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The main goal of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of public debt servicing – both domestic and foreign – in Zambia, tracing the trends, reforms and challenges over the period from 1964 to 2015. The paper shows that the exceptional rise in public debt servicing obligations in Zambia over the period under review has been principally due to high domestic and foreign interest rates, frequent debt rescheduling at commercial rates, and capitalisation of non-liquidated service obligations at commercial rates. Also revealed in the paper is the fact that prior to 2005, Zambia experienced severe public debt servicing problems which eased after 2006 owing to debt relief initiatives and an economic rebound. Among the government debt service reforms discussed in the paper are structural adjustments in foreign exchange management, fiscal and monetary reforms, and aggressive engagement of traditional creditors. Primary among the identified challenges of public debt servicing in Zambia was the insistent economic crises that dogged the country during the study period. Notwithstanding the current public debt service sustainability and remarkable economic performance that characterise the country today, the paper found that the recent contraction of nonconcessional loans by the state poses a threat to debt service sustainability in future. Hence, the paper recommends, among other things, for aligning of public sector infrastructure spending with revenues to ensure budget sustainability, and to continue diversifying the economy to minimise the impact of external commodity price shocks on the economy. ; The main goal of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of public debt servicing – both domestic and foreign – in Zambia, tracing the trends, reforms and challenges over the period from 1964 to 2015. The paper shows that the exceptional rise in public debt servicing obligations in Zambia over the period under review has been principally due to high domestic and foreign interest rates, frequent debt rescheduling at commercial rates, and capitalisation of non-liquidated service obligations at commercial rates. Also revealed in the paper is the fact that prior to 2005, Zambia experienced severe public debt servicing problems which eased after 2006 owing to debt relief initiatives and an economic rebound. Among the government debt service reforms discussed in the paper are structural adjustments in foreign exchange management, fiscal and monetary reforms, and aggressive engagement of traditional creditors. Primary among the identified challenges of public debt servicing in Zambia was the insistent economic crises that dogged the country during the study period. Notwithstanding the current public debt service sustainability and remarkable economic performance that characterise the country today, the paper found that the recent contraction of nonconcessional loans by the state poses a threat to debt service sustainability in future. Hence, the paper recommends, among other things, for aligning of public sector infrastructure spending with revenues to ensure budget sustainability, and to continue diversifying the economy to minimise the impact of external commodity price shocks on the economy.

U ovom radu se istražuje povezanost između regulacije kriptovaluta i državnog uređenja, poglavito liberalne demokracije. Cilj je potvrditi ili odbaciti hipotezu Henry H. Perritta Jr. o sposobnosti liberalnih demokracija da integriraju tehnologije koje bi se mogle smatrati štetnim za suverenost država. Istražena je regulacija kriptovaluta u 29 država koje su poduzele konkretne regulatorne stavove. Njihova regulacija je analizirana i države su kategorizirane u tri skupine regulatornog statusa: integrirajuće, represivne i agresivne. Nakon toga su tri skupine zemalja uspoređene sa svakom od pet mjera slobode. Navedene mjere slobode su bile podijeljene u političke, ekonomske i miješane slobode. To je napravljeno kako bismo saznali kako svaka od njih utječe na rezultate istraživanja. U konačnici se putem grafova i izračuna prikazala korelacija između regulatornog statusa i slobode u državi. U ovom radu je otkriveno da postoji statistički značajna, snažna korelacija između regulatornog statusa i političkih sloboda u državi. Korelacija između regulatornog statusa i ekonomskih sloboda u državi je također statistički značajna, ali osrednja. ; In this paper the connection between cryptocurrency regulation and state political systems, mainly liberal democracy, is being researched. The goal is to confirm or reject the hypothesis of Henry H. Perrit Jr. about the ability of liberal democracies to integrate technologies which might be considered harmful for the sovereignty of a state. The regulations of 29 states, which have taken concrete regulatory stances, have been researched. The states were categorized in three groups of regulatory statuses (integrating, repressive, aggressive) based on the analysis of their regulation. The three groups are then compared with each of the five measures of freedom. The measures of freedom were divided into political, economic and mixed freedoms. It has been done in such a way that we may know how each of them influences the results of this research. Finally, the correlation between the ...

Članak donosi pregled ključnih pitanja vezanih za vanjsku politiku i teorije vanjske politike u širem kontekstu političke znanosti. Raspravljajući o izvorima i razvoju analize vanjske politike, kao i znanstvenim radovima na tu temu, autorica utvrđuje da analiza vanjske politike danas obuhvaća cijeli niz teorijskih pristupa i modela. Zajedničko im je razumijevanje da se ishodi vanjske politike ne mogu u potpunosti razumjeti ako se analiza ograniči na razinu cijelog sustava. Nadalje, rad konceptualizira vanjsku politiku kroz njezinu usporedbu s drugim tipovima policyja. Iako se u razdoblju Hladnoga rata vanjska politika poistovjećivala s vanjskom sigurnosnom politikom, autorica naglašava da je u današnjem globaliziranom svijetu sigurnosna politika tek jedna od njezinih dimenzija. Vanjska je politika proširila svoj opseg pa obuhvaća brojna druga pitanja, poput trgovine, ljudskih prava i okoliša. Sve veći broj unutarnjopolitičkih, međunarodnih i transnacionalnih pitanja, zainteresiranih aktera i doprinosa procesu stvaranja vanjske politike čini formulaciju i provedbu koherentne vanjske politike izazovnom zadaćom. ; This paper provides an overview of key issues related to foreign policy and foreign policy theories in the wider context of political science. Discussing the origins and development of foreign policy analysis (FPA), as well as scholarly work produced over time, it argues that today FPA encompasses a variety of theoretical approaches, models and tools. These share the understanding that foreign policy outputs cannot be fully explained if analysis is confined to the systemic level. Furthermore, this paper conceptualizes foreign policy by comparing it to other types of policy. Although during the Cold War period foreign policy was equated with foreign security policy, in today's world, security policy is only one dimension. Foreign policy's scope has expanded to cover other issues such as trade, human rights and the environment. The growing number of domestic, international and transnational issues, ...

U posljednjih tridesetak godina potražnja za kvalitetnim maslinovim uljem znatno je porasla na globalnoj razini. Među najveće korisnike maslinova ulja spadaju SAD, Kina i Rusija. Ova je potražnja dovela i do jače standardizacije kvalitete maslinovih ulja koja se bazira na zaštiti izvornosti. Dolazi do stvaranja brendiranih maslinovih ulja kao temeljni čimbenik proširenja maslinarske proizvodnje u pojedinoj mediteranskoj zemlji i pojedinoj njezinoj regiji. Brendiranje se temelji na specifičnom sortimentu, pedo-klimatskim karakteristikama te primijenjenoj agro i elaioetehnici. Takva ulja u cijeni dobivaju dodanu vrijednost. U ovom radu je prikazano stanje maslinarstva na području Općine Vela Luka s obzirom na sortiment, klimatske i pedološke karakteristike te dinamiku u rodnosti i kvaliteti ulja u posljednjih desetak godina. Prikupljeni su i interpretirani podatci iz službenih dokumenata članova Udruge maslinara Vela Luka o analizama pedoloških karakteristika tala u maslinicima Vele Luke, podatci o dinamici uroda po godinama, kvantiteti i kvaliteti ulja po pojedinim sortama i godinama. Isto tako, prikazani su podatci o klimi Vele Luke i njezinim specifičnostima u posljednjih desetak godina. Analizirano je stanje maslinarstva Vele Luke s perspektivom njegovog intenziviranja i proširenja. ; Over the past 30 years, demands for olive oil of good quality has risen globally, with USA, China and Russia being the countries of the highest demands. This has resulted in higher standardization of the quality of olive oil which is based on protected designation of origin. In other words, branded olive oil production has appeared due to growing number of olive oil production in the specific Mediterranean country or its particular region. Branding is based on specific assortment, pedo-climatic conditions and agrotechnics and elaiotechnics. Such oil have a greater price valve. The aim of this paper is to present the olive-growing situation in Vela Luka with regards to assortment, climatic and pedological characteristics and ...

Neprofitne organizacije poput Hrvatskog Crvenog križa usmjerene su rješavanju problema, ostvarivanju ciljeva organizacije i unaprjeđenju kvalitete života. Njihov cilj nije ostvarivanje vlastitog profita ili dobiti. Najčešći izvori financiranja su sredstva iz državnog proračuna, putem članarina i donacija. Neprofitne organizacije obvezne su prezentirati svoje financijske izvještaje te u financijskim izvještajima iskazivati svoje prihode i rashode, izvore vlasništva, imovinu i obveze. Cilj ovog rada je na temelju analize financijskih izvještaja te izračuna izabranih financijskih pokazatelja dobiti pregled poslovanja neprofitne organizacije Gradskog društva Crvenog križa Virovitica. Horizontalna i vertikalna analiza financijskih izvještaja omogućit će dobivanje informacija koje su relevantne za upravljanje, a izračunavanjem financijskih pokazatelja za promatrane godine dodatno će se definirati financijski okvir poslovanja. Na kraju su doneseni zaključci vezani za poslovanje neprofitne organizacije Gradskog društva Crvenog križa Virovitica. Iako nisu profitno orijentirane, neprofitne organizacije su važan pokretač promicanja javnog interesa, odnosno općeg dobra, bitan su čimbenik za društvo, iako je njihova uloga ponekad marginalizirana. ; Non-profit organizations like the Croatian Red Cross focus on achieving their own goals, solving problems and improving people's quality of life. It is not their goal to make a profit. They are financed from the state budget, through membership fees and donations. Non-profit organizations are required to disclose their assets, liabilities and sources of ownership, as well as their income and expenses. The aim of this paper is to gain insight into the operations of the City Society of the Red Cross Virovitica based on the analysis of financial statements and the calculation of selected financial indicators. Horizontal and vertical analysis of financial statements will enable obtaining information that is relevant for management, and the calculation of financial indicators for the observed years will further define the financial framework of operations. In the end, conclusions will be made regarding the business of the City Society of the Red Cross Virovitica. Non-profit organizations, despite not being profit-oriented, are a significant driver of promoting the public interest or the common good, as well as an important factor in society, even if their role is sometimes marginalized.

In this paper, the authors deal with a critical analysis of some of the problems associated with PISA testing in mathematics. First of all, the social, economic and political circumstances of the launch of the PISA project are pointed out. This is followed by an analysis of what the authors consider as very important concepts for understanding PISA philosophy, such as applicable knowledge and problem solving in a real-life situation. We compared two different ways of defining these concepts and showed what the consequences of learning and teaching mathematics are in each of the cases. The authors present the results of the research that was conducted with mathematics teachers, as well as teachers of other subjects. The research dealt with the determination of the importance and role of the mathematical tasks of the PISA test for students' further mathematical education. The results of the research have shown that there is a significant statistical difference between the assessment provided by the teachers who do and those who do not teach mathematics. The paper also analysed some specific tasks that the students were solving in PISA tests. The authors point out some deficiencies and inaccuracies observed in the mathematics tasks on PISA tests, as well as the weaknesses of PISA testing itself. ; U ovom radu autori se bave kritičkom analizom nekih problema vezanih uz PISA testiranje iz matematike. Prije svega ukazano je na društvene, ekonomske i političke okolnosti pokretanja PISA projekta. Zatim su analizirani, po mišljenju autora, vrlo važni pojmovi za razumijevanje PISA filozofije, a to su primjenjivo znanje i rješavanje problema u stvarnoj životnoj situaciji. Usporedili smo dva različita načina definiranja ovih pojmova i pokazali koje su posljedice po učenje i nastavu matematike u oba slučaja. Izložili smo rezultate istraživanja koje smo proveli s nastavnicima matematike, ali i nastavnicima drugih predmeta. Istraživanje se odnosilo na utvrđivanje značaja i uloge matematičkih zadataka PISA testa za daljnje matematičko obrazovanje učenika. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između procjena nastavnika koji predaju i nastavnika koji ne predaju matematiku. U radu smo analizirali i konkretne zadatke koje su učenici rješavali na PISA testiranju. Ukazali smo na izvjesne nedostatke i nepreciznosti matematičkih zadataka PISA testova, kao i na slabosti samog PISA testiranja.

Glavni je cilj ovoga rada ideološka analiza političkih govora G. W. Busha vezanih za rat u Iraku. Govori su analizirani kao oblik političkoga diskursa da bi se izdvojile leksičke, semantičke, retoričke i gramatičke strukture uporabljene u strategiji polarizacije pri predstavljanju postupaka dviju sukobljenih strana, iračkoga režima i američke vojske. Strategija polarizacije jedno je od osnovnih načela kritičke analize diskursa T. van Dijka, koja se u diskursu očituje u obliku ideološkoga četverokuta. To znači da u obliku diskursa kao što su ovi politički govori, u kojima su zastupljeni interesi dviju sukobljenih država, ideologija, nacija itd. možemo očekivati da će dobri postupci strane kojoj pripada govornik (naše strane) – biti naglašeni, a loši ublaženi, dok će dobri postupci druge strane (njihove) biti ublaženi, a loši naglašeni. Kritička analiza diskursa omogućuje osnovne načine prepoznavanja ovakvih struktura u različitim diskursima, a ovdje konkretno istražuje funkciju i utjecaj što ga te strukture imaju na Bushev politički plan, ali i na društvo u cjelini. ; The paper deals with the ideological analysis of G.W. Bush's political speeches delivered during the war in Iraq. The speeches were analyzed as a sort of political discourse with the purpose of recognizing lexical, semantic, rhetorical and grammatical structures used in the strategy of polarization when representing the actions of two confronted parties – Iraqi regime and American military. Polarization strategy is one of the basic principles of the T.van Dijk's Critical discourse analysis, which is expressed through ideological square. This means that in a kind of political discourse, as these speeches are, in which the interests of two confronted states, ideologies, nations etc. are presented, we can expect good actions of in-group to be emphasized and bad ones to be mitigated, whereas the good actions of out-group will be mitigated and bad ones will be emphasized. Critical discourse analysis offers the basic tools for recognizing such structures in different discourses, but in these political speeches it questions the function and influence which these structures have on Bush's political plan and on society as a whole.

The article focuses on the interconnectedness of foreign policy environments to explain Slovenia's opportunities and constraints for foreign policy action. During the period of pre-independence para-diplomacy, the building of an internal and external domestic environment successfully turned constraints (no international recognition) into opportunities (applying for membership of European and global intergovernmental organizations). In the second period — post-recognition — considering the absence of a strategic foreign policy document, the Slovenian internal foreign policy environment became a major constraint to seize foreign environment opportunities. This affected Slovenia's accomplishments, notably after NATO and EU memberships were achieved in 2004. Although the Slovenian internal environment matured during the following period to adopt, in 2015, a comprehensive foreign policy strategy the recent turn in world politics (especially the European financial and economic crisis and the migration crisis) created for the first time a foreign environment for Slovenia that offered many fewer opportunities and far more constraints. ; The article focuses on the interconnectedness of foreign policy environments to explain Slovenia's opportunities and constraints for foreign policy action. During the period of pre-independence para-diplomacy, the building of an internal and external domestic environment successfully turned constraints (no international recognition) into opportunities (applying for membership of European and global intergovernmental organizations). In the second period — post-recognition — considering the absence of a strategic foreign policy document, the Slovenian internal foreign policy environment became a major constraint to seize foreign environment opportunities. This affected Slovenia's accomplishments, notably after NATO and EU memberships were achieved in 2004. Although the Slovenian internal environment matured during the following period to adopt, in 2015, a comprehensive foreign policy strategy the recent turn in world politics (especially the European financial and economic crisis and the migration crisis) created for the first time a foreign environment for Slovenia that offered many fewer opportunities and far more constraints.

U ovom članku, na temelju primarnih kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih podataka, analiziramo mnogostruke mehanizme koji proizvode nejednakosti u suvremenom hrvatskom društvu i višedimenzionalnu klasnu strukturu koja iz njih proizlazi. Naš je pristup potaknut koncepcijom Pierrea Bourdieua, koju smo znatno revidirali i prilagodili proučavanju postsocijalističkih društava u jugoistočnoj Europi. U tekstu prikazujemo četiri analitička koraka koja su nas vodila do koncepcije sveukupne društvene nejednakosti kao nejednakosti u društvenim moćima. Ti koraci uključuju: (1) konstrukciju društvenog prostora u Hrvatskoj, (2) identifikaciju ključnih generatora društvenih nejednakosti (eksploatacijskih tržišnih mehanizama i mehanizama društvenog zatvaranja), (3) analizu životnih stilova i povlačenja simboličkih granica te (4) analizu diferencijalnog povezivanja i uspostavljanja društvenih granica. Rezultati pokazuju da se, uzimajući u obzir sveukupnu društvenu nejednakost, u suvremenom hrvatskom društvu mogu uočiti četiri klase i sedam klasnih frakcija: (1) Klasa bogata kapitalima, s dvije frakcije – ekonomskom i političkom; (2) Klasa srednje razine kapitala, s kulturnom i socijalnom frakcijom; (3) Međuklasa, koja dijeli neke objektivne karakteristike s Klasom srednje razine kapitala, a druge s Klasom siromašnom kapitalima, ali ima distinktivni stil života i obrasce diferencijalnog povezivanja te (4) Klasa siromašna kapitalima, u kojoj je moguće razlučiti tri frakcije: agrarnu, rurbanu i manualno-uslužnu. U završnim razmatranjima donosimo sintetski prikaz klasne strukture suvremenog hrvatskog društva, raspravljamo o novom pojmu egzistencijalne klase (konceptualiziranom na temelju naših teorijskih i empirijskih analiza) te objašnjavamo najvažnije značajke vlastitog postbourdieuovskog pristupa. ; In this article, based on primary quantitative and qualitative data, we analyze the multiple mechanisms generating inequalities in contemporary Croatian society and the multidimensional class structure resulting from them. Our approach has ...

Ova analiza vanjske politike socijalističke Jugoslavije, a posebno razdoblja vladavine Josipa Broza Tita, prvo je politološko razmatranje te teme nasuprot većini studija koja se njome bave iz historiografske perspektive. U prvom dijelu članka prikazani su glavni elementi analize vanjske politike, pri čemu se autor usredotočuje na odnos aktera i struktura kao jedan njezin element. U drugom dijelu prikazane su teorijske i metodološke postavke na kojima se zasniva analiza vanjske politike socijalističke Jugoslavije. Autor zaključuje da je proces odlučivanja o vanjskoj politici Jugoslavije evoluirao od 1945. do 1980. tako što je Tito, kao glavni donositelj odluka, sve više morao voditi računa o strukturi i raznim akterima unutar nje. Očita je bila sve veća pluralizacija procesa odlučivanja, kako na horizontalnoj razini, u interakciji Saveznog sekretarijata za inozemne poslove, partijskog vrha i Titova kabineta, tako i na vertikalnoj osi, kroz utjecaj republika i pokrajina na odlučivanje na saveznoj razini. Iako je ostao glavni donositelj odluka, Titovu su moć s vremenom znatno ograničili utjecaji drugih aktera, osobito otkako je sedamdesetih godina Predsjedništvo SFRJ dobilo mnoge ovlasti. ; Unlike the great majority of analyses that have taken the historiographic perspective, this study of socialist Yugoslavia's foreign policy, focusing on the Josip Broz Tito era, is the first of its kind to provide a perspective of political science. The first section of this article provides an overview of the main elements of foreign policy analysis, whereby the author focuses on the relationship between the actors and the structures as one of its inherent elements. The second section offers insight into the theoretical and methodological tenets on which the analysis of socijalist Yugoslavia's foreign policy resides. The author argues that the foreign-policy decision-making process in Yugoslavia evolved between 1945 and 1980 as Tito, the chief decision-maker, increasingly had to take into account the structure and the multiple actors within that structure. Evidently, the decision-making processes were becoming more and more pluralized both horizontally, in the interaction between the Federal Secretariat for Foreign Affairs, party leadership and Tito's cabinet, and vertically – as seen from the influence the republics and provinces hadon federal decision-making. Though he remained the chief decision-maker, with time Tito's power became limited by other actors' influence, in particular after the Presidency of Yugoslavia was given extensive authority in the 1970s.

The future of an individual and society in the global world is reflected in the organization and quality of today's school, educational system and teacher education. Interculturalism is encouraged by education in school as a social community which accepts diversity as a value. The aim of intercultural education is the development of intercultural sensitivity and acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities needed for functioning in a multicultural society. Inclusion of intercultural education in the school curriculum implies the responsibility of all, mostly teachers because they are directly involved in the educational process. The intercultural competence of teachers refers to the interaction encouraging mutual learning with culturally diverse pupils. The paper analyzes valid legal documents and university programs of Croatian teacher studies from the point of interculturalism. The aim of the research is to inspect the relevant legal framework and determine intercultural contents in the Croatian primary teacher education study programs. The comparative analysis of study programs for primary school teachers (in Osijek, Zagreb, Split, Rijeka and Pula) shows that intercultural content is present but differs in number and type. The premise of successful intercultural education is a quality initial teacher education. ; Budućnost pojedinca i društva u globalnom svijetu ogleda se u ustroju i kvaliteti današnje škole, sustavu odgoja i obrazovanja te izobrazbe učitelja. Interkulturalizam se potiče odgojem i obrazovanjem u školi kao socijalnoj zajednici koja prihvaća različitost kao vrijednost. Cilj interkulturalnoga obrazovanja je razvoj interkulturalne osjetljivosti te stjecanje znanja, vještina i sposobnosti potrebnih za djelovanje u multikulturalnom društvu. Uključivanje interkulturalnoga obrazovanja u školski kurikul implicira odgovornost svih, najviše učitelja jer neposredno sudjeluju u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Interkulturalna kompetencija učitelja odnosi se na ostvarivanje interakcija koje potiču uzajamno učenje s kulturalno drukčijim učenicima. U radu se analiziraju pojedine važeći dokumenti zakonske legislative i sveučilišni programi hrvatskih učiteljskih studija s motrišta interkulturalizma. Cilj istraživanja je uvid u relevantni zakonski okvir i utvrđivanje interkulturalnih sadržaja u hrvatskim studijskim programima za školskoga učitelja. Komparativnom analizom studijskih programa za školskoga učitelja (u Osijeku, Zagrebu, Splitu, Rijeci, Zadru i Puli) evidentno je da interkulturalnih sadržaja ima, no oni se razlikuju po broju i vrsti. Pretpostavka uspješnoga interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja jest kvalitetno inicijalno obrazovanje učitelja.

Većina postojećih konstrukcija projektirana je tako da se odupre samo statičkim opterećenjima. Brojni istraživači ukazuju da u projektnoj fazi treba razmotriti i iznenadna opterećenja. Površine mnogih građevina izvedene su ab pločama koje su pod utjecajem iznenadnih opterećenja poput iznenadnih padova različitih elemenata, odrona kamenja ili vojnih djelovanja. Nelinearna analiza ab ploča u radu je provedena primjenom računalnog programa ABAQUS. Određeni su i detaljno analizirani parametri udara kao što su ubrzanja, brzine, pomaci, udarne sile i energetski kapaciteti za svaku ploču. ; Most of the existing structures are designed to resist static loads only. Various researchers indicate that sudden loads affecting structural members should also be considered in the design phase. Surfaces of many structures are covered with concrete slab members that are under the effect of sudden loads such as accidental drops, rock falls, or military attacks. A non-linear analysis of RC slabs is performed in this study using the Abaqus software. Impact parameters such as accelerations, velocities, displacements, impact forces, and energy capacities, are determined for each slab.