Suchergebnisse

Introduction / Aleksandra Wiktorowska -- Patricia Campos Mello, excerpts -- Women and literary war journalism in Brazil : from Sylvia Arruda Botelho Bittencourt to Patricia Campos Mello / Monica Martinez -- Euclides da Cunha, Consiglieri Sá Pereira, Mário Neves and Rodolfo Walsh, excerpts -- Iberian and Latin American literacy journalism under dictatorships : connections, origins and the literary journalist in action / Manuel João de Carvalho Coutinho -- Gabriel García Márquez and Rodolfo Walsh, excerpts -- Telling stories of survivors : Gabriel García Márquez, Rodolfo Walsh, and the question of narrative authority / Liliana Chávez Díaz -- Antonio Callado, excerpts -- Covering the peasants' war in Pernambuco : Antonio Callado's literary journalism / Lilian Martins, Marcelo Bulhões -- Ryszard Kapuściński, excerprpts -- Ryszard Kapuściński in Latin America, Latin America in Kapuściński's writing / Aleksandra Wiktorowska.-- Leila Guerriero, excerpts -- From ¡Basta ya! to Nunca más : Latin American literary jourrnalists, regional wars, and post-conflict societies / Roberto Herrscher -- Charles Bowden and Judith Torrea, excerpts -- La crónica como reflejo del confiicto social en Ciudad Juárez / Antonio Cuartero Naranjo, Juan Antonio García Galindo -- Óscar Martínez, excerpts -- Imaginarios apocalípticos en la crónica contemporánea / Patricia Ponblete Alday

The study presents the situation of the United States experienced by the COVID-19 pandemic and the controversial presidency of Donald Trump. Efforts were made to answer the question of how the superpower was coping with an unprecedented challenge and why the US did not work in this clash. Although the internal situation was also analysed, attention was focused on the external aspect. The main conclusion is that the pandemic has exposed the weakness and incompetence of the Trump administration, as evidenced by the rich toll of deaths and sick that the coronavirus has collected in the US. Nor has the Trump team proven itself internationally, abandoning America's traditional leadership role in such situations, and showing selfishness or pettiness. The Biden administration has attempted to rebuild the U.S. ranks, but faces a difficult task. The new team's first moves not only brought the US back to the traditional trajectory of US foreign policy, where principles and standards matter, credibility and predictability are important. The process of strengthening the US role has also resulted in the reconstruction of transatlantic relations, which are one of the pillars of America's strength on the international stage. The article adopts a research strategy based on the tracking of events, their evaluation, qualitative and critical analysis of texts, conducting comparative evaluations. ; W opracowaniu przedstawiono kondycję Stanów Zjednoczonych doświadczonych pandemią COVID-19 i kontrowersyjną prezydenturą Donalda Trumpa. Starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jak supermocarstwo radziło sobie z bezprecedensowym wyzwaniem i dlaczego w tym starciu USA się nie sprawdziły. Choć analizowano też sytuację wewnętrzną, to jednak uwaga była skoncentrowana na aspekcie zewnętrznym. Główna konkluzja brzmi następująco: starcie z pandemią obnażyło słabość i niekompetencję administracji Trumpa, czego potwierdzeniem było bogate żniwo ofiar śmiertelnych i chorych, jakie zbierał koronawirus w USA. Ekipa Trumpa nie sprawdziła się również na ...

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç politikası tarihsel açıdan ele alınmış ve Latin Amerika'daki uygulamalarının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle güç kavramından yola çıkılmış, güç unsurları ve çeşitleri ortaya konulmuştur. Kamu Diplomasisi kavramına da değinilen çalışmada Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç ve kamu diplomasisi politikası geçmişten günümüze kadar ele alınmıştır. Bu noktada yumuşak güç unsuru olan kurumlar ve faaliyetlerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmada Latin Amerika - Türkiye ilişkileri tarihsel bağlamda ele alınmış, söz konusu ilişkiler Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminden, hatta kıtanın keşfinden itibaren incelenmiştir. Tezde kıta ile ülkemizin ilişkilerinin tarihçesi, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemleri olarak ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, 2000'ler sonrasından günümüze kadar kıtadaki ülkeler ile ikili ilişkileri geliştirmek ve güçlendirmek için yürütülen kamu diplomasisi çalışmalarından bahsedilmiştir. Kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarının yanı sıra devlet dışı aktörlerin de çalışmalarından örneklerle Türkiye'nin Latin Amerika'daki yumuşak güç faaliyetleri literatür taraması yöntemiyle masaya yatırılmıştır. ; In this study, Turkey's soft power policy was discussed from a historical perspective and aimed to reveal the practices in Latin America. In the study, first of all, the concept of power is set out and power elements and types are explained. The study was also touched upon the concept of public diplomacy and soft power policy of Turkey which was discussed from the past to the present. At this point, institutions and their activities which were soft power elements has been mentioned. The relations of Turkey and Latin America has been discussed with an historical context since the discovery of the continent. In the thesis, the history of the relations between the continent and our country has been evaluated separately as the Ottoman Empire and Republic Periods. In addition, public diplomacy studies have been mentioned which was carried out to develop and strengthen bilateral relations with countries of the continent since the 2000s. The studies of public institutions and non-state organizations has been held with examples of Turkey's soft power activities in Latin America by the literature method.

In the post-cold era, the economic and military power of the People's Republic of China is constantly growing. As a result, the rebirth of the idea of the protectionist economic policy, which has always been present in the American public debate, took place in the U.S. This idea is evidently reflected in the foreign policy of the President of the United States of America, Donald Trump. This article includes the analysis of the contemporary economic protectionism of the United States from the perspective of the offensive realism theory created by John Mearsheimer. The theory is based on three fundamental assumptions: the structure of the international system is anarchic, the primary goal of a state is to survive, for that reason states seek maximalization of their power. ; W epoce pozimnowojennej ma miejsce stały wzrost potęgi ekonomicznej oraz militarnej Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Owa tendencja spowodowała odrodzenie idei protekcjonizmu gospodarczego w Stanach Zjednoczonych, która była wcześniej obecna w amerykańskiej debacie publicznej. Owa idea wyraźnie się przejawia w polityce obecnego Prezydenta USA Donalda Trumpa. Artykuł zawiera analizę współczesnego zjawiska protekcjonizmu gospodarczego USA z perspektywy teorii realizmu ofensywnego stworzonej przez Johna Mearsheimera, której podstawowymi założeniami są przekonanie o anarchicznej strukturze systemu międzynarodowego oraz o przetrwaniu jako naczelnym celu państwa, które w związku z tym dąży do maksymalizacji własnej potęgi.

The aim of the article is to present and evaluate the involvement of the United States of America in resolving the 2011 Libya crisis. This problem is considered taking into account bilateral and multilateral circumstances. The individual parts of the article discuss issues such as relations between the United States of America and Libya before the crisis, as well as US actions during the crisis and the reasons for carrying them out. This concerns, inter alia, Washington's political activity in the UN Security Council and the contribution of the US Armed Forces to the military operation in Libya. The evolution of the United States position on the use of the military factor to change the political regime of Libya is also shown. The research problem is included in the questions, what motivated Washington's actions towards Libya and whether the chosen policy was justified? The main thesis of the article is that the basic reason for the involvement of the United States of America in the crisis in Libya were the premises of a humanitarian nature, but the US interests were also important. Unfortunately, the military action did not lead to the end of the internal conflict in this country. The approach of the United States of America to the crisis in Libya was an important element for the formulation of the doctrine of President Barack Obama. There can be observed the elements that match both the liberal and realistic concept of international relations. In the article, the text source analysis method was used. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena zaangażowania Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki w rozwiązanie kryzysu w Libii z 2011 roku. Problem ten rozpatrywano z uwzględnieniem okoliczności dwustronnych i wielostronnych. W poszczególnych częściach artykułu omówiono zagadnienia, takie jak relacje Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki i Libii przed kryzysem oraz działania USA w trakcie kryzysu i motywy je warunkujące. Dotyczy to między innymi aktywności politycznej Waszyngtonu na forum Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ oraz wkładu Sił Zbrojnych USA w operację zbrojną w Libii. Ukazano również ewolucję stanowiska Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki w kwestii wykorzystania czynnika militarnego do zmiany reżimu politycznego Libii. Problem badawczy zawiera się w pytaniach, czym motywowane były działania Waszyngtonu wobec Libii oraz czy obrana polityka była zasadna? Główną tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że podstawowym powodem zaangażowania się Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki w kryzys w Libii były przesłanki natury humanitarnej, jednak liczyły się także interesy USA. Niestety akcja zbrojna nie doprowadziła do zakończenia konfliktu wewnętrznego w tym państwie. Podejście Waszyngtonu do kryzysu w Libii było ważnym elementem wpływającym na formułowanie doktryny prezydenta Baracka Obamy. Możemy w nim dostrzec cechy wpisujące się zarówno w liberalną, jak i realistyczną koncepcję stosunków międzynarodowych. W artykule wykorzystano metodę analizy źródeł tekstowych.

Američka administracija zainteresovala se još pedesetih i šezdesetih godina prošlog veka za zemlje severne Afrike, kada su one stekle nezavisnost. Krajem Hladnog rata, američki zvaničnici pozvali su sve severnoafričke zemlje da se uključe u proces globalizacije svetske ekonomije, a posle događaja iz septembra 2001. godine u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, njihovi istraživački centri počeli su ozbiljnije da proučavaju islamske pokrete unutar i izvan islamskog sveta. Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije je određivanje američkih spoljno-političkih interesa i vrednosti prema islamskim pokretima na severu Afrike na početku XXI veka. Naučni cilj ovog istraživanja je naučno objašnjenje američke spoljne politike prema islamskim pokretima, posebno uzroka promene u američkoj spoljnoj politici i njen budući pravac kretanja prema političkim partijama i pokretima, nakon revolucija arapskog proleća i dolaska ovih islamskih partija na vlast u Tunisu, Egiptu i Libiji. To podrazumeva naučnu deskripciju i klasifikaciju značajnih islamskih pokreta na severu Afrike s naglaskom na njihov uticaj na američku spoljnu politiku. Društveni cilj ove teze je da ponudi naučno zasnovane osnove za razvoj odgovarajuće američke spoljne politike prema islamskim pokretima, uključujući i ulogu nezavisnih istraživačkih centara kao i sredstava informisanja u kreiranju američke spoljne politike. Najveću primenu u ovoj disertaciji imale su statistička i komparativna metoda, kao i analiza sadržaja dokumenata kao metoda prikupljanja podataka. Rezultat, odnosno naučni doprinos doktorske disertacije zasniva se na dva bitna činioca. Prvo, ova tema nije razvijena u naučno delo u našoj i savremenoj naučnoj literaturi, dakle radi se o originalnoj doktorskoj disertaciji. I drugo, zbog naučnog cilja odnosno naučnog objašnjenja američke spoljne politike prema islamskim pokretima, kao i njihovoj klasifikaciji. Društveni značaj i očekivani rezultati odnose se na sprovođenje američkih spoljno-političkih interesa i vrednosti, i proučavanja uticaja međunarodnog terorizma i radikalnih islamskih pokreta na američku spoljnu politiku, posebno u procesu globalizacije. ; The American administration has shown interest during the 1950-1960's for the North Africa countries, after their independence. By the end of the Cold War, the US officials has invited all North African countries to engage in the process of globalization of the world economy, and after the events during September 2001 in the USA, their research centers has begun more serious to study the Islamic movements inside and outside the Islamic world. The subject of this doctoral thesis is to determine US foreign policy interests and values towards the Islamic movements in the North of Africa at the beginning of the XXI century. The scientific objective of this research is the scientific explanation of US foreign policy towards the Islamic movements, particularly the causes of changes in US foreign policy and their trends towards political parties and movements, after the Arab spring revolutions and the arrival of these Islamic parties to power in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. It includes scientific description and classification of the significant Islamic movements in the North of Africa, with an emphasis on their impact on US foreign policy. The social objective of this thesis is to offer science-based foundation for developing the appropriate US foreign policy towards the Islamic movements, including the role of independent research centers and the media in the creation of American foreign policy. The most used methods in this doctoral thesis were statistical and comparative methods, as well the content analysis for collecting the data. The result, ie scientific contribution of this doctoral thesis is based on two important factors. First, this theme has not been developed as scientific work in our and modern literature, so this is an original doctoral thesis. And second, because of the scientific explanation of American foreign policy towards the Islamic movements, as well as their classification. The social significance and expected results relates to the implementation of US foreign policy interests and values, and studying the impact of international terrorism and radical Islamic movements towards American foreign policy, especially during the process of globalization.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi ; 1990'lı yıllarda meydana gelen küreselleşme olgusuyla birlikte sorgulanmaya başlayan uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini, yeni kavramlar üretmeye başlamıştır. Bu yeni kavramlar arasında yer alan, Joseph Nye'ın yumuşak gücü çıkar maksimizasyonu konusunda uluslararası arenadaki aktörlere alternatif yöntemler sunmuştur. Kültür, siyasi değerler ve dış politika gibi manevi kaynaklardan beslenen yumuşak güç, birçok devlerin ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu anlamda yumuşak gücü benimseyen devletlerden birisi olan Rusya Federasyonu, başta Avrasya coğrafyası olmak üzere Latin Amerika, Afrika ve bunun benzer diğer bölgelere yönelik bu güç türünü kullanmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışma ana hatlarıyla ülkenin yumuşak güç anlayışını tespit etmeyi ve bu gücün Latin Amerika'daki etkisini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bilindiği üzere, SSCB dağılması sonucunda hem sert güç hem de yumuşak güç açısından kayda değer bir mirası elde etmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak, 2000'lere kadarki dönemde etkili kullanılamayan yumuşak güç, Putin'in iktidara gelmesiyle beraber Latin Amerika dahil birçok bölgede aktif hale gelmiştir. ; The discipline of international relations, which started to be questioned with the phenomenon of globalization that took place in the 1990s, started to produce new concepts. Among these new concepts, Joseph Nye's soft power has offered alternative methods to actors in the international arena for interest maximization. Soft power, fed by spiritual resources such as culture, political values and foreign policy, has attracted the attention of many giants. In this sense, the Russian Federation, which is one of the states that adopt soft power, tries to use this type of power towards the Eurasian geography, Latin America, Africa and other similar regions. This study aims to determine the soft power understanding of the country and measure the effect of this power in Latin America. As it is known, as a result of the dissolution of the USSR, it has obtained a remarkable legacy in terms of both hard power and soft power. ...

The chief purpose of BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale, and Voice of America in the Context of International Communication: From Propaganda to Public Diplomacy is to analyse the role radio stations fulfil for international communication nowadays in the light of the roles they served in the past (that is, the times when radio dominated). During the interwar period and right before World War II, new radio stations came to being that aimed at broadcasting content targeted at the listeners abroad. Initially, these radio stations were transmitting mostly official messages or functioning as private point-to-point communication; in both cases, they functioned similarly to telegraphs (assuming one addresser and one addressee). Along with not only the development of the transmitting and receiving devices but also the widening of our knowledge on radio waves, radio turned into a mass medium, thanks to various "freaks," including investors and other radio lovers. Having access to the network of correspondents and a powerful radio signal, radio stations back then were able to provide live coverage of the events that interested listeners all around the globe. The capacities of radio were significant during World War II as well; precisely, it ceased to serve communication purposes exclusively, and was included into military arsenal (used not only in operations and diversion actions, but also for jamming and scouting). This military conflict showed that the possibility of reaching listeners abroad – that is, the citizens of adversary, allied, and neutral states – had been of enormous importance, whereas the ability of shaping the opinions of foreign citizens had become a crucial part of contemporary warfare. The relevance of radio for international communication was indisputable also during the Cold War. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale, Deutsche Welle, Radio Madrid, Radio Moskwa, and Radio China International were fundamentally engaged in both ideological war and public diplomacy. Simultaneously, various international processes changed the position radio occupied among other media; the "Golden Age of Radio" reached a significant decline in the 1950s, when the dominance of radio gave way to the advent of television, whereas from late 1990s on the situation of all media was revolutionised by the birth of the Internet. As a result, digitalisation, convergence, shifts in reception and use of media – not to mention other broader phenomena, including the dominance of audiovisual culture – affected not only listeners and their preferences (inclining to fragmented radio programmes), but also ratings and marketability of radio stations. Finally, since political communication has privileged the audiovisual paradigm, and domestic policy has gradually become a media issue, radio has withdrawn in this area as well, giving primacy to television and new media. Because of the aforementioned factors and shifts, it becomes vital to carefully reconsider the contemporary and international status of radio. After all, one might be tempted to think that radio is no longer in its heyday, whereas both governments and individual listeners do not deem it as a genuine informative medium or a means capable of reaching the foreign public opinion. This book, therefore, explores how Radio France Internationale, Voice of America, and BBC World Service changed diachronically in reference to other radio stations alike, points to rules they follow and formats their programmes take, and analyses their recent activity in international communication between 2014 and 2018. Chapter 1 introduces theoretical vocabulary international communication relies on, and juxtaposes its various definitions with related cultural phenomena, including transcultural communication, political communication, propaganda, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, media diplomacy, and soft power. Aside from analysing these concepts, this chapter also proposes an innovative definition of international communication and its graphic model. Chapter 2 is diachronic, and it focuses on the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio read from the technical perspective, which determines the position of radio for international communication. Moreover, the early forms of radio are recalled with regard to their significance for foreign communication. Finally, the development of radio and broadcasting in France, United Kingdom, and the USA is presented with an emphasis put on the differences between their broadcasting models. Chapter 3 is devoted to the development of international broadcasting, dividing it into three stages: 1) the early 20th century (until the 1930s), when radio waves were being tested, the first experimental stations came to being, and first international radio stations were founded, including those in Nauen and Zessen (Germany), Sainte-Assise and Le Post Colonial (France), Eindhoven and Heuzen (Netherlands), Chelmsford (United Kingdom); 2) the World War II period, in which the uses of radio for international military communication are analysed in reference to propaganda radio stations (Radio Berlin, Radio Hamburg, Radio Stuttgart, Radio Tokio) and its prominent figures (William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw"), Paul Ferdonnet ("the Stuttgart Traitor"), Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally"), Ive Togure ("Tokyo Rose")), British pirate radio stations functioning in response to the Axis propaganda (for instance, Gustav Siegfried Eins), the radio stations of French Resistance with a special emphasis put on Radio Brazzaville, that is, Charles de Gaulle's chief means of international communication, and, finally, Voice of America serving for public diplomacy purposes; 3) the Cold War period, in which the objectives, assumptions, and strategies of international broadcasting posed by France, United Kingdom, the United States of America between 1945 and late 1980s are examined. The last chapter is entirely dedicated to BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale and Voice of America nowadays, paying attention to their regulations, structures, and broadcasting services. These radio stations are understood as means used for public diplomacy of their countries, and their institutional and formal connections to government institutions are discussed. Consequently, this comparative chapter refers to the legal contexts, supported by acts and regulations of a given country, presents the principles and levels of funding, reconstructs the institutional positions of radio among other media, and characterises broadcasting in terms of services, directions, and programmes. The analysis of contemporary strategies and activities of the discussed radio stations makes it possible to claim that the use of radio for international communication has not lost its relevance, and currently is supported with television and the Internet, that is, the media that were invented later in the course of historical progress. Radio stations, therefore, are not held in media bubbles; rather, they are still significant means of foreign communication because of their specificities. Furthermore, radio communication complies with strategic foreign policies, which affects various parts of the world where levels of technological development diverge whilst the access to television or the Internet connection is not available. In the countries stricken with military conflicts or poverty, radio is still the predominant means of communication that serves numerous purposes; not only is it a source of information on military operations, epidemiological situations, climate and natural disasters, but also it educates its listeners on civil and human rights, especially women's rights. Finally, Voice of America, BBC World Service, and Radio France Internationale support policies against extremism and propaganda (for instance, fake news). The services of the discussed radio stations are related to the policies the United States of America, United Kingdom, and France put forward against ISIL and international terrorism, but also to those actions that support democratic changes in the countries affected by war and political unrest.

Bu çalışma henüz son dönemde yoğunluk ve çeşitlilik kazanan Türkiye ve Latin Amerika ülkeleri arasındaki ilişkilerde sürükleyici temel motivasyonları anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle, tarihsel ve teorik çerçevede Türkiye'nin Latin Amerika yaklaşımı tartışılmaktadır. Sonrasında, son dönem Türkiye ve Latin Amerika bölgesindeki siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel ilişkilere kurumsal nitelik kazandıran belirli aşamalar derinlemesine incelenmektedir. Bu aşamaları inceledikten sonra liberal tercihlerin bölge ve Türkiye arasındaki ilişkilerin gelişmesi ve adım adım derinleşmesindeki temel faktörler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bölge ile Türkiye arasında kurumsallaşan ilişkilerin temelini liberal yönelimin oluşturduğu savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, Türkiye'nin son dönem Ortadoğu yaklaşımında realist kaygıların belirleyici etkisini düşündüğümüzde Latin Amerika'daki liberal motivastona dayalı aktivism bir devletin dış politikasında realist ve liberal politikaların aynı zamanda gelişebileceğini kanıtlamaktadır. Son bölümde liberal anlayışın Türkiye ve Latin Amerika arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilerin kurumsallaşmasındaki hayati rolü yeniden vurgulandıktan sonra, bu yaklaşımın somut sonuçları Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AK Parti) dönemindeki ekonomik veriler ışığında sunulacaktır. ; This study attempts to understand the basic motivations in the relations between Turkey and Latin American countries, which have currently intensified and diversified. Initially, historical and theoretical discussion on Turkey's Latin American approach is proceeded. Afterwards, certain processes that confer institutional-legal status to the current political, economic and cultural relations between Turkey and Latin American region are throughly examined. Having analyzed these stages it is seen that liberal preferences are the leading factors on improving and gradually deepening relations between Turkey and this region. Therefore, it is possible to contend that liberal orientation constitutes the basis of institutionalized relations between the region and Turkey. Liberally-motivated activism in Latin America also proves that realist and liberal policies can be concurrently advanced in any state's foreign when considering determinant impact of realist concerns on Turkey's recent Middle Eastern approach. In the final section, after reemphasizing the essential role of liberal undertstanding on the institutionalization of mutual relations between Turkey and Latin America this approach's concrete results will be displayed through economic data gathered during the period of Justice and Development Party (JDP).

Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dış Politika literatüründe 1990'lı yıllarda ve sonrasında sıkça kullanılan stratejik ortaklık kavramı, son dönem TürkAmerikan ilişkilerinin gerilimli ajandası sebebiyle yeniden tartışmaya açılmıştır. Kavramın anlamını yitirdiği ve ilişkileri betimleyecek yeni bir çerçeve çizilmesi gerekliliğini vurgulayanların aksine bu çalışma, stratejik ortaklık kavramının Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerinin sınırlarını belirlemede hala önemli bir analitik araç olduğu iddiasındadır. Çalışma, bu iddia çerçevesinde dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, stratejik ortaklık kavramının literatür ve pratikteki içeriği tartışılacak, ikinci bölümde ise 1991-2003 arası dönemde, Türk-Amerikan stratejik ortaklığının hangi ortak çıkarlar ve konu başlıkları üzerinde şekillendiği veya tartışılır hale geldiği incelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde, 2004'ten günümüze Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerindeki problemli alanlar ve iş birliği imkânları etrafında stratejik ortaklığın dönemsel parametreleri tartışılacaktır. Dördüncü bölümde ise, stratejik ortaklığın sonu iddiaları incelenecek ve kavramın maruz kaldığı erozyona rağmen ikili ilişkileri okumada ve olası restorasyon döneminde neden hala önemli bir analitik araç olduğu açıklanacaktır. ; The concept of strategic partnership that is often referred to within the literature of International Relations and Foreign Policy throughout the 1990s and onwards has been brought into question due to the tense agenda of Turkish-American relations during the recent period. In contrast with those who emphasize that the concept has lost its meaning and there is a need for a new framework to describe the relations, this study argues that the concept of strategic partnership has still been an important analytical tool in drawing the boundaries of Turkish-American relations. In line with this argument, this study consists of four parts. In the first part, the strategic partnership concept and its contents, both within the literature and practice, will be discussed; in the second part, the common interests and subjects on which Turkish-American strategic partnership is shaped or brought into question will be analyzed. In the third part, the periodic parameters of TurkishAmerican relations will be discussed within the framework of the problematic issues and potential cooperation opportunities from 2004 to present day. In the fourth part, arguments on the end of strategic partnership will be analyzed and in spite of the erosion that the concept went through, it will be explained why it is still an important analytical tool in reading the bilateral relations and a potential restoration period.

Uporedo sа porаstom političkih tenzijа u globаlnim okvirimа usled аntаgonizmimа ekonomski i vojno nаjmoćnijih zemаljа, prve decenije nаkon Drugog svetskog rаtа donele su i intenzivirаnje konflikаtа unutаr аmeričkog društvа te njihovo problemаtizovаnje u jаvnom i političkom polju. Grаđаnsko nezаdovoljstvo nа tlu SAD-а imаlo je rаzličitа ishodištа kаo i rаzličite vidove kаnаlisаnjа kаdа je reč o metodаmа političkog i društvenog orgаnizovаnjа ugroženih ili obesprаvljenih društvenih grupа. Kаo jedаn od njegovih nаjupečаtljivijih oblikа ispoljаvаnjа bilo je političko, kulturno i društveno delаnje аfroаmeričke zаjednice nаročito tokom 60-ih godinа prošlog vekа, u "nаjborbenijoj" fаzi Pokretа zа grаđаnskа prаvа.2 U ovom periodu znаčаjаn deo аfroаmeričke populаcije počev od predstаvnikа njene političke i kulturne elite do аkterа iz nаjnižih slojevа bio je uključen u rаzličite vidove аktivnosti sа ciljem dezintegrаcije represivnih mehаnizаmа аmeričkog društvа, te otklаnjаnjа ključnih činilаcа političke, kulturne i ekonomske nejednаkosti njegovih pripаdnikа. ; Since the beginning of the 20th century African American intellectual and political elite strived to define the place of black minority in the American society by formulating its political, cultural and economic goals. During that time different concepts of African American culture as well as different cultural policies were promoted in the political, artistic and academic fields. In the 1960s distinct visions of the future of African American community in the American society were consolidated and mediated through the Civil Rights Movement and its multiple organizations that included both the activist from the lower social strata and intellectuals and artists. Among them were many male jazz musicinas as well as a few female jazz artists. Focusing on the artistic work of Nina Simone in the 1960s as a specific example of fusion of political and feministic activism, we will examine the ideological and aesthetical distinction of her position in the fields of politics, music and culture of that period. In that process we will analyze the artistic sublimation of Simone`s understanding of African American racial and feminist identity comparing her views with the predominant perspectives of the African American political, intellectual and artistic elite.

Research Objective: The article is to present select aspects of changes in American party system and institutional environment that influenced 2016 election results and to analyze probable consequences of those results for further evolution of the said systems.Research Problem and Methods: The article focuses on causes of the party establishment's loss of control over the nominating process, long-term determinants of Donald Trump's general election victory and perspectives for reorientation of Republican Party line towards the "Jacksonian tradition."Process of Argumentation: Primary campaigns and their outcomes are analyzed in the light of scholarship findings on internal operating mechanisms of American political institutions (primarily legislatures and political parties). Causes of interparty shifts in electoral support are considered qualitatively on the basis of historical trends and examples. Potential consequences of Donald Trump's victory are analyzed against institutional rules (primarily legal norms) determining feasibility of his electoral platform.Research Results: A claim of causal relationship between institutional reforms directly or indirectly weakening traditional hierarchical relationships in American politics and loss of establishment control over primaries, which facilitated Donald Trump's nomination and led to weakening of Hillary Clinton's campaign, has been preliminarily substantiated. Stable patterns of electoral behaviors that partially explain Republican candidate's victory in general elections have been indicated.Conclusions and Recommendations: 2016 American presidential election results are a product of multiple factors and but-for causes. Not insubstantial among them, although receiving little recognition in the campaign commentary, were institutional conditions (such as weakening of party leadership) and stable patterns of electoral behavior (favorable view of political outsiders and inclination towards alternation in power). ; Cel naukowy: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych aspektów zmian amerykańskiego systemu partyjnego i instytucjonalnego, jakie wpłynęły na wynik wyborów 2016 r., oraz przeanalizowanie, jakich konsekwencji tego wyniku należy oczekiwać dla dalszej ewolucji wspomnianych systemów.Problem i metody badawcze: Artykuł koncentruje się na przyczynach utraty kontroli establishmentu partyjnego nad procesem prawyborów, długoterminowych uwarunkowaniach zwycięstwa Donalda Trumpa w wyborach powszechnych oraz perspektywach reorientacji programowej Partii Republikańskiej w kierunku tzw. tradycji jacksonowskiej.Proces wywodu: Przebieg i wyniki prawyborów w obydwu partiach analizowane są w świetle ustaleń literatury dotyczących mechanizmu funkcjonowania amerykańskich instytucji politycznych (w szczególności legislatur i partii politycznych). Z kolei przyczyny przesunięć poparcia wyborczego między partiami rozpatrywane są w ujęciu jakościowym na podstawie przykładów i trendów historycznych. Wreszcie potencjalne konsekwencje zwycięstwa D. Trumpa analizowane są w odniesieniu do reguł instytucjonalnych (przede wszystkich prawnych) determinujących możliwości realizacji programu prezydenckiego.Wyniki analizy naukowej: Uprawdopodobniono tezę o istnieniu związku przyczynowego między reformami instytucjonalnymi bezpośrednio lub pośrednio osłabiającymi tradycyjne mechanizmy hierarchiczne w polityce amerykańskiej a utratą kontroli nad procesem nominacyjnym przez establishmenty partyjne, która umożliwiła zwycięstwo D. Trumpa i osłabiła H. Clinton. Wskazano na stabilne historyczne wzorce zachowań wyborczych, częściowo wyjaśniające zwycięstwo kandydata republikanów w wyborach powszechnych.Wnioski, innowacje, rekomendacje: Wynik wyborów prezydenckich w USA w 2016 r. był rezultatem splotu wielu czynników. Nie bez znaczenia były również niedostrzegane w bieżących komentarzach uwarunkowania instytucjonalne (jak osłabienie kierownictwa partyjnego) oraz stabilne wzorce zachowań amerykańskiego elektoratu (przewaga "outsiderów" – kandydatów spoza polityki federalnej czy inklinacja ku alternacji władzy).

The article presents relations between Georgia and the United States of America in the years 1992–2009. Time frames were not selected randomly and represent the establishment of bilateral relations between states on 23 April 1992 and the signing of strategic partnership agreement on 9 January 2009. United States interest in Georgia was due to a policy of diversification of energy resources of the Caspian Sea within the boundaries of Azerbaijan. In diversification plans, Georgia was to be a transit area for oil and gas to Western Europe. Position of Georgia was reinforced by the intention to avoid the territory of the Russian Federation, and the Armenian direction was impossible because the Azerbaijani-Armenian conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. The United States supported Georgia's aspirations for membership in NATO and the European Union allocating significant financial assistance and support for administrative reform, economic and government. ; W artykule przedstawiono relacje Gruzji ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi Ameryki w latach 1992–2009. Ramy czasowe nie zostały wybrane przypadkowo i odnoszą się do daty nawiązania relacji bilateralnych między państwami 23 kwietnia 1992 roku oraz podpisania umowy o partnerstwie strategicznym 9 stycznia 2009 roku. Zainteresowanie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Gruzją wynikało z polityki dywersyfikacji zasobów energetycznych Morza Kaspijskiego znajdujących się w granicach Azerbejdżanu. Gruzja w planach dywersyfikacyjnych miała stanowić terytorium tranzytowe dla ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego do Europy Zachodniej. Jej pozycję wzmacniała chęć ominięcia terytorium Federacji Rosyjskiej, a kierunek ormiański był niemożliwy z powodu azersko-ormiańskiego konfliktu o Górski Karabach. Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki wspierały dążenia Gruzji do członkostwa w Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckim oraz Unii Europejskiej, przeznaczając znaczną pomoc finansową oraz wspierając ją w reformach administracyjnych, gospodarczych oraz samorządowych.

Bu tez çalışması, uluslararası ilişkiler açısından siber uzayın neden olduğu yeni tartışma konularını ele almak suretiyle, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Rusya Federasyonu (RF)'nun siber güvenlik stratejilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmadaki temel sorunsalımız ise ABD ile RF'nin, siber güvenlik stratejilerini belirleme sürecinde birbirleriyle bir etkileşim ve etki-tepki ilişkisi içinde olup olmadığı tartışmasına odaklanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda tezde ulaşılan sonuç, ABD ve RF'nin siber güvenlik stratejilerini şekillendirme süreçlerinde, birbirlerine yönelik tehdit algılamalarının önemli etkisi olduğudur. Zira ABD ve RF arasında siber uzay alanında günümüze kadar süre gelen rekabetinin kökenleri her iki devletin Soğuk Savaş dönemindeki ideolojik ve askeri çekişmesinin bir sonucu olarak şekillenmiştir. Bununla birlikte söz konusu iki devlet kısa ve orta vadede ağ teknolojileri kapsamında askeri kapasitelerini geliştirmek için etkili bir siber savunma ve saldırı kapasitesi yaratmaya çalışacaklardır. Genel ve soyut olarak aktardığımız bu çerçeve içerisinde tez çalışmasının ilgi bölümlerinde: o Teknoloji kültürlerinin Soğuk Savaş döneminde ABD ve SSCB arasındaki askeri rekabetin günümüz siber uzay alanının şekillenmesine yaptığı katkıların, o 1990'lar başı ile birlikte küreselleşen, ticarileşen ve sivilleşen internet teknolojisinden ABD ve RF'nin askeri ve istihbari bir enstrüman olarak istifade etme arayışlarının, o Sosyal medya imkânlarını her iki devletin bir enformasyon savaşı aracı olarak kullanmaya yönelik planlamalarının, o ABD ve RF'nin bu yıllar ile birlikte şekillenmeye başlayan resmi siber güvenlik strateji belge ve doktrinlerinin, o Ulusal siber uzay alanlarını denetleyen hukuki rejimlerinin ve ulusal siber güvenlik kurumlarının faaliyetlerinin analiz edilmesine odaklanılmıştır. ; This thesis study aims at comparative analysis of cyber security policies adopted by United States of America (USA), and Russian Federation (RF), with consideration of new discussions originated from cyber space in the context of international relations. This work tries to find out whether there is an action-response relation between USA, and RF or not, in the course of setting cyber security strategies. Accordingly, this study found out the fact that USA, and RF's mutual perception of threat on their countries, is decisive when they are setting cyber security strategies. It is because of that today's ongoing competition between USA, and RF in the field of cyber space, originates from ideological, and military competition between USA, and RF during Cold War. Besides, the two states will try to create an effective cyber defense and attack capacity in order to improve their military capacities in the short and medium term within the scope of networking technologies. As we explained in general and abstract, in order to support arguments of this study, focus of related chapters of this thesis; o Contributions of technology cultures to the shaping of today's cyberspace space in the Cold War-era military rivalries between the USA and the Soviet Union, o Attempts of USA, and RF to benefit from internet technology as a means of military, and espionage, since it has been global, commercial, and civil by 1990s, o Planning of social media facilities for the use of the two states as an information warfare tool by the state, o USA, and RF's official cyber security strategy documents, and doctrines that started to be formed by then, o Legal regimes governing national cyber space areas; and activities of national cyber security institutions.

Latin Amerika'da sömürgecilik döneminde uygulanan ihracata dayalı ekonomi modeli, kırsal oligarşinin bir güç odağı olarak ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Kurulu düzenin sürdürülmesindeki çıkarları ile uyumlu olarak, kırsal oligarşi, muhafazakâr siyasal görüşler ve düzen ve ilerleme söylemine dayanan pozitivist bir ulus inşası gündemi benimsemiştir. Brezilya siyasetinde muhafazakâr görüşün ortaya çıkışı da büyük ölçüde benzer bir yol takip etmiştir. Bununla beraber, muhafazakâr görüşün Brezilya siyaseti üzerindeki etkisi ülke içinde ve dışında yaşanan çeşitli değişimler ekseninde çeşitlilik göstermiştir. İmparatorluk döneminde şekillenen muhafazakâr düşünce, Birinci Cumhuriyet döneminde siyasal yaşamı yönlendirmiştir. 1930 sonrasında muhafazakârlık, ulusal kimliğin inşasındaki belirleyici rolünü korumuş fakat siyasetteki belirleyici konumunu yitirmiştir. 1964-85 döneminde ülkeyi yöneten askeri hükümetin izlediği muhafazakâr politikalar ise bu durumun istisnasıdır. Muhafazakârlığın Brezilya siyasetindeki yolculuğu ile ilişkili olarak fakat her zaman uyumlu biçimde şekillenmeyen Brezilya dış politikasının muhafazakârlık ile ilişkisi, uluslararası sisteme katılım ve ABD ile uyum eksenlerinde ortaya çıkan iki temel parametre etrafında şekillenmiştir. Brezilyalı siyasetçiler ülkenin bağımsızlığın korunması (otonomi), uluslararası alanda saygın bir konum elde etme ve kalkınmacı politikalar izleme gibi geleneksel hedeflerini paylaşmakta fakat bunlara nasıl erişileceği noktasında görüş farklılıkları yaşamaktadırlar. Bu farklılıklar aynı zamanda Brezilya'da muhafazakâr dış politikanın da sınırlarını çizmektedir. ; The export-oriented economic model implemented in Latin America during the colonial period resulted in the emergence of the rural oligarchy as a pressure group. In accordance with their interest in the sustainability of the existing order, the rural oligarchy embraced conservative political views and a positivist nation-building agenda based on the motto of order and progress. The emergence of conservatism in ...