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AbstractThis article concerns mediation issues involving the labeling of mental illness. I am not advocating the involvement of mental patients in mediation; but when one or both parents arrive at court‐mandated child custody mediation with mental problems, certain issues need to be addressed. Scheffs (1984) work on labeling can be used to understand some of the myths of mental illness: stereotyping leads to bias, diminishes neutrality, and distorts interpretations. Many stereotypes evolved from individualistic approaches. A system approach may be more productive. Family system theory views the parts (individual members) in the context of the whole (the family and community). Labeling theory views the larger whole of belief systems. I use a composite case example to illustrate my point. Several implications concerning power positions, mediator bias, and "insight" follow from my analysis.

In 2016, the development of an Energy Efficiency Roadmap (USAID, 2017) undertaken by Agency for International Development (USAID) showed that an energy-saving potential of 310 MW by 2030 was possible at a cost lower than the current supply of electricity. However, the energy- efficiency potential is spread out across many technologies and requires the establishment of enabling policies to stimulate efficient use of energy. Chief among these is the establishment of energy- efficiency standards and labeling (EESL) for electric equipment as indicated by Uganda national energy policy legislation (MEMD, 2002). This report first includes an assessment of energy consumption in the residential sector to identify priority products of focus for the EESL program followed by an assessment of the legal and administrative capacity needs of Ugandan institutions to operate and enforce Uganda's EESL program.

Purpose.Nutrition education and labeling may help consumers to eat less fat. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of nutrition education with and without shelf labeling on reduced fat intake in Dutch supermarkets.Methods.The design consisted of a randomized, pretest-posttest, experimental control group design. In total, 2203 clients of 13 supermarkets were included in the sample. Total fat intake of clients and behavioral determinants of eating less fat were measured by a questionnaire. A mixed-effect regression model was used for the analysis.Results.No significant effects were found for the educational intervention, alone or with the labeling, on total fat intake and the psychosocial determinants of eating less fat.Conclusion.Nutrition education and labeling of low-fat food products in supermarkets did not prove to be effective strategies. The fact that the supermarket is a highly competitive environment may have accounted for this lack of effect.

The relation of schematic discrepancy to emotional experience is discussed. It is argued that schematic discrepancy constitutes one important basis of emotional arousal and that we label arousal according to rules defined by discrepancy. The identifying and processing of discrepancies is described within an information processing framework. The labeling of both positive and negative emotions (defined as differing in the resolution of discrepancy) is discussed. Cultural influences on both the experiencing and labeling of emotion are elaborated and implications are drawn.

The consumption of minimally processed, or ready-to-eat (RTE), fruits and vegetables has been growing because people have shorter time to eat and due to the pursuit of convenience and health benefits. Minimal processing includes raw material selection and sorting, pre-washing, debarking, cutting, slicing, sanitizing, rinsing, centrifuging, and packing. Thus, natural protection barriers are affected during cutting methods and they release nutrients that enable microorganism growth. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts, coliforms at 35°C, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp., as well as the labeling adequacy of minimally processed fruits and vegetables traded in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Fruits and vegetables presented aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts, and coliforms at 35°C, above the safe limit for consumption purposes. The count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in RTE fruits ranged from 4.00 to 6.30 Log CFU/g. The highest count of this microorganism group was recorded for fruit salads. Salmonella sp. was not identified in fruit or vegetable samples, whereas Escherichia coli was detected in four vegetable samples. None of the evaluated labels (n = 40) followed the Brazilian legislation. Minimally processed fruits and vegetables had poor microbiological quality and labeling was also unsatisfactory. The adoption of good manufacturing practices and quality control tools as strategies to produce safe food can help minimizing risks to consumers' health.

AbstractWhat people think about food nanotechnology (nanofood) is under‐explored in the United States, especially outside of quantitative surveys. As such, we set out to examine public attitudes toward food nanotechnology in conversational, focus group settings in order to identify policy options for nanofood governance, and in particular, options for labeling. Through analysis of focus groups in six U.S. locations, we found that the vast majority of the participants wanted nanotechnology labels for all types of food products, and most were willing to pay a premium for labeling. Participants cited abilities to choose and avoid potential risk as the main purposes of nanofood labels. However, they recognized that labels alone do not provide much meaning and that information concerning food nanotechnology products needs to be sought and supplied beyond the label to enable informed choices. Additionally, willingness‐to‐use and risk–benefit perceptions varied according to the position and intended functions of the nanomaterials in food products.

The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA), which became effective on July 1, 1967, was designed to protect consumers by requiring informative labeling and nondeceptive packaging for consumer commodities. The statute has been described as "an information bill. The first part is information largely about the label . The second part of the bill is really, in a way, to try to eliminate the confusion in words so we have a common terminology, so we all speak the same language. It is like establishing an alphabet . in size designations." The author seeks to provide an insight into the new alphabet of the FPLA and the controversial regulations issued by the FTC and the FDA pursuant to the FPLA through a discussion of the legislative history and some of the present difficulties under the statute.

Consumers find out about functional foods through product specific claims about their benefits. Regulation differs for provision of information in advertising versus food labels and for dietary supplements versus whole foods. There are new controversies about labeling genetically modified organisms. Regulation of information is controversial among consumers and the food industry. ; Includes bibliographical references

Abstract This study was done to establish the sodium concentration in the cheeses marketed in the western border region of the Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 30 cheese samples (grated Parmesan, Mozzarella, Prato and Artisanal) were collected from different brands and lots. After analyzing them under atomic emission spectroscopy, in quadruplicate, the sodium levels were ascertained. From the quantification of the sodium content significant differences were noted among the lots of all the cheese brands assessed. The results clearly revealed that 44.4% of the companies had listed nutritional values on the labels that were noncompliant with the legislation. Besides, 77.8% of the brands failed to reduce the sodium concentration to the levels jointly decided upon by the Ministry of Health and Brazilian Association of Food Industries, which should have been achieved ideally towards the end of 2016. While the Artisanal cheeses did not register high concentrations of sodium, the formulation of the grated Parmesan cheese was characterized by its high sodium content (2014.56 mg/100 g), as well as by its steady rise in sodium concentration over the years. This is indicative of the inattentiveness of the industry towards the consumers, as stringent laws to standardize the quantity of added salt in cheeses preparations are nonexistent.

Human perception involves many cognitive processes, such as memory, attention, and critical thinking. An important cognitive process is memory, which is usually connected with the storing and retrieval of information. Different colors and labeling have diverse physiological effects on humans. Our investigation aimed to determine if a change in color or labeling would have a significant effect on memory span and serial recall. However, our results do not support that coloring and labeling have significant impacts on a subject's memory.

Authoritarian regimes in the 21st century have increasingly turned to using information control rather than kinetic force to respond to threats to their rule. This paper studies an often overlooked type of information control: strategic labeling and public statements by regime sources in response to protests. Labeling protesters as violent criminals may increase support for repression by signaling that protests are illegitimate and deviant. Regime sources, compared to more independent sources, could increase support for repression even more when paired with such an accusatory label. Accommodative labels should have opposing effects—decreasing support for repression. The argument is tested with a survey experiment in China which labels environmental protests. Accusatory labels increase support for repression of protests. Regime sources, meanwhile, have no advantage over non-governmental sources in shifting opinion. The findings suggest that negative labels de-legitimize protesters and legitimize repression while the sources matter less in this contentious authoritarian context.