William Phillips (editor), Partisan review : the 50th anniversary edition
In: Estudios: filosofía, Historia, Letras, Heft 8, S. 136
ISSN: 0185-6383
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In: Estudios: filosofía, Historia, Letras, Heft 8, S. 136
ISSN: 0185-6383
No abstract available Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 156, 2020: 209-241 ; No hay resúmenes disponibles Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 156, 2020: 209-241
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Arturo Araujo, president of El Salvador, was overthrown by a military coup on December 2, 1931. As a result of this event, the vice president, Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882-1966), who ruled de facto from 1931 to 1944, came to power. The inhumane living conditions of the peasants, mostly indigenous landless, made it easier for them to echo the ideas propagated by members of the Salvadoran Communist Party. However, how far. This "indoctrination" was real, and to what extent it was the product of the imagination of the leaders of this group, or purposely amplified by the sympathizers of the right or the left eager, each one, to bring water to their mill, it is still reason of speculation. ; Arturo Araujo, presidente de El Salvador, fue derrocado por un golpe militar el 2 de diciembre de 1931. A raíz de este hecho, subió al poder el vicepresidente, Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882-1966), quien gobernó defacto de 1931 a 1944. Las inhumanas condiciones de vida de los campesinos, en su mayoría indígenas sin tierras, facilitaron que se hicieran eco de las ideas propagadaspor los miembros del Partido Comunista Salvadoreño. Sin embargo, hasta dónde dicho "indoctrinamiento" fue real, y hasta dónde fue producto de la imaginación de los dirigentes de esta agrupación, o amplificado adrede por los simpatizantes de la derecha o de la izquierda deseosos, cada uno, de llevar agua a su molino, sigue siendo motivo de especulación.
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In: Revista Kavilando, Band 7, Heft 1, S. 95-99
ISSN: 2027-2391, 2344-7125
A highly symbolic act took place in Cali on 7 November by initiative of Monsignor Dario Monsalve Jesus Mejia, archbishop of that city, the third of Colombia: The memory of Camilo Torres Restrepo as a Christian and as a priest. To prepare for the event, Archbishop had written in a magazine of the Archdiocese entitled I Camilo yesterday and today, a sign of reconciliation (Notebooks citizens - Observatory of social realities, number 5, November 2015, p. 8): "The priest Camilo Torres Restrepo, subject to their mortal remains to secret State.1 in the influence of his Christian thought, the silence of the Church and the guerrilla stigma on his name, has a lot to give and teach a Colombia that is projected towards reconciliation, the truth, transitional justice and peace.
Con el sugestivo y convocante lema "Las luchas por la igualdad, la justicia social y la democracia en un mundo turbulento", entre el 19 y el 23 de noviembre de 2018 se efectuaron en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, la Octava Conferencia Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales y el Primer Foro Mundial del Pensamiento Crítico, organizados por el Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO).
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In: Folder 11
The item produced in Laoag, Ilocos Norte, Philippines; written in Spanish. Envelope included. English translation done in Indiana included. Translator unknown.
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La enmienda número 42 de 1976 de la Constitución india consagró de manera expresa, en el preámbulo, el principio de Estado secular ("secular State"), para significar que protege todas las religiones de manera igualitaria y no define a ninguna como una religión del Estado. La corpulencia demográfica de los múltiples credos que se profesan en ese territorio, la diversidad de dioses, lenguas y etnias convierten al Estado secular indio en una condición sine qua non para mantener la unidad y la integridad de esa nación. Este trabajo plantea como premisa fundamental que, si el espíritu religioso que ha caracterizado al pueblo indio a través de los siglos sigue siendo instrumentalizado por diferentes fuerzas políticas, la capacidad aglutinante del Estado secular se perderá y la fragmentación de la democracia más grande del mundo será inevitable. ; The Constitution of India, forty second Amendment Act, 1976, enshrined in the preamble the principle of secular State, which means that the State protects all religions equally and does not itself uphold any religion as the State religion. The demographic bulk of the multiple faiths that are professed in that territory, the diversity of gods, languages and ethnicities make the secular State a sine qua non condition to maintain the unity and integrity of that nation. This work holds as a fundamental premise that, if the religious spirit that has characterized the people of India through the centuries continues to be instrumentalized by different political forces, the binding capacity of the Indian secular principle will be lost and the fragmentation of the world's largest democracy will be inevitable.
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"Mexican liberalism went from the struggle for Independence from Spain to the Independence of the Mexican state from the Catholic Church and the Army." These are the words with which the Mexican historian Patricia Galeana begins her study of one of the main facts of Mexican and Latin American History: the fight between conservatives and liberals throughout the nineteenth century to build a model of a nation which represented their respective interests. In Mexico's case the resolution was the promulgation of the Law of Reform in 1859 by the government of Benito Juárez. ; "El liberalismo mexicano pasó de luchar por la Independencia de España, a luchar por la Independencia del Estado mexicano respecto de la Iglesia y el ejército." Con estas palabras inicia la historiadora mexicana Patricia Galeana su reflexión en torno a uno de los hechos fundamentales de la historia de México y de América Latina: la cruenta lucha entre conservadores y liberales a lo largo del siglo XIX por concretar un modelo de nación acorde a sus intereses, que en el caso de México se resolvió al promulgarse las Leyes de Reforma por el gobierno de Benito Juárez en 1859.
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As we approach the 700th anniversary of the death of Dante Alighieri this work seeks to examine his Comedy in its entirety, providing, in the first instance, a statistical analysis of the places mentioned therein, and another dealing with the characters associated with these places. The analysis is intended to be exhaustive and includes those places, obviously less frequent, outside of Italy (in this regard, it should be remembered that Dante could not have had much greater knowledge of geography than that already condensed in Ptolemy's Ecumene). To this end, groups of high school students were asked to read all the cantos of the three Canticles of which Dante's Divine Comedy (by Dante Alighieri) is composed, and to prepare a list of the required data in a properly ordered list. Their dedication and painstaking efforts have provided an indispensable, invaluable and essential support for the creation of the database from which the statistical, graphical and geomatic analyses that form the core of this paper are derived. Next, the variance analysis (performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient) and the connection analysis (performed with the Bonferroni Indices) are presented, observing the absence of a law on the average behavior of the variables treated and yet a not entirely random permutation (in contrast, the values of the correlation coefficients display curious tendencies in Inferno and Paradiso, reflecting Dante's political ideas, while being almost non-existent in Purgatorio). Lastly, a network is created to organize the information flow between characters and places on the basis of the tables into which the data collected was placed. This network has a functional model similar to that of a leveling network, or a network of potential differences or flows, in other disciplines (despite the obvious absence of observations and a stochastic-metrological model for them). The data collected are condensed into a series of anamorphic maps that facilitate their reading. In this case too, precious and indispensable has been the contribution of the architect-graphic designer who produced the anamorphic maps and the other images, displayed to support the statistical and numerical processes presented in this work (in this regard, equal merits must also go to the teacher of Italian who coordinated all the work performed by the aforementioned High School students): Without some small, but nonetheless very useful, contributions, even the greatest of ideas are worth nothing. The analysis as a whole does not seek to analyze the Divine Comedy but rather to highlight, from a statistical point of view, the rigor of Dante's creation, in terms of its accuracy and reliability. On the other hand, from a geomatics point of view, the work does provide a further example of the possibilities offered by geomatics applications that today are able to find uses in areas traditionally far removed from geomatics and applied geomatics, such as those of the human sciences. This approach is particularly interesting, because it seeks to make available, without airs or graces, the point of view of geomatic scientists, with their measurement techniques, their mathematical models and their methods of calculation and analysis, to other disciplines, taking into consideration other data, different from those traditionally dealt with by the surveying disciplines (with an eagerness to share ideas, and with a spirit of service and a wish to learn new things). Thus, the desired point of convergence is to expand the boundaries of Geomatics Applications, in this direction, and, also, on the other hand, to find interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary interlocutors who can propose examples, of certain appeal, who can critically evaluate the methodologies used and the results obtained, and who can maintain a constructive dialogue allowing both convergent communities to grow critically and to improve. ; Il presente lavoro prende in esame l'intera Commedia dantesca, in prossimità del 700° anniversario della scomparsa di questo Autore, proponendo innanzitutto una analisi statistica dei luoghi citati, nonché dei personaggi legati a questi luoghi. L'analisi si pretende esaustiva, ricordando anche i luoghi, ovviamente meno frequenti, fuori dall'Italia (a riguardo, si ricordi che Dante non poteva avere cognizioni geografiche molto maggiori di quelle già condensate nell'Ecumene di Tolomeo). Per questo fine, studenti di una Scuola superiore, a gruppi, hanno letto tutti i canti delle tre Cantiche con cui si compone la (Divina) Commedia (di Dante Alighieri), preparando una lista ordinata dei dati richiesti. La loro dedizione e la loro cura hanno fornito un supporto indispensabile, preziosissimo e fondamentale, per formare tutta la base di dati da cui sono partite le analisi statistiche, grafiche e geomatiche che costituiscono il centro di questo lavoro. Dopodiché si presenta l'analisi di varianza (con il calcolo degli indici di Pearson) e l'analisi della connessione (con quello degli indici di Bonferroni), constatando l'assenza di una legge sul comportamento medio delle variabili trattate e tuttavia una disposizione non interamente casuale (per contro, il valore dei coefficienti di correlazione mostrano curiose tendenze nell'Inferno ed in Paradiso, in accordo con le idee politiche di Dante, risultando invece pressoché nullo per il Purgatorio). Infine si costruisce una rete che organizza il flusso di informazioni fra personaggi e luoghi, a partire dalle tabelle dei dati raccolti. Questa rete ha il modello funzionale simile a quello di una rete di livellazione, oppure ad una rete di differenze di potenziale o flussi, in altre discipline (pur nell'ovvia assenza di osservazioni e di un loro modello stocastico-metrologico). I dati raccolti sono condensati in una serie di mappe anamorfiche che ne facilitano la lettura. Anche in questo caso, indispensabile, preziosissimo e fondamentale è il contributo dell'architetto e grafico che ha prodotto le mappe anamorfiche e le altre immagini, poste a corredo delle elaborazioni statistiche e numeriche del presente lavoro (a riguardo, meriti identici sono da attribuire al docente di italiano che ha ben coordinato tutto il lavoro dei suddetti studenti di Scuola Superiore): Senza piccoli, ma assai utili, contributi, anche le grandi idee (se pur queste sono grandi davvero) non valgono nulla. L'intera analisi non ha pretese di analizzare la Commedia, ma segnala semplicemente, da un punto di vista numerico, il rigore della costruzione dantesca, in termini di precisione ed affidabilità. Per contro, da un punto di vista geomatico, il lavoro offre un ulteriore esempio delle possibilità offerte dalle Applicazioni geomatiche che attualmente riescono a muoversi in ambiti tradizionalmente lontani dalla Geomatica e dalla Geomatica Applicata, quali quelli delle Scienze umane. Questo approccio è particolarmente interessante, perché intende offrire, proprio senza alcun atteggiamento di superiorità, il punto di vista dei geomatici, con le loro tecniche di misura, i loro modelli matematici ed i loro metodi di calcolo e di analisi, ad altre discipline, prendendo in considerazione altri dati, diversi da tutti quelli tradizionalmente affrontati dalle discipline del rilevamento (con volontà di confronto, con spirito di servizio e con voglia di imparare cose nuove). Così il punto d'incontro auspicato è, da un lato, allargare i confini delle Applicazioni Geomatiche, in questa direzione (come in altre verso le quali, si spera, si rivolga presto l'interesse di altri gruppi della comunità dei geomatici), ma da altro canto, trovare interlocutori interdisciplinari e multidisciplinari che propongano esempi, di sicuro interesse, valutino criticamente le metodologie impiegate ed i risultati ottenuti, e tengano aperto un dialogo costruttivo che faccia crescere criticamente e migliorare tutte/entrambe le comunità d'incontro. Alcune considerazioni conclusive sottolineano i limiti di questo lavoro. Infatti mentre è riportata la successione dei personaggi e dei luoghi, come la loro ripartizione in canti ed in cantiche, nonché i loro riferimenti alla storia ed alla geografia, nulla è detto per quanto riguarda connessioni tematiche e/o lessicali, oppure semantiche e/o sintattiche (a riguardo, sarebbe facile citare tre volte le "stelle", come parola finale di tutte e tre le cantiche, ma poi … meglio avere coscienza dei limiti propri e di questa ricerca: altri possono continuare).
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Abstract:Approaching forty years of the Spanish Constitution, the two-party system has been replaced in the Congress of Deputies by a fragmented composition so that the Government does not possess a sufficient majority, which upsets not only the modus operandi, but even the performance of the constitutional functions of the Spanish Parliament. This essay analyses some issues that have arisen in the current term since the last elections, as examples that show the strong differences with the Parliament known till now. Unprecedented questions require sometimes solutions not foreseen in the Constitution or the Rules of Procedure. If a balance is not achieved between a Government that allows to be controlled and a Parliament that allows to rule, comes the standstill of a minority Government, which will probably lead to an early dissolution. ; Resumen:Próxima la celebración de los cuarenta años de la aprobación de la Constitución, el fin del cuasibipartidismo ha generado un Congreso de los Diputados de composición fragmentada, en la que el Gobierno no cuenta con una mayoría suficiente para gobernar, lo que se refleja no sólo en el funcionamiento, sino también en el desempeño de las funciones constitucionales de las Cortes Generales. Este artículo estudia algunas cuestiones suscitadas en los primeros períodos de la XII legislatura iniciada a fines de 2016, como ejemplos que muestran las fuertes diferencias con el Parlamento conocido hasta ahora, pues se plantean cuestiones inéditas que reclaman a veces nuevas soluciones, no contenidas en la Constitución nien los Reglamentos de las Cámaras. Si no se logra un equilibrio entre un Gobierno que se deje controlar y un Parlamento que permita gobernar, se produce la paralización política propia de un Gobierno en minoría, que noconduce sino a una disolución anticipada.Abstract:Approaching forty years of the Spanish Constitution, the two-party system has been replaced in the Congress of Deputies by a fragmented composition so that the Government does not possess a sufficient majority, which upsets not only the modus operandi, but even the performance of the constitutional functions of the Spanish Parliament. This essay analyses some issues that have arisen in the current term since the last elections, as examples that show the strong differences with the Parliament known till now. Unprecedented questions require sometimes solutions not foreseen in the Constitution or the Rules of Procedure. If a balance is not achieved between a Government that allows to be controlled and a Parliament that allows to rule, comes the standstill of a minority Government, which will probably lead to an early dissolution.Summary:I. Introduction. II. The end of the two-party system does not only affect the composition of the plenary and commissions. III. Legislative function: can a Government rule without law-making? IV. Budgetary function: difficulties to approve the budget. V. Supervisory power. Government accountability. VI. Nomination power. VII. Foreign policy. VIII. Conclusion: can a Government rule with a fragmented parliament?
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México is preparing for the celebration of the 100th anniversary ofthe Revolution. It was the first great social revolution of the 20thcentury in Latin America. More than one million people out of apopulation of 15 million died but many great victories were won, forinstance with regard to agrarian reform, the writing of a democraticconstitution and the making of a capitalist State.Francisco Villa was the Revolution leader who commanded aprofessional army in the north of the country. During the revolutionhe was feared, and long after his death was considered a bandit.However, from the 1970s onwards this view changed as it wasclaimed that he had been a visionary leader.Paco Ignacio Taibo presents three significant periods of Villa'slife during the Mexican Revolution: 1) 1911-1912: Pancho Villa allieswith I. Madero to overthrow the dictator Porfírio Diaz. 2) 1913-1915:Villa allies with Álvaro Obregón to defend social changes in thecountry. 3) 1916-1920: Villa begins a guerrilla warfare strategy tooppose the established bourgeois regime.Nowadays, Villa is perceived as a great leader who contributedradically to the Mexican Revolution.
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Siguiendo como hilo conductor la hipotética completa y total existencia del «Gran Capitán» en la ciudad de Córdoba y apoyada esencialmente en fuentes secundarias e historiográficas, se analiza la ciudad que aquél hubiera podido contemplar en todas sus facetas posibles, esto es, desde la demografía a la cultura, pasando por la economía, la sociedad y la política. Con una base esencialmente agraria y en manos principalmente de los poderosos locales, nobles y eclesiásticos catedralicios -sobre todo-, lo que justifica los esporádicos sobresaltos sociales característicos del Antiguo Régimen, la ciudad que experimenta la transición del periodo bajomedieval al altomoderno, segmento vital de Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, apenas remueve sus estructuras tradicionales, como por otra parte la misma corona de Castilla en que se inserta. ; Following the complete thread as hypothetical and overall existence of the «Great Captain» in the city of Cordoba and supported essentially secondary and historical sources, the city that had been seen in all its facets is discussed, that is, the demographics culture, through the economy, society and politics. With an essentially agrarian base and in the hands mainly of local, noble and powerful cathedral church, above all, justifying sporadic social upheavals characteristic of the Old Regime, the city experienced the transition from the late medieval period to altomoderno, vital segment Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, just remove their traditional structures, as otherwise the same crown of Castile in which is inserted.
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The paper autlines the importance the to National Public Law takes the Constitution's Amendment from 1910. It states that the Colombian rule or Law begins properly with this Legislation Act trough with submitted the exercise of politicak power to the empire of law. In current words, only at the year was possible to prevail the principle of the legal sovereignty even over the politic's. Describes and analyzes tow aspects considerer more transcendental of that work, like are the stablishment of judicial control of constitutionality and the stipulation, as a Constitutional canon, of the inviolability of the human life's principle, by settling down the prohibition of the death penalty. It points at haw such amendment got to make the judge as the key figure of the political society by imposing him as the natural defender of the Constitution, as guarantor of the citizen´s rights and of the very same democratic system. ; El artículo resalta la importancia que para el Derecho Público nacional cobra la Reforma Constitucional de 1910. Plantea que el Estado de Derecho colombiano propiamente inicia con este Acto Legislativo mediante el cual se sometió el ejercicio del poder político al imperio del Derecho. En palabras actuales, solo hasta tal año fue posible hacer prevalecer el principio de la soberanía jurídica incluso sobre el de la política. Describe y analiza los dos aspectos que se consideran más trascendentales de aquella obra, como son la instauración del control judicial de constitucionalidad y la consagración, como canon constitucional, del principio de inviolabilidad de la vida humana, al formalizarse la prohibición de la pena capital. Señala cómo dicha reforma vino a hacer del juez la figura clave de la sociedad política al imponerlo como al defensor natural de la Constitución, como garante de los derechos ciudadanos y del mismo sistema democrático.
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The paper autlines the importance the to National Public Law takes the Constitution's Amendment from 1910. It states that the Colombian rule or Law begins properly with this Legislation Act trough with submitted the exercise of politicak power to the empire of law. In current words, only at the year was possible to prevail the principle of the legal sovereignty even over the politic's. Describes and analyzes tow aspects considerer more transcendental of that work, like are the stablishment of judicial control of constitutionality and the stipulation, as a Constitutional canon, of the inviolability of the human life's principle, by settling down the prohibition of the death penalty. It points at haw such amendment got to make the judge as the key figure of the political society by imposing him as the natural defender of the Constitution, as guarantor of the citizen´s rights and of the very same democratic system. ; El artículo resalta la importancia que para el Derecho Público nacional cobra la Reforma Constitucional de 1910. Plantea que el Estado de Derecho colombiano propiamente inicia con este Acto Legislativo mediante el cual se sometió el ejercicio del poder político al imperio del Derecho. En palabras actuales, solo hasta tal año fue posible hacer prevalecer el principio de la soberanía jurídica incluso sobre el de la política. Describe y analiza los dos aspectos que se consideran más trascendentales de aquella obra, como son la instauración del control judicial de constitucionalidad y la consagración, como canon constitucional, del principio de inviolabilidad de la vida humana, al formalizarse la prohibición de la pena capital. Señala cómo dicha reforma vino a hacer del juez la figura clave de la sociedad política al imponerlo como al defensor natural de la Constitución, como garante de los derechos ciudadanos y del mismo sistema democrático.
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