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The text presents remarks on four issues political scientists often take into consideration when reflecting on the borders of their research. The first issue concerns the call to scrutinize the course of legislative procedures, the second one – the need to recognize and note various traditions of political thought in the platforms of political parties and the statements uttered by politicians; the third – the fundamental question of whether political topics are grasped in the structure of sensual perceptions reflected in language; and, finally, the disputable postulate that the philosophy of politics, approached as an element of reflection on political science, clarifies exclusively the notions and concepts applied in the political sciences. These considerations pose problems rather than solve them, and they are completed by a warning that political science should not be developed towards common knowledge, and it should not become increasingly indeterminate and blurred. ; The text presents remarks on four issues political scientists often take into consideration when reflecting on the borders of their research. The first issue concerns the call to scrutinize the course of legislative procedures, the second one – the need to recognize and note various traditions of political thought in the platforms of political parties and the statements uttered by politicians; the third – the fundamental question of whether political topics are grasped in the structure of sensual perceptions reflected in language; and, finally, the disputable postulate that the philosophy of politics, approached as an element of reflection on political science, clarifies exclusively the notions and concepts applied in the political sciences. These considerations pose problems rather than solve them, and they are completed by a warning that political science should not be developed towards common knowledge, and it should not become increasingly indeterminate and blurred.

The country assembly is a form of direct exercise of power by the local community (direct democracy). It is the body of a specific settlement, which is an auxiliary unit created in Poland by the commune. The organization of a country assembly, as well as its tasks, are defined in the statute of the settlement, accepted by the commune council. The country assembly, as a collective body, plays an important role in carrying out the tasks transferred to the settlement and also it exerts an impact on how to use the property administered by the settlement. ; The country assembly is a form of direct exercise of power by the local community (direct democracy). It is the body of a specific settlement, which is an auxiliary unit created in Poland by the commune. The organization of a country assembly, as well as its tasks, are defined in the statute of the settlement, accepted by the commune council. The country assembly, as a collective body, plays an important role in carrying out the tasks transferred to the settlement and also it exerts an impact on how to use the property administered by the settlement.

The issue of Christian Work Ministries (CWM) in Poland during the communist regime have so far been hardly explored. Empirical data collected in Archive of Institute of National Remembrance were analyzed, to show the perspective on CWM from Security Services (SB) point of view. In their eyes CWM were dangerous and threat for security of state and communism in Poland. The hypothesis of the survey was the assumption that SB saw CWM and its activists as a source of threat for the state and were state-phobic. Auxiliary hypothesis was assumption that CWM was a shelter for former members of "Solidarity" and as a members of CWM they continued their activism, to a limited extent, known from "Solidarity".

The issues discussed in this article are clearly related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative impact on civic participation. In 2020, the pandemic and combined lockdown temporarily interrupted deliberation of budget processes in over a hundred Polish cities. However, not much has changed in the general landscape and in the shape of the topography of civic budgeting in Poland. It is still a difficult area for deliberation, although it is possible. The authors of the article have attempted to present the effects of those elements of the statutory regulation of civic budgets that are not conducive to the development of deliberation. The results of the analyzes were compared to the typology of participation in civic budgeting known in the literature, taking into account the cases of three Polish cities.

Artykuł poświęcony jest genezie, strukturze i obecnemu potencjałowi Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej. Struktura ta konsoliduje projekty państw europejskich, dotyczące badania przestrzeni kosmicznej. W ostatnich latach ESA podejmowała liczne projekty naukowo-badawcze. Mimo potężnego zaplecza, jakim jest europejska gospodarka, ESA ma jednak znacznie mniejsze możliwości niż jej główna konkurentka – amerykańska NASA. Badania kosmosu, prowadzone przez ESA często mają charakter uzupełniający i pomocniczy wobec planów NASA. Silnymi konkurentami dla ESA są też agencje kosmiczne innych państw – Rosji, Chin czy Japonii. ; The article is devoted to the genesis, structure and present potential of the European Space Agency. This structure consolidates the projects of European countries related to the exploration of space. In recent years, ESA has undertaken numerous scientific and research projects. Despite the powerful base, which is the European economy, ESA has much less opportunities than its main competitor – the American NASA. Space research conducted by ESA is often complementary and auxiliary to NASA's plans. Space agencies from other countries – Russia, China and Japan – are also strong competitors for ESA.

Artykuł poświęcony jest genezie, strukturze i obecnemu potencjałowi Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej. Struktura ta konsoliduje projekty państw europejskich, dotyczące badania przestrzeni kosmicznej. W ostatnich latach ESA podejmowała liczne projekty naukowo-badawcze. Mimo potężnego zaplecza, jakim jest europejska gospodarka, ESA ma jednak znacznie mniejsze możliwości niż jej główna konkurentka – amerykańska NASA. Badania kosmosu, prowadzone przez ESA często mają charakter uzupełniający i pomocniczy wobec planów NASA. Silnymi konkurentami dla ESA są też agencje kosmiczne innych państw – Rosji, Chin czy Japonii. ; The article is devoted to the genesis, structure and present potential of the European Space Agency. This structure consolidates the projects of European countries related to the exploration of space. In recent years, ESA has undertaken numerous scientific and research projects. Despite the powerful base, which is the European economy, ESA has much less opportunities than its main competitor – the American NASA. Space research conducted by ESA is often complementary and auxiliary to NASA's plans. Space agencies from other countries – Russia, China and Japan – are also strong competitors for ESA.

The paper has the objective to present public diplomacy as a discipline requiring interdisciplinary approach. At the current stage of development of the discipline, the approach rooted in the theory of international relations is dominating. The author suggests inclusion of the tools used for the analysis of political communication into the body of research on new public diplomacy. Therefore, there is nothing more as an aggregate of paradigms and tools of two disciplines implemented at the moment.Public diplomacy was defined in the paper as a symmetrical form of international, political communication targeted at foreign public opinion in order to facilitate the achievement of the goals of state abroad. Currently, the adjective "new" as added to public diplomacy, means that new public diplomacy is different from informational public diplomacy of United States before the liquidation of USIA. The new public diplomacy acknowledges non state organizations as actors of international relations and adjusts to the logic of globalization. New public diplomacy should not be equalized with political propaganda. ; The paper has the objective to present public diplomacy as a discipline requiring interdisciplinary approach. At the current stage of development of the discipline, the approach rooted in the theory of international relations is dominating. The author suggests inclusion of the tools used for the analysis of political communication into the body of research on new public diplomacy. Therefore, there is nothing more as an aggregate of paradigms and tools of two disciplines implemented at the moment.Public diplomacy was defined in the paper as a symmetrical form of international, political communication targeted at foreign public opinion in order to facilitate the achievement of the goals of state abroad. Currently, the adjective "new" as added to public diplomacy, means that new public diplomacy is different from informational public diplomacy of United States before the liquidation of USIA. The new public diplomacy acknowledges non state organizations as actors of international relations and adjusts to the logic of globalization. New public diplomacy should not be equalized with political propaganda.

Odrodzenie samorządu terytorialnego w 1990 r. stanowiło zasadniczą zmianę ustrojową. Niedawno minęło 25 lat od tego wydarzenia, ale obraz rozwoju samorządności w Polsce trudno jednoznacznie ocenić. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zarysowanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu oczekiwania związane z rewitalizacją społeczności lokalnych poprzez odrodzenie samorządu terytorialnego zostały spełnione, a więc w jakim stopniu realizację znalazła idea pomocniczości. Kwestia ta jest analizowana na przykładzie kilku obszarów życia społecznego: a) aktywności tzw. trzeciego sektora i współpracy organizacji pozarządowych z jednostkami samorządu terytorialnego (pomocniczość pozioma); b) stosowania procedur i technik partycypacji (włączania obywateli do procesu podejmowaniu decyzji publicznych); c) działania jednostek pomocniczych (rad osiedli i sołectw ‒ pomocniczość pionowa); d) aktywności obywatelskiej w postaci ruchów i inicjatyw społecznych (zwłaszcza tzw. ruchów miejskich); e) regionalizmu.Jeśli uznać, że celem reformy samorządowej było praktyczne zrealizowanie idei pomocniczości, to cel ten został osiągnięty. Jednak niewątpliwy sukces polskiej samorządności, który zmienił Polskę na lepsze, nie przełożył się na sukces polskiej samorządności rozumianej jako sfera harmonijnej współpracy wybieralnych władz lokalnych odpowiedzialnych wobec aktywnych społeczności. Struktury samorządu zdominowały życie lokalne, w wielu przypadkach urzędy stanowią największego pracodawcę, co ma negatywne oddziaływanie zarówno w sferze ekonomicznej, jak i społecznej. W tym sensie więc można mówić o częściowej porażce samorządności, która jest dzieckiem sukcesu reformy samorządowej. ; The revival of local government in 1990 constituted a fundamental change in the Polish political regime. However, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of this event the picture of local government in Poland is still unclear. The article offers answers to questions about how the expectations related to the revitalisation of local communities through the revival of local government have been met and about the scope of the idea of subsidiarity implementation. The following areas of social life are analysed: (i) the activity of what are known as third sector organisations and their cooperation with local government (horizontal subsidiarity); (ii) the use of procedures and techniques of participation by local government; (iii) the functioning of local government auxiliary units (district councils and village councils – vertical subsidiarity); (iv) activities of urban social movementsand initiatives; (v) regionalism. Considering the practical implementation of the idea of subsidiarity as the main purpose of the local government reform, the objective has been achieved. However, the unquestionable success of the Polish self-government which have changed Poland for the better does not entail the revival of Polish local communities. The harmonious cooperation of elected local authorities accountable to an active community is still missing. Local government structures have dominated local life, being in many places the largest employer, with all negative consequences of this in terms of both economic and social life. In this sense, it can be argued that a partial failure of self-government is a side effect of the success of the self-government reform.

The article concerns the analysis of the impact of the discipline of political science and administration on the functioning of society and the economy in the perspective of third criterion of the evaluation of scientific disciplines. 75 impact descriptions for the years 2017–2021, submitted by 34 universities, were analysed. The author's intention is: to discuss the results of the evaluation, to systematise the areas of influence of political science centres, to determine the scope and significance of the declared impact, to discuss the role of research units in creating the impact. In order to achieve the set goals, secondary data from the RAD-on system and the Ministry of Education and Science (MEiN) were used, as well as primary data, including information from representatives of the discipline and participant observation while preparing of evaluation at the home university and performing an expert work.

The article presents the influence of globalisation on identity and the question of individualisation. Globalisation implies multiple processes that are not uniform, as they occur at different times and in different places. Globalisation impacts the youth, families and cultural systems. The processes of globalisation may contribute to the loss of cultural identity. The diverse nature of globalisation has given rise to new identities. Identity is defined as a process of internal and external adjustment. Concurrently, the challenges posed by globalisation are presented, for instance: identity and freedom of individualisation versus community and belonging. The author explores some of the new challenges and trends, presenting them from selected theoretical perspectives.