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Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Trends and Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Sediments from 1970 to 2018 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Trend Assessment -- 2.3 Source Apportionment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Trends of Heavy Metal Pollution in River Sediments -- 3.2 Trends of Heavy Metal Pollution in Lake Sediments -- 3.3 Sources of Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Over Time -- 3.4 Sources of Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution by Continent -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Trends in Heavy Metal Pollution of River and Lake Sediments -- 4.2 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediments by Continents -- 4.3 Source of Heavy Metal Pollution in River and Lake Sediments -- 4.4 Control Measures for Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- A Review on Prediction Models for Pesticide Use, Transmission, and Its Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Models for Prediction -- 2.1 Prediction Based on Regression Models -- 2.1.1 Univariate Models -- 2.1.2 Multivariate Models -- 2.2 Prediction Using Non-linear Models -- 2.3 Performance Metrics for Prediction Models -- 3 Prediction Models for Agriculture -- 3.1 Prediction Models for Pesticide Usage -- 3.1.1 Prediction of Climatic Indices -- 3.1.2 Prediction of Occurrence of Pests and Crop Diseases -- 3.1.3 Prediction of Quantity and Methodology of Pesticide Application -- 3.2 Prediction Models for Pesticide Residue in the Environment -- 3.3 Prediction Models for Human Health Disorders Due to Pesticide Exposure -- 3.4 Prediction Models for Antimicrobial Resistance Due to Pesticides -- 4 Modeling Strategies -- 4.1 Pesticide Simulation Models -- 4.2 Machine Learning-Based Models -- 4.3 Experimental Study -- 5 Mission Ahead -- 6 Conclusion -- References.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of editors -- List of contributors -- Part I Global challenge design in context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Sustainable Development Goals -- 3 The role of design -- 4 Design and social responsibility -- 5 Working in developing contexts -- Part II Case studies -- 6 Case study: good health and wellbeing (SDG3): a little dust-up: co-designing cleaning practices in Ghanaian households to combat antimicrobial resistance -- 7 Case study: gender equality (SDG5): ten stages of women's mobility in Pakistan and Malaysia -- 8 Case study: clean water and sanitation (SDG6): engaging crisis-affected communities in the design of emergency sanitation facilities -- 9 Case study: affordable and clean energy (SDG7): designing through tensions of 'and/or': a case study informing qualitative approaches for designers responding to SDG7 -- 10 Case study: decent work and economic growth (SDG8): the use of creative product design to generate employment opportunities through materials-driven supply chains -- 11 Case study: industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG9): designing for dilemmas: a change agenda for infrastructure -- 12 Case study: reduced inequalities (SDG10): ImaginAging Malaysia: bringing participatory speculative design to Malaysia's exploration of healthy ageing in place -- 13 Case study: sustainable cities and communities (SDG11): making safe, sustainable and resilient cities through improved mental health -- 14 Case study: climate action (SDG13): CoLaboratory Kitchen -- 15 Case study: peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG16): revolt in the square: spatial modelling of urban stability in modern cities -- Part III The future -- 16 Opportunities and the future for global challenge design -- Index.

Practical justice: by way of introduction / Peter Aggleton, Alex Broom and Jeremy Moss -- Perspectives and accounts -- Concepts of justice and practical injustices / Paul Patton and Jeremy Moss -- Homeless women : histories of emotion and justice / Anne O'Brien -- Worlds apart and still no closer to justice : recognition and redress in gendered disability violence / Leanne Dowse -- Supporting mental health in low-income communities : implications for justice and equity / Felicity Thomas and Lorraine Hansford -- Critical theories of justice and the practice of torture prevention / Danielle Celermajer -- Poverty in rich countries: damage, difference, and possibilities for justice / Kylie valentine -- Engaging global institutions to achieve practical justice : the case of sexual rights / Sofia Gruskin and Alexandra Nicholson -- From principles to practice -- Practical justice in social work and social welfare: contested values / Richard Hugman -- A just child protection system : is it possible? / Ilan Katz -- Collaborative disability inclusive research and evaluation as a practical justice process / Karen Fisher and Rosemary Kayess -- Justice and the political future for indigenous Australians / Darryl Cronin -- The serendipity of justice : the case of unaccompanied migrant children becoming adult in the UK / Elaine Chase -- Patient reported measures as a justice project through involvement of service user researchers / Annie Madden, Paul Lennon, Cassie Hogan, Mel Getty, Max Hopwood, Joanne Neale and Carla Treloar -- Unequal justice : the effect of mass incarceration on children's educational outcomes in the USA : practical implications for policy and programmes / Leila Morsy -- Antimicrobial resistance, bacterial relations and social justice / Alex Broom, Assa Doron and Peter Aggleton -- Fostering change through the pursuit of practical justice in sexual and reproductive health and rights / Purnima Mane and Peter Aggleton.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in China -- 1 Ecological Civilization -- 2 Circular Economy -- 3 Healthy China 2030 -- 4 Case Studies -- 5 Policy Recommendations -- Reference -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in the Asia-Pacific Region -- 1 Policy Context -- 2 The SCHEMA Project -- 3 Policy Recommendations -- References -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in Latin America and the Caribbean -- References -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in Africa -- Reference -- Facilitating the Governance of Urban Sustainability and Resilience Transitions with Knowledge-Action Systems Analysis -- 1 Wicked Urban Resilience Challenges -- 2 Illustration of the KASA Approach: Urban Land Sustainability in San Juan, Puerto Rico -- 3 Future Directions for KASA -- References -- Advancing Urban Health and Wellbeing Through Collective and Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach 3.0 -- 1 Challenges of Urban Health and Wellbeing -- 2 Collective and Artificial Intelligence -- 3 Evolution of the System Approach -- 4 A Callforaction: SA 3.0 and the Urban Brain -- References -- The Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) Project: Learning from Latin America's Cities for a Healthier Future -- References -- Antimicrobial Resistance is a Health Risk in Chinese Cities-Now it Has Been Mapped -- References -- Financing and Implementing Resilience with a Systems Approach in Beirut -- 1 Urbanisation Context of Beirut -- 2 April 2017 Seminar -- 3 October 2017 Workshop -- 4 Finding 1: Building Resilience by Applying a Systems Approach -- 5 Proposed Architecture for Harnessing Complexity and Building Resilience -- 6 Finding 2: Resilience Brokers Programme-a Collaborative Model for Healthy and Resilient City-Regions.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction (Surveillance, Microbes and Pathways, Tracing and Preventing) -- 1: Patient Protection Is Patient Safety -- 1.1 Lack of Leader Competence and Responsibility -- 1.2 Hospital Organization Is Important for Hospital Infections and Patient Safety -- 1.2.1 The Norwegian Example -- 1.3 A Future for Healthcare -- References -- 2: Hospital Infections: Surveillance -- 2.1 Prevalence and Incidence Surveillance of HAI -- 2.2 Effect of Registration -- 2.2.1 Effect of Reorganizing from Public Hospital to Health Enterprise: On Development of HAIs -- 2.2.2 Interaction Between Local Hospitals and Nursing Homes: On Development of HAIs -- 2.3 The Burden of Healthcare-Associated Infections -- 2.3.1 The Burden of Antibacterial Resistance Globally Is Unknown -- References -- 3: Microbes, Transmission Routes and Survival Outside the Body -- 3.1 Microbes are Mostly Normal, Nonpathogenic Flora -- 3.2 Pathogenic Microbes: New and Old -- 3.3 Transmission Routes: Spread of Infection -- References -- 4: Antibacterial Agents and Drug Resistance -- 4.1 Antimicrobials: Sensitivity and Resistance -- 4.2 Reasons for Resistance Development -- 4.2.1 Overuse of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Feed and Fish Production -- 4.2.2 Overuse of Antibacterial Agents to Humans -- 4.3 Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDRO) Are Worldwide Problems -- 4.4 Practical Measures -- 4.4.1 Surveillance -- 4.4.2 Hygiene and Infection Control -- 4.4.3 Choice of Antibiotics -- 4.4.4 Treatment -- 4.4.4.1 General Guidelines -- 4.4.4.2 Sampling for Specimens -- 4.4.4.3 Recommended Treatment Period -- 4.4.4.4 Primary Choices of Antibacterial Drugs in Countries with Low-resistance Problems -- References -- 5: Tracing and Preventing Infections -- 5.1 Purpose -- 5.2 Comprise -- 5.3 Responsibility -- 5.4 Practical Measures.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Patterns of Resistance -- PART I: SEROTHERAPY AND THE RISE OF THE SPECIFIC, 1891 - 1930 -- 1 The Advent of Type-Specific Antipneumococcal Serotherapy -- 2 A "Specific" Specific and the Turbid Age of Applied Immunology -- 3 Fundamental Tensions: Clinical "Proof" and Clinical Resistance -- PART II: THE TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMONIA INTO A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN, 1930 - 1939 -- 4 The Massachusetts Experiment and New (York) Tensions -- 5 The New Standard, the New Deal, and the Pneumonia Control Programs -- PART III: RESOLUTION: THE ANTIMICROBIAL "REVOLUTION" AND THE DECLINE OF SEROTHERAPY, 1939 - PRESENT -- 6 Histology of a Revolution -- 7 A "Modern" Revolution: The Limits and Uses of Controlled Clinical Trials -- 8 The Dismantling of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern -- Conclusion: Overcoming Resistance -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.

Indoor air and public health -- Advanced manufacturing processes and technologies -- Multidimensional impacts of nanotechnology on public health -- The emergence of vector-borne diseases in new locations -- Radioactive remains -- Human spaces and nonhuman species: social representations of the risk of invasion -- Antimicrobial resistant genes and organisms as environmental contaminants of emerging concern: addressing global public health risks -- Risk perception of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment and precautionary measures -- Chemistry and psychology: cross views on pesticide risks -- Assessment and management of risks with antibiotic resistance in the environment.

Host-parasite coevolution is expected to present a strong force in nature, with interactions between hosts and parasites leading to rapid reciprocal adaptations. In recent years several coevolution experiments have been carried out, testing predictions on the dynamics and outcomes of coevolutionary processes. One aspect of host and parasite ecology that has received little attention in host-parasite coevolution experiments is the ability of both parties to shape their environment. A number of parasites are able to produce transmissive stages that persist in the environment across host generations and many host species are able to manipulate their environment through secretion of antimicrobial compounds or hygienic behaviours. The main objective of my PhD thesis is to extend our knowledge of how these traits may affect the outcome of coevolution. In chapter 1 I review previous evolution experiments and discuss how transmission mechanisms may have been responsible for confounding results that have been seen in the past. The subsequent chapters relate to a host-parasite coevolution experiment where I allowed the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, to coevolve separately with two parasites, the general entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, and its natural microsporidian parasite, Paranosema whitei. T. castaneum is able to secrete antimicrobial compounds into its environment and both parasites are able to produce persistent environmental stages. Within my experimental design I allowed for both the benefits of releasing transmissive stages into the environment for the parasites and secretion of antimicrobial compounds for the beetles to be realised. Coevolution resulted in both parasites increasing in virulence chapters 2 and 3. Fascinatingly, I was also able to show that in B. bassiana increased virulence was obtained via evolved resistance to the external immune compounds of the beetles chapter 3. Subtle reciprocal changes were also seen in hosts coevolved with B. bassiana chapter 4. This work highlights the importance of external immunity and transmissive parasite stages in coevolutionary interactions and the need for more studies where such effects are taken into account.

AARP -- Abortion -- Acrylamide -- Addition -- Aging -- AIDS -- Air pollution -- Alcohol use disorder -- Allergies -- Amebiasis -- American Public Health Association -- Animal abuse -- Anthrax -- Antibiotic stewardship -- Antibiotics -- Antimicrobial resistance -- Antiviral drugs -- Anxiety disorders -- Asbestosis -- Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEX-PH) -- Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) -- Asthma -- Autism -- Avian flu -- Bedbug infestation -- Behavioral health -- Birth defects -- Bisphenol A (BPA) -- Black lung disease -- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy -- Brucellosis -- Bullying -- Burns -- Campylobacteriosis -- Cancer -- Car seats -- Carbon monoxide poisoning -- Centers for Diesease Control and Prevention (CDC) -- Chagas disease -- Chemical poisoning -- Chikungunya -- Child abuse -- Child labor laws -- Childhood obesity -- Children's health -- Chlamydia -- Chlorination -- Cholera -- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) -- Chronic wasting disease -- Clostridium -- Community based participatory research (CBPR) -- Community development workers -- Community health assessment -- Community health improvement process (CHIP) -- Community health -- Community mental health -- Concussion -- Consumer safety -- Contraception and birth control -- Correctional health -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -- Cytomegalovirus -- Defibrillation -- Dengue fever -- Dental health -- Department of Health and Human Services -- Depression -- Diabetes mellitus -- Diphtheria -- Disease outbreaks -- Disruptive behavior disorder -- Distracted driving -- Domestic abuse -- Dracunculiasis infection -- Drinking water -- Drug resistance -- Dysentery -- Eating disorders -- Ebola virus disease -- Economic and financial stress -- Emergency health services -- Emergency preparedness -- Emerging diseases -- Encephalitis -- Environmental disasters -- Environmental health -- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -- Environmental toxins -- Epstein-Barr virus -- Escherichia coli -- Essential medicines -- Ethics and legal issues of public health -- Evidence-based policy -- Famine -- Federally qualified health centers -- Female genital mutilation -- Fetal alcohol syndrome -- Filariasis -- Food additives -- Food allergies -- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -- Foood contamination -- Food fortification -- Fungal infections -- Gaming -- genetic testing and counseling -- Genetically modified food -- Genomics -- Germ theory -- Global public health -- Gun violence as a public health issue -- H1N1 influenza A (Swine Flu) -- Haemophilus influenzae type b -- Hand-foot-and-mouth disease -- Handwashing -- Hantavirus infections -- Health commissioners -- Health departments -- Health education -- Health inspectors -- Health literacy -- Health policy -- Healthy cities -- Healthy lives, healthy people -- Healthy people 2020 -- Hearing loss -- Heart disease -- Helminthiasis -- Hepatitis -- Herpes -- Hill-Burton Act -- Human papilloma virus (HPV) -- Human rights -- Human trafficking -- Hunger and undernutrition -- Hygiene -- Hypertension -- Immunization -- Infant nutrition -- Infection control -- Infectious disease -- Infertility -- Infestations -- Influenza -- Insecticide poisoning -- Intestinal disorders -- Ionizing radiation -- Irradiated food -- Joint replacement -- K-2 synthetic marijuana (spice) -- Legionnaires' disease -- Leishmaniasis -- Leprosy -- Leptospirosis -- Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health -- Life expectancy -- Listeriosis -- Lyme disease -- Malaria -- Mapping in public health -- Marijuana -- Measles -- Medicaid and Medicare -- Medical waste -- Melamine -- Men's health -- Meningitis -- Methamphetamine -- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -- Miasma -- Middle East respiratory syndrome -- Migrant farm workers -- Military and veteran health -- Millennium Development Goals -- Minority health -- Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) -- Mold -- Mortality and morbidity -- Multiple sclerosis -- Mumps -- Mycobacterium -- National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) -- National Association of Local Boards of Health (NALBOH) -- National Institute of Mental Health -- National Institutes of Health -- Natural disasters -- Needles and syringes -- Noise pollution -- Noroviruses -- Nutrition -- Obesity -- Occupational health -- Onchocerciasis -- Opioid epidemic -- Organ donation and transplantation -- Pain -- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) -- Pandemic -- Parasites -- Parrot fever -- Pasteurization -- Physical activity -- Piercing and tattoos -- Plague -- Pneumonia -- Poisoning -- Polio -- Population -- Post-traumatic stress disorder -- Poverty -- Prevention -- Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) -- Public health administration -- Public health engineers -- Public Health Foundation (PHF) -- Public health nurses -- Q fever -- Quarantine and isolation -- Rabies -- Radiation -- Refugee health -- Reproductive health -- Ringworm -- Risk factors and assessment -- Road traffic safety -- Rotavirus -- Rubella -- Rural health -- Safe sex -- Salmonella -- Sanitation -- Scarlet fever -- Schistosomiasis -- School health -- Scurvy -- Secondhand smoke -- Senior health -- Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) -- Sexual assault -- Sexually transmitted diseases -- Shigellosis -- Shingles -- Sick building syndrome -- Sleep deprivation -- Smallpox -- Smoking -- Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) -- Sociologists -- Sodium -- Staphylococcal infections -- Stress -- Stroke -- Substance abuse and dependence -- Suicide -- Sun protection -- Syphilis -- Telehealth -- Tetanus -- Tobacco control -- Trachoma -- Travel health -- Tuberculosis -- Tularemia -- Typhoid fever -- Typhus -- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) -- United States Public Health Service (USPHS) -- Universal health care -- Vaccination -- Vaping/e-cigarettes -- Veterinary medicine -- Violence -- Visual health -- Vitamins -- Vulnerable populations -- Water -- West Nile virus -- Whooping cough -- Women's health -- Workplace safety -- World Health Organization (WHO) -- Yellow fever -- Zika fever -- Zoonosis.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Salmonella in Poultry Meat Production -- 1.1 Salmonella: A Major Foodborne Pathogen in Poultry -- 1.2 Salmonella in Poultry Production -- 1.2.1 S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum -- 1.2.2 Non-typhoidal Salmonella -- 1.2.3 S. Enteritidis: A Major Serovar -- 1.2.4 Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella -- 1.2.5 Salmonella Serotypes in Poultry Meat Products -- 1.3 Salmonella in Vertically Integrated Production Systems -- 1.3.1 Breeders -- 1.3.2 Hatchery -- 1.3.3 Farmed and Wild Animals, Rodents, and Other Vectors -- 1.3.4 Human Traffic and Related Activities -- 1.3.5 Feed, Litter, and Water -- 1.3.6 Aerosols -- 1.3.7 Processing Environment -- 1.3.7.1 Scalding -- 1.3.7.2 Defeathering -- 1.3.7.3 Evisceration -- 1.3.7.4 Chilling -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Reducing Foodborne Pathogens in Organic Poultry: Challenges and Opportunities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Challenges for Organic Poultry Producers -- 2.2.1 Animal Health and Food Safety Implications -- 2.2.2 Access to Outdoors -- 2.2.3 Slaughter and Processing Issues -- 2.3 Reducing the Prevalence of Pathogens in Organic Chickens -- 2.3.1 Plant Extracts as Safe and Effective Treatments for Organic Poultry -- 2.3.2 Postharvest Utilization of Plant-Derived Compounds -- 2.3.3 Organic Acids -- 2.3.4 Probiotics and Prebiotics -- 2.4 Other Challenges for Organic Poultry Producers -- 2.4.1 Availability of Organically Certified Feed Ingredients -- 2.4.2 Manure Management and Water -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Antibiotic Usage in Poultry Production and Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella in Poultry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production -- 3.3 Impact of Antibiotic Use on Poultry, Human, and Environmental Health -- 3.4 Recent Case of Transferrable Colistin Resistance and Poultry.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Effect of Economic Crisis on Social Living Conditions and Dietary Habits of Children -- Abstract -- Financial and Economic Crisis -- Dietary Habits of Children: Food Problem, Unhealthy Eating Choices, Physical-Emotional Problems -- Poverty Is the Main Cause of Food Insecurity and Hunger -- Linkages Between Food Insecurity and Obesity: Connecting Food Insecurity and Obesity -- Social Living Conditions: Focusing on Children's Health -- Poverty and Childhood Environment -- Impact of the Crisis on Infants and Young Children, Middle-Aged Children, Teenagers and Young People -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Chronic Diseases: Important Issues in Times of Economic Crisis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Effects of the Financial Crisis on Health Systems -- Effects of the Financial Crisis on Chronic Diseases -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Impact of Austerity on Dietary Habits and Obesity in Greek Children, Adolescents and Adults -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Impact of Austerity on Dietary Habits -- Impact of Austerity on Obesity -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Dynamic Comeback of the Old Enemies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Context -- Definition and Concepts -- Emerging Infectious Diseases -- Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases -- Factors Influencing Emergence and Re-Emergence -- Ecological Changes and Land Use -- Changes in Human Demographics and Behavior -- International Travel and Commerce -- Technology and Industry -- Microbial Adaptation and Change - Antimicrobial Drug Resistance -- Deficiencies in Public Health Systems -- Breakdown of Public Health Measures -- Immunization -- Control of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases -- Antiquated Public Health Laws -- Poverty and Social Inequality -- War and Famine

This book introduces some emerging functional foods that are natural resources with tremendous promise as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. The author considers biodiversity and bioprospecting as a response to food security issues, drug-resistance, nutrition-poor diets and other problems, exploring the prospects of several under-utilized nutrients and bioactive repositories. Readers will discover biochemical makeups, validated health benefits, explanations of underlying mechanisms, hurdles in the path of popularity and promotion strategies. Chapters explore particular plants, seeds and fruits including the strawberry guava, opuntia fruits, the Carissa genus, grape seeds, quinoa and the milk thistle (Silybum), amongst others. They are considered as food sources where possible and from the perspective of the roles they can play in complementary and alternative medicine, such as in wound healing, antimicrobial activity, gastroprotective activity in treatment of cancers and as natural antioxidant sources. This rich compilation holds plausible solutions to a range of current issues and it endorses the much-needed goal of sustainability in terms of diet and drugs. It paves the path for further research and development on hitherto obscure natural resources. Scientists working in the area of food development, phytochemical and antioxidant analysis, bioprospecting of low-profile foods and in complementary and alternative medicine will find this work particularly valuable. It will also be of interest to the general reader with an interest in food science, food security, phytochemicals and functional food studies

Emerging infectious diseases may be defined as diseases being caused by pathogens only recently recognized to exist. This group of diseases is important globally, and the experience of the last 30 years suggests that new emerging diseases are likely to bedevil us. As the global climate changes, so changes the environment which can support not only the pathogens, but also their vectors of transmission. This expands the exposure and effects of infectious disease and therefore, the importance of widespread understanding of the relationship between public health and infectious disease. This work brings together chapters which explain reasons for the emergence of these infectious diseases. These include the ecological context of human interactions with other humans, with animals which may host human pathogens, and with a changing agricultural and industrial environment, increasing resistance to antimicrobials, the ubiquity of global travel, and international commerce. * Features the latest discoveries related to influenza with a newly published article by Davidson Hamer and Jean van Seventer* Provides a listing of diseases which were rare which have become resurgent or spread their geographic distribution are 're-emergent'* Highlights dengue and malaria, as well as agents such as West Nile and other arbovirus that have spread to new continents causing widespread concerns* Includes discussions of climate influencing the spread of infectious disease, political and societal aspects

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Power of Precision Health -- The Precision Health past-and present -- Key principles of Precision Health -- Predictive and Preventive -- Personalized and Precise -- Patient-Centered -- Participatory -- Preeminent -- "High Touch" and "High Tech" -- The time is right for Precision Health -- About me -- The origins of Precision Health at Stanford -- About the book -- Chapter 1 The State of U.S. Health and Health Care Delivery -- The Health Paradox -- The U.S. Health Care Conundrum -- The "Sophisticated" Technology in Doctors' Offices -- The Unfulfilled Potential of Electronic Health Records -- What Handicaps the U.S. Health Care System -- Reactive -- One Size Fits All -- Fragmented -- Detached and Disconnected from Patients -- Low Value -- Misguided Incentives -- Opaque Pricing -- Overlooking the Biggest Determinants of Health -- Physician Burnout -- Chapter 2 There's More to "Health" Than Health Care -- Precision Health and Population Health -- Genes Are One Piece of the Health Puzzle -- Behaviors Can Change-and Do Change -- Chapter 3 The Innovation and Disruption Powering Progress in Health -- Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Advances and the Relationship between Academia and Industry -- How Digital Health Can Drive Disruption and Innovation -- The Environments That Foster Innovation -- How the Arts Helped Advance Antimicrobial Therapy -- Shattering the Stroke Treatment Stopwatch -- Resistance to Innovation -- Developing the Therapeutic Opportunities Associated with Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine -- Bringing Innovation to Immunology -- The Approaching Revolution in Sleep Research -- The Progress Underway in Predicting, Preventing, and Curing Allergies.

1 History and development of probiotics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Composition of probiotic preparations -- References -- 2 Bacterial interactions in the gut -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods for studying bacterial interactions -- 2.3 Main types of bacterial interactions in the gut -- 2.3 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Metabolic interactions in the gut -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mammalian intestinal metabolism -- 3.3 Gut bacterial metabolism -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Translocation and the indigenous gut flora -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Defence against bacterial translocation -- 4.3 Bacterial translocation in animal models with multiple deficiencies in host defences -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Gut flora and disease resistance -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Colonization resistance -- 5.3 Suppression of the multiplication of pathogens by the intestinal microflora -- 5.4 Mechanisms responsible for suppression of pathogens -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 The probiotic concept -- References -- 6 Factors affecting the microecology of the gut -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definitions -- 6.3 Use of one or a limited number of bacterial strains in probiotic preparations -- 6.4 Ecological considerations -- 6.5 Recommendations for future developments -- References -- 7 Probiotics and the immune state -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Effect of orally administered lactic acid bacteria on immunity: non-specific and specific immune response -- 7.3 Effect of oral administration on the secretory immune system -- 7.4 Effect on the protection against enteric infections -- References -- 8 Genetit manipulation of gut microorganisms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microbes of potential interest -- 8.3 Molecular genetical studies -- 8.4 Stability of genetic determinants -- 8.5 Possible developments -- 8.6 Release of genetically modified microbes -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Selection of strains for probiotic use -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Aim of this chapter -- 9.3 First steps in the choice of microbial strains -- 9.4 Species and viability of probiotic microorganisms -- 9.5 Processing of viable microorganisms to end-products -- 9.6 Resistance to in vivo conditions -- 9.7 Adherence and colonization -- 9.8 Antimicrobial activity -- 9.9 Gene technology -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Probiotics for chickens -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The normal intestinal flora of poultry -- 10.3 Host—microbial flora interactions -- 10.4 The application of probiosis to poultry -- 10.5 Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics -- 10.6 Competitive exclusion -- 10.7 Immunity -- 10.8 Bacteriophages -- 10.9 Summary -- References -- 11 Probiotics for pigs -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Special features of pigs relevant to the use of probiotics -- 11.3 Current use of probiotics -- 11.4 Efficacy -- 11.5 Functional characteristics of potential probiotic strains -- 11.6 General discussion -- References -- 12 Probiotics for ruminants -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Probiotics for young ruminants -- 12.3 Fungal feed additives for adult ruminants -- 12.4 Bacterial probiotics for adult ruminants -- 12.5 Future developments -- References -- 13 Probiotics for humans -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract -- 13.3 Current use of probiotics -- 13.4 Nutritional benefits of probiotics -- 13.5 Therapeutic benefits of probiotics -- 13.6 More recent developments in the area of probiotics and health -- 13.7 Properties required for probiotics to be effective in nutritional and therapeutic settings -- 13.8 Future development of probiotics for human use -- 13.9 Future applications of probiotics -- 13.10 Techniques for probiotic modification -- References -- 14 Problems and prospects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Factors affecting the probiotic response -- 14.3 Future developments -- 14.4 Summary -- References.