The article is an analysis of the metaphor of Munich Agreement in the Czech political & media discourses concerning three foreign policy issues from the last three years: the discord about the diplomatic recognition of Kosovo by the Czech Republic, the discussion of the conflict between Russia & Georgia & the issue of the US radar base in the Czech Republic. The text does not aspire to judge which usage of the analogy with Munich is correct. Instead, it works with it as a specific frame which is intended to mobilize a presupposed national "us" for a specific political agenda. The goal is to depoliticize the political discord -- to solve it by referring to a morally strong precedent & subordinate it to this precedent. Munich is used in this way by the followers of very different political camps. Using the analogy of Munich has two main modalities -- the interventionist modality (it is necessary to intervene against a dictator, not to appease him) & the sovereignist modality (it is necessary to defend the sovereignty of the state against an intervention or against aggressive demands of minorities). The former is more in accord with the use of the Munich analogy by Western politicians, while the latter corresponds more with the Czech context center. Adapted from the source document.
The methodological assumptions of rational choice theory -- methodological individualism & rationality -- are not generally considered suitable for analyzing nations. Nevertheless, if we accept that the political process is at least partially rational, & that nation-building & change are part of that process, this will provide an opening to look at nations from the unorthodox perspective of rational choice. The club theory, as part of rational choice theory, offers great opportunities for establishing analogies between clubs & nations, & thus for shedding new light on some features of modern polities. Establishing a polity, by the club analogy, entails two basic selections: the selection of members & the selection of a sovereign territory that will serve to provide physical protection & material resources for its members. The choice of membership is in general based on the choice of desirable membership characteristics (usually cultural ones). The choice of a sovereign territory is linked to the decision on the part of the members to engage in collective action to acquire the sovereign territory. Adapted from the source document.
This article critically examines the answers to the following questions: "Why are there nation-states?," ie., "Why isn't there only one nation-state?," asked by Jacques Bidet in his work General Theory of Modernity. In the first part of the article, Bidet's analogy between the emergence of nation-states & more complex states such as the EU is discussed, with particular emphasis on the possibilities of creating a worldwide democratic state, which Bidet innovatively conceives as a guarantee of equality between nations. Still, in view of the normative character of Bidet's theory, the author raises doubts about the possibility of clarifying Bidet's assertion that "the time has not yet come for a universal state-order." In the second part of the article, the author attempts to find an answer to Bidet's questions with the help of Marx's class analysis. On the one hand, such an analysis makes it possible to explain why (worldwide) capitalism benefits from "freezing" the extant order of nation-states. On the other hand, not even Marx's analysis makes it possible to elucidate the conditions for building a worldwide state, particularly the one condition which Bidet cares about most of all: a relation between nations characterized by equality & lack of rivalry. Adapted from the source document.
The author contends that it is, in principle, legitimate to talk about global justice/fairness. Everybody has the right to humane living conditions, irrespective of borders & places of birth. However, we cannot expect the emergence of a world state, not even in the form of a world federation: namely, there is no analogy between the individual's natural state & the states' natural state. States are already an established legal state. This means that any association of states, any federation, even a world state, can come into being only by means of an agreement, which is not very likely. The question is how much the existing borders can & should be open? Is there a universal right to the freedom of movement, the freedom of entering a country, the freedom of employment & immigration? According to the author, the universal moral expectation that every person has exactly the same, unlimited rights in these respects founders over the ethical limitations of universalism. In modernity, the universalistic moral & the ethics of closeness, ie, the responsibilities towards people as such & the responsibilities towards one's own solitary community, have been at variance. To live in modernity means that we cannot apply only one criterion as there are at least two & they allow for the prevalence of one perspective over the other only on a case by case basis, but not generally. Adapted from the source document.
U radu se raspravlja o prisutnosti i aktualnosti filozofskog, dakle kritičkog promišljaja fenomena psihe i psihijatrije na geo-povijesnom tlu Republike Hrvatske, s metodološkim fokusom na: reprezentativne autore, spise i inicijative relevantne za navedeni diskurs, prisutnost sistematskog provođenja obrazovanja u sklopu fakultetskih kurikuluma, te izdavačku aktivnost tematski usmjerenu na problematiku psihe. Usmjerit će se i na domenu odnosa filozofije i psihe/psihijatrije u povijesnoj mereološkoj konstelaciji, njezin značaj za filozofiju psihe, kao i kategorički neodvojivi odnos filozofije i izučavanja psihe per se. Autor uvodi tezu da je filozofija psihe idealan misaoni poligon na kojem se isprepliću rudimentarni filozofijski disciplinarni smjerovi u rasponu od hermeneutike, fenomenologije, ontologije, epistemologije, logike, pa do socijalne i političke filozofije, filozofije egzistencije i etike. Kao idealni znanstveno-filozofski meritor predlaže se orijentacijska disciplina integrativne bioetike kao teleološki most za sjedinjavanje navedenih filozofskih disciplina. Pritom je naglasak na predmetu fenomena života, koji je evaluiran u analogiji sa semantikom predsokratovskog pojma ψυχή (psukhe). ; The paper discusses the presence and actuality of the philosophical, and therefore critical, think-ing of the phenomena of psyche and psychiatry in the geo-historical space of the Republic of Croatia. Its methodological focus is on: representative authors, writings and initiatives relevant to the mentioned discourse, the presence of systematic education within the faculty curriculum, and the publishing activity focused on the issues ofpsyche. The focus will be on the relationship between philosophy and psyche/psychiatry in the historical mereological constellation, on its importance for the philosophy of psyche, as well as the categorically inseparable relationship between philosophy and the perception of psyche. The author introduces the thesis that the philosophy of psyche is an ideal thinking polygon upon which rudimentary philosophical disciplinary directions are intertwined, ranging from hermeneutics, phenomenology, ontology, epistemology, and logic, to social and political philosophy, the philosophy of existence, and ethics. As an ideal scientific-philosophical descriptor, I suggest the discipline of integrative bioethics, which I look at as a teleological bridge for combining these disciplines. The emphasis will be on the subject of life phenomena, which I look at in an analogy with the pre-Socratic semantics of ψυχή (psukhe) as the dialectical synthesis of mind (nousj) and body (soma).
U članku se obrađuju dijelovi rimske vojne opreme iz Augusteuma u Naroni. Nalazi pripadaju zaštitnoj (ulomak oklopa) i konjskoj opremi (privjesci i falera), te pojasu vojnika (okov), a datirani su u razdoblje od 1. do 3. st. Najranije su datirani listoliki privjesci konjske orme koji pripadaju razdoblju druge polovice 1. st., a slična se datacija pretpostavlja i za faleru. Ulomak ljuskastog oklopa pripada tipu koji se javlja od 2. st., a za pojasni okov je datacijski okvir druga polovica 2. i početak 3. st. s mogućim trajanjem do sredine tog stoljeća. Obrada materijala prvenstveno je usmjerena na tipološko-kronološko, te namjensko određenje, a u kraćim se crtama razmatraju okolnosti nalaza obzirom na koje se može pretpostaviti da su predmeti u hram dospjeli kao zavjetni darovi. ; Narona (Vid, near Metković) was in Antiquity one of the most important centres on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. It was not only its convenient position for commercial exchanges but also its fertile soil for the development of agriculture that contributed to the growth of the city in the area. After the middle of the 1st century BC, Narona acquired the status of colony, and at the end of that century, a shrine to Emperor Augustus was built in the city. Although it had primarily an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town. The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart. Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos. The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts. The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects.
