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As a cultural creation, the face has a long history. Our relationship with the face is through its images: Mirrors, reflections, photographs, visions. The experience about the face deserves a genealogy, a careful attention because it is the product of a cultural construction that establishes the social status granted to the person. Different mediums of the image persisted in making faces visible or recognizable. The anthropometry of the 19th century established a new relationship between the face and the Self. Photography allowed us to explore, measure and classify the images of the face and of the human being. This explains the fascination with photography in Bertillon and Darwin. At the same time, the arrival of photography also opened the way to the era of the democratization of the face. But the images of faces that we will approach in this article are images produced by techniques of reconstruction and facial recognition based on biometric and genetic data. Biometrics seeks to recognize individuals through physical and behavioral traits, articulating an image technique with mathematical techniques. Even portraits have become instruments for surveillance. This responds to the conditioning of an apparatus that captures and determines behaviors and discourses. As Giorgio Agamben argues, certain apparatus have imposed themselves as spatial optical articulations, but also epistemic, political and ideological, capable of assuming a specific conception of the vision and position of the subject in front of the world. We define the face as an apparatus. If the history of the portrait pictures theory, as proposed by W. f. T. Mitchell, in relation to the history of the development of the process of individuation of the self, genetic biometrics dissolves it completely, since it is not a measure of the human but its negation.

Initial physical anthropology studies into ethnic diversity were largely dependent on comparative whole body and craniometric measurements, and through time assessments of ethnic diversity based on these measures exhibited increasing statistical sophistication. Since the 1990s, in Asia as elsewhere in the world, human diversity studies have increasingly utilized DNA-based analyses, with Y-chromosome and mtDNA markers providing complementary perspectives on the origins and gene pool structures of different ethnic groups. This approach is illustrated in a study of population genetic structure in PR China, in which DNA samples from the Han majority and eight ethnic minorities were analyzed. The Y-chromosome and mtDNA data showed multiple paternal geographical and ethnic origins but restricted maternal ancestries. However, interpretive problems were apparent in the definition of a number of the ethnic study populations, which appear to reflect political as well as genetic influences. In all anthropological studies, whether based on anthropometry or genomic analysis, unambiguous and appropriate community identification is a prerequisite.

Introduction and objectives: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising worldwide with a rapid increase in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). At the same time, prevalences of overweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in this region, particularly in urban areas. However, SSA is still dealing with infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV-infections and tuberculosis. This double burden poses a major public health challenge in this region, where financial and health resources are limited. Although obesity and the nutritional behavior are the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes, their relationship is only insufficiently investigated in SSA. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the associations between various anthropometric measures and type 2 diabetes and to assess the appropriateness of specific cut-off points for the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in an urban Ghanaian study population. The second object of this thesis was to describe the dietary behavior and to examine the associations between dietary patterns derived by an exploratory factor analysis and type 2 diabetes. The third aim was to identify a dietary pattern by using the reduced rank regression (RRR) approach and to evaluate the association between this pattern and type 2 diabetes in this study population. Data and Methods: Data from 1221 study participants (542 type 2 diabetes cases and 679 controls) of the Kumasi Diabetes and Hypertension (KDH) study was used. The KDH study is an unmatched case-control study, which was conducted at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana between August 2007 and June 2008. All participants underwent an anthropometrical examination and the habitual dietary intake was assessed by one 24 hour dietary recall and a locally specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Each participant provided a blood sample and type 2 diabetes was defined as having a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7mmol/L and/or documented anti-diabetic medication. First, associations between various anthropometric measures and type 2 diabetes were evaluated by multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Additionally, the discriminative power and population-specific cut-off points for type 2 diabetes were identified by receiver operating characteristic curves. Finally, the optimal cut-off points for BMI, WC and WHR were assessed by the Youden-Index. Second, the dietary behavior of the study population was assessed by an FFQ. Dietary patterns were identified by using an exploratory factor analysis (including 33 food items) and their associations with type 2 diabetes were evaluated by multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Third, a dietary pattern was identified by using RRR with adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as response variables and 35 food items as predictor variables and the association between the dietary pattern score and type 2 diabetes was assessed applying multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: First, measures of central obesity, but not of general obesity, were positively associated with type 2 diabetes in women and men. Specifically, BMI was not associated with type 2 diabetes, while WHR showed the strongest association in both sexes, independent of BMI. Furthermore, WHR showed the best discriminative ability for type 2 diabetes and a cut-off point of ≥ 0.88 in women and ≥ 0.90 in men were the optimal WHR cut-off points in this SSA population. The recommended cut-off points for BMI and WC had a poor predictive ability with a low sensitivity and specificity. Second, the dietary behavior was characterized by a high intake of carbohydrate- and fat- dense foods, such as plantain, banku, bread, rice, fish and palm oil. Two dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: The "purchase" dietary pattern was characterized by a high consumption of sweets, rice, protein-rich foods (red meat, poultry, eggs and milk), fruits and vegetables and low consumption of plantain. This pattern was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes. The "traditional" dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of plantain, green leafy vegetables, fish, fermented maize products, and palm oil and was associated with an increased odds of type 2 diabetes. Third, a dietary pattern was derived by RRR, which was characterized by a high consumption of plantain, garden egg and cassava and a low intake of juice, sweets, vegetable oil, rice, hot chocolate, soft drinks, eggs and red meat. This pattern was positively associated with serum triglyceride concentrations and negatively with HDL-cholesterol, but not with adiponectin. The odds for type 2 diabetes increased significantly with increasing pattern score. Conclusion: This study highlights the important role of central obesity for the risk of type 2 diabetes in an SSA population. Furthermore, the current recommended cut-off points for obesity measures are inappropriate to assess diabetes risk in this urban Ghanaian population. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the rationale of country- or region-specific cut-off points for anthropometric indices to identify individuals with type 2 diabetes in SSA. Findings of the second part show that two diverse dietary patterns are identified and strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in urban Ghana. Therefore, further investigations are warranted to clarify the determinants of adherences to dietary patterns and to verify these patterns in other West-African populations. Findings of the third part suggest that adherence to traditional food items and low preference for purchased foods relate to increased serum triglycerides and decreased HDL-cholesterol, both risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and as a consequence may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes. Finally, the reproducibility of the association between the RRR-derived dietary pattern and type 2 diabetes should be evaluated in independent populations. ; Hintergrund und Zielstellung: Die Typ-2-Diabetesprävalenz nimmt weltweit stetig zu, mit einem rapiden Anstieg besonders in sub-Sahara Afrika (SSA). Gleichzeitig steigt die Prävalenz an Übergewicht und Adipositas drastisch an, insbesondere in den städtischen Gebieten dieser Region. Zudem wird das Gesundheitssystem in SSA immer noch durch Infektionskrankheiten wie Malaria, HIV-Infektionen und Tuberkulose belastet. Diese Doppelbelastung stellt eine große gesundheitspolitische Herausforderung für diese Region dar, in der finanzielle und gesundheitliche Ressourcen begrenzt sind. Adipositas und das Ernährungsverhalten sind die wichtigsten modifizierbaren Risikofaktoren für Typ-2-Diabetes, jedoch ist ihre Beziehung bislang nur unzureichend in SSA untersucht. Daher war das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit, die Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen anthropometrischen Maßen und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko zu untersuchen, sowie die Übertragbarkeit der spezifischen Grenzwerte für den Body Mass Index (BMI), den Taillenumfang und dem Taille-Hüft-Verhältnis (WHR) in einer urbanen ghanaischen Studienpopulation zu beurteilen. Das zweite Ziel war das Ernährungsverhalten zu charakterisieren und die Zusammenhänge zwischen Ernährungsmustern, die mittels einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse identifiziert wurden, und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko zu untersuchen. Das dritte Ziel war es ein Ernährungsmuster mittels reduzierter Rangregression (RRR) zu identifizieren und dessen Zusammenhang mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko in dieser Studienpopulation zu untersuchen. Datengrundlage und Methoden: Daten von 1221 Studienteilnehmern (542 Typ-2-Diabetes Fälle und 679 Kontrollen) der Kumasi Diabetes und Hypertonie (KDH) Studie wurden analysiert. Die KDH-Studie ist eine ungepaarte Fall-Kontroll-Studie, die am Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana von August 2007 bis Juni 2008 durchgeführt wurde. Die anthropometrische Untersuchung wurde von geschultem Krankenhauspersonal am leicht bekleideten Studienteilnehmer durchgeführt. Das Ernährungsverhalten wurde mithilfe eines lokal spezifischen Verzehrshäufigkeits-fragebogens (FFQ) und eines 24 Stunden Ernährungsprotokolls ermittelt. Jedem Teilnehmer wurde eine Blutprobe entnommen. Typ-2-Diabetes wurde definiert als Nüchternblutzucker ≥ 7mmol/L und/oder bekannte Antidiabetika-Behandlung. Im ersten Teil dieser Dissertation wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen anthropometrischen Maßen und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko mittels multivariat-adjustierter logistischer Regressionsanalyse untersucht. Die Fläche unter der Receiver Operating Characteristic Kurve (ROC-AUC) wurde zum Vergleich der diskriminativen Fähigkeit der anthropometrischen Maße zur Identifizierung von Diabetikern genutzt, sowie zur Überprüfung von populationsspezifischen Grenzwerten. Schließlich wurden die optimalen Grenzwerte mithilfe des Youden-Index ermittelt. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation wurde das Ernährungsverhalten der Studienpopulation mithilfe eines FFQs charakterisiert. Des Weiteren wurden Ernährungsmuster mittels einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse, basierend auf 33 Lebensmitteln des FFQs, identifiziert und die Assoziationen zwischen den Ernährungsmustern und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko mittels multivariat-adjustierter logistischer Regressionsanalyse untersucht. Im dritten Teil dieser Dissertation wurde mittels RRR mit den Aufnahmemengen von 35 Lebensmitteln als Prädiktoren und den Serumkonzentrationen von Adiponektin, HDL-Cholesterin und Triglyzeriden als Response-Variablen ein Ernährungsmuster hergeleitet und die Assoziation mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko mithilfe der multivariat-adjustierten logistischen Regressionsanalyse untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die ersten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Maße der zentralen Adipositas, aber nicht der generellen Adipositas, positiv mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko sowohl bei Frauen als auch bei Männern assoziiert waren. WHR war der stärkste Risikofaktor in beiden Geschlechtern, unabhängig vom BMI. Der Vergleich der ROC-AUCs zeigte, dass die WHR das beste anthropometrische Maß zur Identifizierung von Diabetikern sowohl in Männern als auch in Frauen war. Der optimale WHR-Grenzwert für Frauen lag bei ≥ 0.88 und bei Männern ≥ 0.90 in dieser afrikanischen Bevölkerung. Die empfohlenen Grenzwerte für BMI und Taillenumfang hingegen hatten eine schlechte Vorhersagekraft mit einer niedrigen Sensitivität und Spezifität. Das Ernährungsverhalten war durch eine hohe Aufnahme von kohlenhydrat- und fettreichen Lebensmitteln (Kochbanane, fermentierte Maisprodukte, Brot, Reis, Fisch und Palmöl) charakterisiert. Zwei Ernährungsmuster wurden mittels Faktorenanalyse identifiziert: Das "industriell geprägte" Ernährungsmuster war charakterisiert durch einen hohen Verzehr von Süßigkeiten, Reis, eiweißreichen Lebensmitteln (rotes Fleisch, Geflügel, Eier und Milch), Obst und Gemüse und niedrigen Verzehr von Kochbananen. Dieses Muster war invers mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko assoziiert. Das "traditionelle" Ernährungsmuster hingegen war gekennzeichnet durch einen hohen Verzehr von Kochbananen, grünem Blattgemüse, Fisch, fermentierten Maisprodukten und Palmöl. Es war mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes assoziiert. Mithilfe der RRR wurde ein Ernährungsmuster hergeleitet, das durch einen hohen Verzehr von Kochbananen, Aubergine und Maniok sowie einen geringen Verzehr an Saft, Süßigkeiten, Pflanzenöl, Reis, Softgetränken, Eier und rotem Fleisch charakterisiert war. Dieses Muster war mit erhöhten Serumkonzentrationen an Triglyzeriden und erniedrigten HDL-Cholesterin assoziiert, aber zeigte keinen Zusammenhang mit Adiponektin. Ein hoher Musterscore war mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes assoziiert. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Studie unterstreicht die wichtige Rolle der zentralen Adipositas für das Risiko von Typ-2-Diabetes in einer afrikanischen Bevölkerung. Darüber hinaus sind die derzeit empfohlenen Grenzwerte für Übergewicht und Adipositas ungeeignet, um das Diabetes-Risiko in dieser ghanaischen Population zu beurteilen. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um Länder- oder Regions-spezifische Grenzwerte für anthropometrische Maße zu untersuchen, um Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes in SSA zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse des zweiten Teils zeigen, dass zwei unterschiedliche Ernährungsmuster identifiziert wurden, die stark mit dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko assoziiert sind. Die Determinanten für die Einhaltung, sowie die Verifizierung dieser Muster sollten in anderen Westafrikanischen Populationen weiter untersucht werden. Die Ergebnisse des dritten Teils weisen darauf hin, dass der hohe Verzehr an "traditionellen" Lebensmitteln sowie der geringe Verzehr an "industriell geprägten" Lebensmitteln Serumkonzentration an Triglyzeriden erhöhen und HDL-Cholesterin senken könnten, beides Risikofaktoren für Typ-2-Diabetes, und dadurch zu einem erhöhten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes führen können. Die Reproduzierbarkeit des Zusammenhanges zwischen diesem Ernährungsmuster und dem Typ-2-Diabetes Risiko sollte in unabhängigen Studienpopulationen überprüft werden.

Nutrition problem solving, including stunting, in South Sulawesi have been done by many government programs, and well as people initiative solution. Though this stunting problem still become a huge problem. Indonesian health data profile in 2011 reported that under-five-children nutrition prevalence status with TB/U index in South Sulawesi is remind in a high number of case, that is 38,8 % compared with national percentage 35,6 %. This problem deserve a special attention in South Sulawesi. One of amino acid that could help the acceleration of development process is cysteine Amino acid. It has an important role in accelerating hormone receptor transcription in zinc finger protein (ZFP) reaction, Transforming Growth Factor ? (TGF ?) induction and Cysteine Rich Intestinal Protein (CRIP) forming which is related to advance metabolic reaction. Cysteine amino acid providing is a must in metabolic reaction because Cysteine Rich Intestinal Protein (CRIP) is needed in macro and micro nutrition metabolic reaction. Cysteine amino acidic is an essential semi-amino acidic which is not provided fully by human

Reconnaissance a detainee appears to be a constant requirement in the long term of prison history. From the former regime to the present day, every person lawfully detained is subject to a special registration procedure which certifies that he or she has entered and left the detention facility. The nut register is thus the official book on which the identity of the detainees is entered. The prisoners were recognised for a long time by the 'morgueur' guard, who had the task of carefully disviewing any new entrant. Until the 19th century, the identification of the litigant generally consisted of a simple statement, verified during the proceedings by the collection of testimonies. However, in order to distinguish between recidivists and certain categories of convicted persons, the judiciary has for a long time used a power to mark guilty bodies. Nowadays, identification by the measure occupies a limited place in the nut procedure at the Prison Registry. It is mainly computerised. However, the 'reporting' part of the incarceration maintains, as a survivor, the mention of size, barb, eye colour, corpulence, hair colour, special signs and observations. The only identification measure is the taking of the left index stamp on the escort record. However, the identification of detainees remains a crucial issue for prison administration. ; International audience ; Reconnaissance a detainee appears to be a constant requirement in the long term of prison history. From the former regime to the present day, every person lawfully detained is subject to a special registration procedure which certifies that he or she has entered and left the detention facility. The nut register is thus the official book on which the identity of the detainees is entered. The prisoners were recognised for a long time by the 'morgueur' guard, who had the task of carefully disviewing any new entrant. Until the 19th century, the identification of the litigant generally consisted of a simple statement, verified during the proceedings by the collection ...

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la trayectoria científica desplegada por Matus entre los años 1906 y 1915, examinando las prácticas de recolección y organización de los datos utilizados para la antropometría y la antropología, las discusiones metodológicas sobre la aplicación de técnicas e instrumentos utilizados en ambas disciplinas, como así también el establecimiento de relaciones académicas y los diálogos que sostuvo con las distintas instituciones y agentes involucrados. En un contexto marcado por la búsqueda de la especificidad de "la raza chilena", ambas investigaciones, le permitieron a Matus elaborar un retrato científico capaz de revelar las características raciales de la población chilena. ; This paper describes the scientific career developed by Matus between 1906 and 1915. Particularly, attention is paid to the collection and organization of his anthropometrical and anthropological data, to his methodological discussions on techniques and instruments used, and to the academic and institutional networks he built throughout. In a context where defining a "Chilean race" was a prominent scientific and political objective, both studies allowed Matus to establish a scientific definition over the racial characteristics of the Chilean population.

Objectives: Research aim was the determination of the dairy effects on the body changes in terms of body fat and mass because of the dairy calcium in the obese women about the weight loss diet. Methods: Research was a non-randomized controlled research study held at a government hospital of Turkey in the time of June – September, 2016. Obese women were made the part of research who consulted clinics of diet and nutrition. Participants were divided into groups on the basis of use of dairy products, three groups were such as dairy products group (control), high and low dairy groups. We also measured BP and anthropometry, blood chemistry analysis was also carried out before any intervention. Results: Research sample had selected sixty-five women with a mean age of (33.10 ± 6.18) years. Control group had 20 cases (30.7%), high dairy group included 22 cases (33.8%) and 23 cases (35.3%) were included in low dairy group. After the completion of the research body weight, waist, body mass index (BMI), hip circumferences, hip / waist ratio, percentage of body fat, fat mass decreased significantly with a statically significant p-value of (< 0.001); whereas, we observed no difference among the three groups. Levels of plasma total cholesterol was lowered (p-value < 0.05, p-value < 0.001) and levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were elevated (p-value < 0.05) in 2 interventional groups. There was a negative association of the systolic BP with dairy calcium (p-value = 0.460, p-value < 0.05). Conclusions: All the women involved in the weight loss program we observed non-effectiveness of the dairy products for obtaining loss in weight in comparison to the restriction of the calorie. Keywords: Anthropometry, Blood pressure, Blood chemistry, Dairy products and Caloric restriction

Background and Objective: Relationship between metabolic risk factors and waist-to-heigh t (WHtR) in population studies are well known. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship betwee n selected metabolic risk factors and waist-to-height ratio among employees in Vhembe District Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Materials and Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, the following anthropometric and metabolic variables were asses sed in 535 (Men = 249,Women = 286) local government employees (aged 24-65 years) of the Vhembe district, Limpopo province based on standardized protocols: Body Mass Index (BMI),waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), cholesterol (mmol L G 1 , TC) and fasting blood glucose (mmol L G 1 , FG). Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics version 21. Results: Majority (84.6%, males: 85.1%, females: 3.5%) of the participa nts were ground maintenance workers. The participants (65.2%) were classified as overweight (21.3%) and obese (43.9), females (20.6-60.5%) being more overweight and obese as compared to males (22-25%). Twenty-five percent of the total participants had an elevated level of fasting glucose, females (3.8%) being more af fected than males (3.2%). Fasting glucose was positively associated with th e BMI, Waist circumference (WC) and WHtR, especially in the gro unds maintenance workers. Conclusion: Female employees were more overweight and obese than their mal e counterparts. Furthermore, fasting glucose was high among the employees, with female being more affected than the males. Municipality managers had high levels of total cholesterol as compared to the ground maintenance work ers. It was evident that fatness was positively associated with elevated fasting glucose. From a public health perspective, the current results indicate the need for urgent strategic health promotion intervention among the employees in the Vhembe Local Municipality

The aim of this study was to quantify time changes in the body dimensions of male Australian Army personnel. Following a systematic review, two studies were identified and matched for occupation and age (n = 669) with time changes in 12 absolute and 11 proportional body dimensions assessed between 1977 and 2010–12. Changes in means were expressed as absolute, percent and standardised changes, with changes in variability assessed visually and as the ratio of coefficients of variation (CVs). Time changes in absolute dimensions were typically positive (increases) and moderate in magnitude (median standardised change ± 95%CI: 0.53 ± 0.23), and while changes in proportional dimensions were typically negligible (median standardised change ± 95%CI: 0.16 ± 0.33), substantial changes(standardised changes ≥0.2 or ≤–0.2) were observed in several dimensions. Variability in body dimensions has also typically increased (median ratio of CVs ± 95%CI: 1.10 ± 0.07) and become more right-skewed. These findings have important implications for the design and acquisition of new military vehicles, body equipment and clothing.

Abstract: Trans Jogja Shelter and Trans Jogja bus is a public facility to be provided by theProvincial Government Area of Yogyakarta to improve the public service especially in the sector of transportation land in the urban DIY to the various circles of society easy in choosing the purpose of the trip. The needs of the public in using the Trans Jogja bus as the means of transportation the city is very high. Based on observations, the Trans Jogja shelter and Trans Jogja bus always fi eld by a passenger with a wide variety of the size of the body and items brought. If at the time crowded, with the size of the shelter a little to make the user the shelter can't move it much and it may lead to thinkit isn't safe for the user the shelter and the bus, including passengers special needs like the difabel, elderly and pregnant women). This research aims to assess the problems found in the Public Facilities and the Trans Jogja shelter. This is done by evaluating, identifying and analyzing the existing condition in the space of public facilities. Then the repair is done by taking into account the accessibility and size of the user anthropometry. Repair is expected to be able to represent the design of a bus stop that can accomodate all circles and all interests and provide comfort to the user space. The method used in this research is observation, to scan directly at the Trans Jogja Shelter and bus Trans Jogja to see the way things are now with the use of media photos, map and diagram. Experiencing directly the atmosphere of the space to be a passanger on a bus in the area. Doing an interview with the user space and the method of analysis content that is both deskriptif.Keywords: layout shelter, passengers with special needs, accessibility, anthropometry,evaluationAbstrak: Halte Trans Jogja dan bus Trans Jogja adalah fasilitas umum yang disediakan olehPemerintah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) untuk meningkatkan pelayanan publik khususnya pada sektor transportasi darat di kawasan perkotaan DIY untuk berbagai kalangan masyarakat agar masyarakat mudah dalam memilih tujuan perjalanan. Kebutuhan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan bus Trans Jogja sebagai sarana transportasi kota sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan pengamatan, Halte Trans Jogja dan bus trans Jogja selalu dipenuhi oleh penumpang dengan berbagai macam ukuran tubuh dan barang yang dibawa. Apabila pada saat ramai, dengan ukuran ruang halte yang kecil membuat pengguna halte tidak dapat bergerak secara leluasa dan dapat mengakibatkan rasa tidak aman bagi pengguna halte dan bus, termasuk penumpang yang berkebutuhan khusus seperti kaum difabel (penyandang cacat, lanjut usia, dan perempuan hamil). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji permasalahan yang ditemukan pada Fasilitas Umum Halte dan bus Trans Jogja. Hal tersebut dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi, mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kondisi eksisting pada ruang fasilitas umum tersebut. Lalu dilakukan perbaikan yaitu dengan memperhatikan aksesibilitas dan ukuran anthropometri pengguna. Perbaikan ini diharapkan dapat menghadirkan desain halte yang dapat mengakomodasi semua kalangan dan kepentingan dan memberikan kenyamanan kepada pengguna ruang. Metode yang digunakan dalam Penelitian ini adalah observasi, melakukan pengamatan langsung di halte Trans Jogja dan bus Trans Jogja untuk melihat keadaan sekarang dengan menggunakan media foto, peta dan sketsa. Mengalami langsung suasana ruang dengan menjadi penumpang pada bus tersebut. Melakukan wawancara dengan pengguna ruang dan metode analisis isi yang bersifat deskriptif.Kata kunci: tata ruang halte, penumpang berkebutuhan khusus, aksesibilitas, anthropometri, evaluasi

Objective: to assess the long-term evolution of biological living standards in rural Catalonia and to compare it with the corresponding figures in urban areas. Methods: using data from military records of conscripts from six towns in western Catalonia, we construct an annual height series. Height is standardised at the age of 21 years. We also construct a body mass index (BMI) for conscripts born in 1891 and 1934-39. The annual height series for western Catalonia is systematically compared to the series for Reus, Catalonia's second largest city during the second half of the 19th century. Results: comparing the cohorts born in the periods 1840-49 and 1951-60, we find that height increased by 5.7 centimetres over this period. However, the increase was not distributed equally over time. In the second half of the 19th century, rural heights stagnated over the long run and declined relative to urban heights. In the cohorts born in the decades between 1910 and 1950, rural heights rose by more than 5 centimetres, and converged with those of Reus. Conclusion: we provide new evidence for the current debate on the rural-urban height gap. Between the 1840s and the 1950s, heights in rural western Catalonia grew at rates similar to those recorded in certain urban areas, but growth rates differed depending on the period of analysis. This study underlines the importance of adopting long-term perspectives, and stresses that rural-urban height differences tend to be time-and space-specific.

The project "Study and ergonomics analysis in the Universidad Militar Nueva Granda offices, at administrative levels (adviser, executive, professional, technician and welfare)" has four phases: diagnosis, study of enviromental conditions, antropometric studies and design of the training plan. In this article, We describe the first phase, which consists on the evaluation of ergonomic issues at Universidad Militar. The information was collect through surveys and observation formats and statisticaly analysed with comercial software. Based on the results four critical points were identified, iluminatión, industrial safety, designs of work station as well as the perception of the employees about ergonomics. Two noncritical points were identified, noise and temperature. This will be subject of future research. ; El proyecto "Estudio y análisis ergonómico en las oficinas de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada en los niveles administrativos (asesor, ejecutivo, profesional, técnico y asistencial)", esta constituido por cuatro fases: diagnóstico, estudio de condiciones ambientales, estudio antropométrico y diseño del plan de capacitación. En este artículo, Nosotros describimos la primera fase, que consiste en evaluar los aspectos ergonómicos de la Universidad Militar. La recolección de información a través de encuestas y formatos de observación y se realizo un análisis estadísticos de un software comercial. Basado en resultados cuatro puntos críticos fueron identificados, iluminación, seguridad industrial, diseño de puestos de trabajo, así como también la percepción de los empleados frente a la ergonomía. Dos factores no críticos fueron identificados, el ruido y la temperatura. Estos serán sujeto de futuras investigaciones.

We estimate the height of various European populations in the first half of the 18th century. English and Irish male heights are estimated at c. 65 inches (165 cm), and c. 66 inches (168 cm) respectively. These values are below those obtained from the only other sample available for the period pertaining to British and Irish men, namely those of runaway indentured and convict servants in colonial North America, whose height is estimated as between 66.4 and 67.0 inches (168,7 and 170,2 cm). At c. 64.5 inches (164 cm) Saxon, German and Scotch military heights appear to be near the bottom of the European height distribution in this period. The English were about as tall as Bohemians and French, but shorter than the Irish and Hungarians. A large decline in English heights is evident among the birth cohorts of 1725-29, suggesting that the subsistence crisis of this period must have had a substantial lasting impact on the nutritional status of the cohort born during a time of nutritional deprivation.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of swimming and walking after 24 weeks of training on anthropometric indicators of obesity, physical activity, coronary risk and health-related quality of life among military police officers of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The sample included 51 military police officers (male) whose ages ranged from 22 to 49 years, with a mean age of 35.53 ± 7.63 years, and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study, which was conducted between the months of June and December 2012. The subjects were interviewed to collect demographic and occupational data as well as anthropometry, physical activity level and health. The volunteers were divided into the following three groups according to their preference: swimming experimental group (n = 24), walking experimental group (n = 24), and control group (n = 24). Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive analysis, oneway and two-way ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test, Student's t-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test followed by Bonferroni's correction, the Wilcoxon test and Cohen's d test. After 24 weeks of training, the waist circumference, conicity index, waist-to-height ratio, physical activity at work, vigorous activities and coronary risk were significantly different in the swimming group, and the percentages of fat, lean mass and fat mass were significantly different in the walking group. The swimming exercise program contributed to significant reductions in waist circumference, conicity index, the waist-to-height ratio and coronary risk and to increased levels of physical activity at work and vigorous activities. In addition, the walking exercise program contributed to significant reductions in relative body fat and fat mass and increased lean mass among military police officers. ; O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos da natação e caminhada após 24 semanas de treinamento sobre os indicadores antropométricos de obesidade, atividade física, risco coronariano e com qualidade de vida relacionada á saúde entre os policiais militares do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. A amostra incluiu 51 policiais militares (sexo masculino) que tinham média de idade de 35,53 ± 7,63 anos, com amplitude de 22 a 49 anos, e que preencheram os critérios de inclusão do estudo realizado entre os meses de junho-dezembro de 2012. Os sujeitos foram entrevistados e coletados os dados demográficos e ocupacionais, antropometria, nível de atividade física e saúde. Os voluntários foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a sua preferência: Grupo Experimental de Natação (n = 24); Grupo Experimental de Caminhada (n = 24); e Grupo Controle (n = 24). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando análise descritiva e Anova One-Way e Anova Two-Way seguido pelo post hoc de Bonferroni, teste t de Student, teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste U de Mann-Whitney seguido pela correção de Bonferroni, o teste de Wilcoxon, e teste d de Cohen. Houve uma diferença significativa na perimetria da cintura, índice de conicidade e relação cintura-estatura, atividade física no trabalho, atividades vigorosas e risco coronariano no grupo natação e no grupo de caminhada, houve uma diferença significativa no percentual de gordura, massa magra e massa gorda após 24 semanas de treinamento. O programa de natação contribuiu para reduções significativas na circunferência da perimetria da cintura, índice de conicidade e relação cintura-estatura e risco coronariano e no aumento dos níveis de atividade física no trabalho e atividades vigorosas. Além disso, um programa de caminhada contribuiu para reduções significativas na gordura corporal relativa e massa gorda e no aumento da massa magra entre os policiais militares.

Background: Growth assessment based on the WHO child growth velocity standards can potentially be used to predict adverse health outcomes. Nevertheless, there are very few studies on growth velocity to predict mortality. Objectives: We aimed to determine the ability of various growth velocity measures to predict child death within 3 mo and to compare it with those of attained growth measures. Design: Data from 5657 children <5 y old who were enrolled in a cohort study in the Democratic Republic of Congo were used. Children were measured up to 6 times in 3-mo intervals, and 246 (4.3%) children died during the study period. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models informed the mortality risk within 3 mo for weight and length velocity z scores and 3-mo changes in midupper arm circumference (MUAC). We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to present balance in sensitivity and specificity to predict child death. Results: GEE models showed that children had an exponential increase in the risk of dying with decreasing growth velocity in all 4 indexes (1.2- to 2.4-fold for every unit decrease). A length and weight velocity z score of <−3 was associated with an 11.8- and a 7.9-fold increase, respectively, in the RR of death in the subsequent 3-mo period (95% CIs: 3.9, 35.5, and 3.9, 16.2, respectively). Weight and length velocity z scores had better predictive abilities [area under the ROC curves (AUCs) of 0.67 and 0.69] than did weight-for-age (AUC: 0.57) and length-for-age (AUC: 0.52) z scores. Among wasted children (weight-for-height z score <−2), the AUC of weight velocity z scores was 0.87. Absolute MUAC performed best among the attained indexes (AUC: 0.63), but longitudinal assessment of MUAC-based indexes did not increase the predictive value. Conclusion: Although repeated growth measures are slightly more complex to implement, their superiority in mortality-predictive abilities suggests that these could be used more for identifying children at increased risk of death. ; publishedVersion