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Front -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC APPROACHES TO THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW -- DESCRIPTION OF THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW -- MODELS OF JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW -- DESCRIPTIVE MODELS OF JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW -- THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW -- VALIDITY OF LAW AND DECISION OF VALIDITY -- OPERATIVE INTERPRETATION AND DECISIONS OF INTERPRETATION -- DETERMINATION OF FACTS AND DECISIONS ON EVIDENCE -- DETERMINATION OF LEGAL CONSEQUENCES, DECISION OF THE CHOICE OF CONSEQUENCES AND THE FINAL JUDICIAL DECISION -- RATIONALITY AND THE CORRECTNESS OF A DECISION OF THE APPLICATION OF LAW -- PROBLEMS OF THE IDEOLOGY OF THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW -- JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF LAW AND THE IDEOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW -- THE IDEOLOGY OF BOUND JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING -- THE IDEOLOGY OF FREE JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING -- THE IDEOLOGY OF LEGAL AND RATIONAL JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING -- THE JUDGE AND THE APPLICATION OF LAW

The article is devoted to the specificity of application of law in the administrative type of this process. The subject is presented in the context of legal and extra-legal conditions of functioning of public administration that are linked to the necessity to implement public functions by administrative bodies. The article discusses the characteristic features of the administrative type of application of law, particularly when compared with judicial decision making. Special attention is also paid to decision making in the situation of existence of administrative approval as well as influence of politics and policies on decision making process. ; Adam Szot

Considering that the expansion of legal regulation and multiplication of legal norms in the legal order of the Republic of Serbia have engendered over two hundred (substantive and procedural) legislative acts referring to the application of the General Administrative Procedure Act (GAPA), there is no general law in the Serbian legal order that could be compared to the GAPA in terms of correlation with other laws. Yet, in our judicature and legal science, there are no clear criteria for regulating the relationship between the GAPA and other (subject-specific) legislative acts referring to the application of the GAPA provisions. The relationship between the GAPA and subject-specific legislative acts may be based on the regime of legal subordination and the regime of legal referral. It further leads to the distinction between subsidiary and analoguous application of the general law, which is the author's original standpoint. Analogous application entails the application of the general law in accordance with the nature of the relationship between the legal procedure rules and the subject matter of legal regulation, whereas subsidiary application entails the application of the general law as a whole in all matters which are not regulated by a subject-specific law. In view of the obligation to harmonize subject-specific legislative acts with the GAPA, the author is of the opinion that such harmonization cannot be put into effect without amending the GAPA. Therefore, the GAPA provisions shall: (1) embody the distinction between subsidiary and analogous application of the GAPA, and (2) strengthen the direct application of the GAPA in administrative matters.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- I. Aims and structure of the work -- 1. Law, Power, and Political Authority. On the Scope and Limitations of the Work -- I. Introduction -- II. Brief Methodological Remarks -- III. The Province of the problem Determined: What is Law? -- IV. Politics, Political Power, Political Authority -- V. From Powers to Power. The Familiar Tale of the Ineluctability of the State -- VI. The Conditions of Existence of Political Authority: insights from the theory of normative orders -- 2. The Dependence of Constitutional Democracy on the Distinction between Creation and Application of Law -- I. Introduction -- II. The Contested Relationship between Law and Politics -- III. Law as lex and as ius: the duality that makes constitutionalism possible -- IV. From constitutions to constitutionalism: narrowing the focus of constitutional theory -- V. The (proverbial) tension between democracy and constitutionalism -- VI. Modern constitutionalism as 'legal otherness' -- VII. The two-fold justificatory dependence of constitutional democracy on the idea of application of law -- 3. A Critical Evaluation of Moderate Legal Realism -- I. Introduction -- II. Realism vs formalism -- III. Let us be realist about adjudication. What do judges eat for breakfast? -- IV. Realism and realisms in law: meta-theory -- V. The lowest common denominator of legal realism -- VI. The two axes of rule-scepticism -- VII. The unbearable lightness of moderate scepticism -- VIII. On the normativity of law, and on the digestion of judges -- 4. Towards a Unified Account of Discretion in Law -- I. Introduction -- II. HLA Hart and the concept of discretion. Back to the future? -- III. Dworkin and the (normative) no-strong-discretion thesis -- IV. Discretion as a pervasive feature of Kelsen's Stufenbaulehre.

"This book addresses a palpable, yet widely neglected, tension in legal discourse. In our everyday legal practices - whether taking place in a courtroom, classroom, law firm, or elsewhere - we routinely and unproblematically talk of the activities of creating and applying law. However, when legal scholars have analysed this distinction in their theories (rather than simply assuming it), many have undermined it, if not dismissed it as untenable. The book considers the relevance of distinguishing between law-creation and law-application and how this transcends the boundaries of jurisprudential enquiry. It argues that such a distinction is also a crucial component of political theory. For if there is no possibility of applying a legal rule that was created by a different institution at a previous moment in time, then our current constitutional-democratic frameworks are effectively empty vessels that conceal a power relationship between public authorities and citizens that is very different from the one on which constitutional democracy is grounded. After problematising the most relevant objections in the literature, the book presents a comprehensive defence of the distinction between creation and application of law within the structure of constitutional democracy. It does so through an integrated jurisprudential methodology, which combines insights from different disciplines (including history, anthropology, political science, philosophy of language, and philosophy of action) while also casting new light on long-standing issues in public law, such as the role of legal discretion in the law-making process and the scope of the separation of powers doctrine"--

The article is devoted to the specificity of application of law in the administrative type of this process. The subject is presented in the context of legal and extra-legal conditions of functioning of public administration that are linked to the necessity to implement public functions by administrative bodies. The article discusses the characteristic features of the administrative type of application of law, particularly when compared with judicial decision making. Special attention is also paid to decision making in the situation of existence of administrative approval as well as influence of politics and policies on decision making process. ; Niniejszy artykuł został poświęcony omówieniu specyfiki stosowania prawa w typie administracyjnym. Poprzedza je ogólna refleksja na temat uwarunkowań prawnych i pozaprawnych funkcjonowania administracji publicznej, związanych z koniecznością dążenia przez jej organy do realizacji zadań państwa. Uwarunkowania te w znaczny sposób mogą wpływać na procesy podejmowania decyzji zarówno w ujęciu jednostkowym, jak i w odniesieniu do kształtowania się pewnych linii decyzyjnych. W dalszej części omówiono cechy charakterystyczne administracyjnego typu stosowania prawa, w szczególności w zestawieniu z orzeczniczą działalnością sądów. Odrębności te wiążą się przede wszystkim z faktem, iż stosowanie prawa w typie administracyjnym jest elementem szeroko rozumianego zarządzania w sferze publicznej. Różnice dostrzegalne są również w przebiegu rozumowań podejmowanych przed decydenta. Szczególną uwagę warto zwrócić na formułowanie treści decyzji finalnej w ramach uznania administracyjnego, które uprawnia organ do wyboru tego − spośród co najmniej dwóch prawnie dopuszczalnych rozstrzygnięć − które pełniej realizuje założoną politykę decydowania (stosowania prawa). To ostatnie zagadnienie zostało szerzej omówione w ramach ostatniej części artykułu, w której zanalizowano wpływ polityki na proces stosowania prawa i rozumowania organu podejmującego decyzję.