is a personal story of the author — his youth in the post-war years, the path to the profession of a journalist and sociologist, the worldview of the "sixties". Journalism leads the author, as well as many American pollsters, to the study of public opinion, at first American, continued at the Institute of US and Canadian Studies. He like no other is closely acquainted with the work of leading American pollsters: George Gallup, Louis Harris, Warren Mitofsky, Mervin Field and other gurus. The study of American polling technology and public opinion on socio-political problems and electoral orientations of the population were used by the author in further work at Soviet and Russian centers for the study of public opinion, first of all – at the All-Union center for the study of public opinion (VTSIOM), created in 1988, where he was offered a job by Tatyana Zaslavskaya and Boris Grushin. They also recommended him later as head of the sociological department of the presidential administration right before the 1996 election. The book includes a number of articles by the author on Russian and American public opinion in different years.
The author describes his 50 years of experience in studying public opinion in America, the Soviet Union and Russia. This includes research at the Institute of American and Canadian Studies of American mass consciousness, the study of Americans' attitudes towards economic and social problems, Soviet-American relations; and collaboration with leading American public opinion polling centers — the Gallup Institute, the University of Michigan, National Opinion Research Center in Chicago, studying the work of the L. Harris and M. Field polling services, the CBS-New York Times, ABC-Washington Post centers, the polling organizations of the Democratic and Republican parties, presidential advisors on public opinion. The author implemented his American experience in organizing the study of public opinion in the USSR and then in Russia when creating the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM), the Center for Studying Public Opinion of the Presidential Administration of Boris Yeltsin, the Agency for Regional Political Research, and other survey centers. Analyzed is the use of sociological surveys in Boris Yeltsin's presidential election campaign in 1996. The author has conducted several joint Soviet/Russian-American public opinion studies: "Television and society", "Soviet and American children on the threat of war", "National problems of Russia". The author describes his experience in communicating with leading American and Russian experts in the study of public opinion — G. Gallup, L. Harris, Yu.A. Zamoshkin, B.A. Grushin.
The currently being prepared for publication "Foreword" to F. Tönnies' work "Community and Society" was written by Harvard University professor P.A. Sorokin (1889–1968), who was a Russian/American sociologist. It was first published alongside the English translation of Tönnies' book, issued in New York back in 1940. According to P.A. Sorokin, Tönnies' community and society dichotomy represents a universal categorical description of two opposing forms of social organization. They appear in the social evolution of various civilizations and in the writings of their founders. P.A. Sorokin considered Tönnies to be one of the contemporary successors to the tradition of describing society in such a way. Tönnies' book was ahead of its time. It is mentioned in "Foreword" that the first German edition, published in 1887, did not attract readers' attention. However, when the 20th century came around — this book became a point of reference for German social scientists, as well as for educated individuals among the general public. "Foreword" mentions the reason for its rapid increase in popularity, which turned out to be a rapid and widespread transition from "community" to a "society" based on contractual relations. P.A. Sorokin points out that Tönnies created his essay during a time when the "Gesellschaft type of society" was "triumphantly rooting out the Gemeinschaft". However, even back then Tönnies highlighted the shortcomings of capitalism as a form of social life. The American edition of Tönnies' book, published in 1940, was its first complete translation to a foreign language (the 1927 Japanese edition had been shortened). P.A. Sorokin's "Foreword" to this edition marked the beginning of this writing's worldwide fame. This is the first time "Foreword" has ever been published in Russian. It was not included in the 2002 Russian edition of Tönnies' book. This publication, however, makes up for such an omission in theoretical sociology. The publication together with commentary has been prepared by N.A. Golovin.
Mass-media discourse is a "mirror" of sorts, which reflects general opinions and allows for understanding society's mindset concerning migration issues. This article is devoted to analyzing the images created by Spanish mass-media regarding Latin American immigrants residing in Spain. Such a vision ultimately led to the emergence of an enduring perception of said immigrants by Spanish society from two main points of view – fear and pity. Columbians and Ecuadorians served as the prototypes for all Latin Americans who illegally entered Spain. The author reveals the reasons for the "divide" in Spanish mass-media's perception of Columbia and Columbians, who became synonymous with danger, as well as Ecuador and Ecuadorian immigrants, who are primarily associated with Испанские СМИ о латиноамериканских мигрантах: между страхом и жалостью 110 № 4, Том 10, 2019 compassion and pity. This article examines the main stages of Latin American migration to Spain at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, which were primarily comprised in succession by immigrants from Columbia, Argentina, Venezuela and Cuba. The author characterizes the most numerous of Spain's Latin American Diasporas. It is revealed that immigration is a collectively constructed social phenomenon. In turn the host society attributes certain characteristics to visitors ("others") which they in fact do not possess. Such artificially assigned qualities are the result of a so-called "symbolic structure", attributed to each "imaginary migrant". Latin American migration to Spain is a result of a multitude of factors lying on various levels. However, it is very uncommon for the news to carefully examine the regional and global aspects of this process. This article reveals the specific image of Latin American migrants which developed in Spain towards the beginning of the 21st century. The author attempts to define the hidden ideology supporting the vast majority of those negative Latin American migrant stereotypes broadcast by national mass-media.
The paper deals with the history of economic development of the film industry in the United States during the First World War. The beginning of XX century seems to be a very special stage of cinema development, in particular from the point of the history of national economy, since exactly at this time took place a formation of the world film market, and cinema for the first time was used not only as a commodity but also as an instrument of mass propaganda. The purpose of article is to trace the development of the American film business and its key aspects in the early XX century and during the war, based on the analysis of the relevant literature. Film industry is considered as a system of production, distribution and exhibition of audiovisual products. This article contains the conclusions concerning the global expansion of the US film industry in a specified period. Also substantiated the fact that the middle 1900s became an extremely important period in the development of the American film industry, during which the basics of the classical Hollywood business model were established.
Статья посвящена проблеме реконструкции женского крестьянского костюма во второй половине XIX в. Рязанская губерния в этот период – территория, которая имела большое разнообразие обычаев, традиций в быте крестьян. В это время женский костюм начинает терять свою архаичность из-за развития отхожих промыслов. Он начинает «растворяться» под влиянием фабричного производства и распространения городской культуры. В работе рассматриваются разные костюмные комплексы, которые встречаются на территории Кассимовского, Спасского и Зарайского уездов. В статье применяется анализ элементов женской одежды. Автором были изучены документы, касающиеся традиционной культуры. Данные материалы представляют собой анкеты, систематизированные Мансуровым Алексей Алексеевичем, который являлся библиографом, краеведом, одним из организаторов Касимовского краеведческого музея. На основании полученных данных было выявлено, что сложность заключается в разнообразии костюмных комплексов, бытовавших на территории Рязанской губернии. На сегодняшний день сложно дать территориальную привязку тому или иному костюму, потому что элементы одежды отличались не только в уездах, но и в соседних волостях. А относительно небольшая численность анкет привела к тому, что порой исследователь не только не может дать конкретную характеристику женскому крестьянскому костюму той или иной территории, но и велика вероятность утери части традиционной культуры определенных волостей.
Становление Евразийского экономического союза в качестве одного из значимых полюсов развития современного мира возможно при условии расширения географии сотрудничества и успешного встраивания ЕАЭС в мировую архитектуру экономических отношений. Россия выступает локомотивом интеграционных процессов для стран ближнего зарубежья, и в этом контексте сотрудничество ЕАЭС с государствами и объединениями Латинской Америки и Карибского бассейна обладает огромным потенциалом, однако зависит от готовности России предложить странам региона масштабные интеграционные проекты на основе принципа единства экономических и политических интересов, сохранив за собой роль драйвера евразийской интеграции. Богатый опыт исторического сотрудничества России с Латино-Карибской Америкой является конкурентным преимуществом и позволит РФ развивать сетевые процессы гармонизации социально-политического, гуманитарного и культурного трансрегионального пространства. Евразийская экономическая комиссия зарекомендовала себя эффективной площадкой для старта политического и бизнес-диалога, а также расширения кооперационных связей между ЕАЭС и государствами Латино-Карибского региона.
