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This paper describes the added value of an interdisciplinary and experimental approach applied to an analysis of the inter-organizational communication of influence. The field analyzed is the international industrial standardization of societal security. A communicational problem has been investigated with an experimental method based on natural language processing and knowledge management tools. The purpose of the methodological framework is to clarify the way international standards are designed and the policies that are supported by these standards. Furthermore, strategies of influence of public and private stakeholders involved in the NGOs which produce these texts have also been studied. The means of inter-organizational communication between organizations (companies or governmental authorities) and NGOs can be compared to the lobbying developed in the context of the construction of Europe and globalization. Understanding the prescriptive process has become a crucial issue for States, organizations and citizens. This research contributes to the critical assessment of the new industrial policies currently being developed from the point of view of their characteristics and the way they have been designed.

Recent studies contradict the axiomatic assumption that CFC rules always lead to an effective increase in capital costs. Although the existence of correlative effects between the CFC rules and the artificial modulation of the investors' decision-making behavior is undeniable, the orientation of this behavior has demonstrated specific (and complex) parameters in the econometric analysis, to the extent that a conjunction of variables, harmonized with different standards of CFC rules, in its different parameters, were considered: a) from a behaviorist point of view, this ratifies the conclusion that the CFC anti-avoidance legislation is effectively combative to the artificial diversion of profits abroad; b) it further demonstrates the potential readjustment of multinational financial engineering to the new limiting tax-rate parameters in low-tax jurisdictions ("tax trigger"); and finally c) it reveals that distinct CFC rules can generate equally distinct results, influencing the economic-rational behavior of agents with varying modulations and perspectives. In a plexus of 56 countries, with a significant bias of legitimacy to the existence of anti-deferral CFC-type rules, it was concluded that these rules inhibit passive income deviation structures, without, on the other hand, having a significant negative influence on productive investments. Validation of these causal correlations were based on modifying temporal parameters and specific variables. ; Des études récentes contredisent l'hypothèse axiomatique selon laquelle les règles CFC («controlled foreign corporation rules») conduisent toujours à une augmentation effective des coûts du capital. Bien que indémontrable l'existence d'effets corrélatifs entre la législation anti-évasion CFC rules et la modulation artificielle du comportement de prise de décision des investisseurs, l'orientation de ce comportement a démontré des paramètres spécifiques (et complexes) dans l'analyse économétrique, à la mesure où des variables, harmonisées aux standards de différentes règles CFC, dans ses différents paramètres, furent considérées: a) d'un point de vue béhavioriste, cela ratifie la conclusion, dans le sens que cette législation est efficacement combative au détournement artificiel de profits à l'étranger; b) il en démontre encore la potentielle réadaptation de l'ingénierie financière des multinationales aux nouveaux paramètres d'imposition-limite, dans des juridictions à faible imposition («seuil de déclenchement fiscal»); et enfin c) il révèle que des règles CFC distinctes peuvent générer des résultats aussi distincts, influençant le comportement économico-rationnel des agents selon des modulations et des perspectives variées. Dans un plexus de 56 pays, avec un biais important de légitimation à l'existence de normes anti-détournement type CFC, il a été conclu que ces règles inhibent les structures de déviation de revenus passifs, sans avoir en contrepartie une influence négative significative dans les investissements productifs. La validation de ces corrélations causales s'est produite en modifiant les paramètres temporel et des variables spécifiques. ; Estudos recentes contradizem a assunção axiomática de que normas CFC sempre levam ao incremento efetivo dos custos de capital. Embora inafastável a existência de efeitos correlacionais entre normas CFC e a modulação artificial do comportamento decisório de investidores, a orientação deste comportamento assumiu parâmetros individualizados (e complexos) em análise econométrica, à medida que foram consideradas variáveis afinadas aos condicionantes existentes em distintas normas CFC, em suas múltiplas configurações: a) sob ponto de vista behaviorista, esta aferição ratifica a conclusão de que a legislação CFC é eficazmente combativa ao desvio artificial de lucros offshore; b) demonstra ainda, sem prejuízo, a potencialidade de multinacionais readaptarem suas tipologias de engenharia financeira aos novos parâmetros de alíquota-limite das jurisdições de baixa tributação ("curva de gatilho-tributário"); e por fim: c) permite constatar que regras CFC distintas poderão gerar resultados também distintos, influenciando o comportamento econômico-racional dos agentes conforme modulações e perspectivas variadas. Em um plexo de 56 jurisdições, com grande viés legitimador à existência de normas antielusão do tipo CFC, concluiu-se que tais normas inibem estruturas de alocação de rendas passivas, sem apresentar influência negativa significativa em investimentos econômico-produtivos. A validação destas correlações causais deu-se pela modificação dos parâmetros de tempo e de variáveis específicas.

In Cameroon, the sequence of reforms in the health sector has reinforced an ideological wavering between two opposing currents: a socio-universal that promotes equity, and a neoliberal, which militates for greater economic efficiency of existing systems. Articulating two concerns which are, the worsening of health inequalities as consequence of policy choices made on the efficacy of services without taking into account factors that support the demand, and the form of organization of the health system arising from an imperfect translation of major international principles, this thesis aims to contributing to a critical reflection on the process, the implementation and the results produced by these health policies. To determine Cameroonian specificity, we inscribe them in a triple theoretical field. The neo-institutionalist approach, mobilize to grasp the importance of the economic history and its influence on the evolution of the health system, which allows understanding the conditions for policy change. The "referentials" approach to policy analysis in order to apprehend the foundations of the new public policy, including the understanding of how interests and ideas are formatted by institutions. An effort to illuminate the policy game is undertaken to appraise the mediation of political entrepreneurs, thereby testing empirically the "top-down hypothesis". Finally, the theories of justice help to argue for the existence of an imbalance between health supply and demand which undermines health outcomes, and reinforces the conflict efficacy versus equity. Indeed, our work aims to provide some answers to three main questions: (i) Why (triggers) and how (dynamic) health public policies are influenced in their construction and implementation by economic policies? (ii) What are the outcomes of induced changes by the global referential (macroeconomic framework) on sectoral referential that requires a more equitable distribution and access to health services? (iii) What lessons can we learn from the knowledge of the ...

In Cameroon, the sequence of reforms in the health sector has reinforced an ideological wavering between two opposing currents: a socio-universal that promotes equity, and a neoliberal, which militates for greater economic efficiency of existing systems. Articulating two concerns which are, the worsening of health inequalities as consequence of policy choices made on the efficacy of services without taking into account factors that support the demand, and the form of organization of the health system arising from an imperfect translation of major international principles, this thesis aims to contributing to a critical reflection on the process, the implementation and the results produced by these health policies. To determine Cameroonian specificity, we inscribe them in a triple theoretical field. The neo-institutionalist approach, mobilize to grasp the importance of the economic history and its influence on the evolution of the health system, which allows understanding the conditions for policy change. The "referentials" approach to policy analysis in order to apprehend the foundations of the new public policy, including the understanding of how interests and ideas are formatted by institutions. An effort to illuminate the policy game is undertaken to appraise the mediation of political entrepreneurs, thereby testing empirically the "top-down hypothesis". Finally, the theories of justice help to argue for the existence of an imbalance between health supply and demand which undermines health outcomes, and reinforces the conflict efficacy versus equity. Indeed, our work aims to provide some answers to three main questions: (i) Why (triggers) and how (dynamic) health public policies are influenced in their construction and implementation by economic policies? (ii) What are the outcomes of induced changes by the global referential (macroeconomic framework) on sectoral referential that requires a more equitable distribution and access to health services? (iii) What lessons can we learn from the knowledge of the interrelationships between the dynamics of poverty reduction and the persistence of inaccessibility to health care in order to improve the evaluation of public policies? From a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators, the robustness of the new policy is questioned following prospects regarding health distribution and accessibility. Therefore, we emphasize the difficulty of the public policy to achieve satisfactory results both in terms of efficacy or equity due to the institutional and organizational system in which it is designed and implemented. Three epistemic communities acting on a nonstructural basis are identified and analyzed through a robust qualitative material that enables us to grasp the existence of a paradigmatic conflict emerged from how different groups are positioning themselves and interpret reality in order to put in coherence the sectorial referential and the global market-based one which appears to be rather spontaneous and mandatory. Statistical and econometric works to measure more precisely the inequalities and determinants of access and use of health services by the population supports the idea of a widening of inequalities by the health policies maintained by strong regressive mechanisms. The analysis of the determinants of occurrence of catastrophic health expenditures also confirms this. We mobilize thereafter an additional material to assess the allocative efficiency and efficacy of public spending on health as well as their impact on the use of services and benefits revealed from their use. ; Au Cameroun, l'enchaînement des reformes en matière de santé a renforcé le flottement idéologique entre deux courants opposés : un socio-universel qui promeut l'équité, et l'autre néolibéral, qui milite pour une plus grande efficacité économique des systèmes en place. Articulant deux préoccupations que sont l'aggravation des inégalités de santé comme conséquence des choix politiques portés sur l'efficacité des services sans prise en compte des facteurs qui soutiennent la demande, et les formes d'organisation de la santé qui découlent d'une traduction imparfaite des grands principes internationaux, cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à une réflexion critique sur le processus de fabrication, la mise en œuvre et les résultats produits par ces politiques de santé. Pour cerner la spécificité camerounaise, nous les inscrivons dans un triple champ théorique. Le courant économique néo-institutionnaliste pour saisir l'importance de l'histoire économique du pays et son influence sur l'évolution du système de santé, ce qui permet de comprendre les conditions de changement politique. Le modèle de référentiel de politique publique pour appréhender les fondements de la nouvelle politique publique, notamment la façon dont les idées et les intérêts sont formatés par les institutions. Un essai de décodage du jeu d'acteurs est entrepris en s'appuyant sur la médiation, mettant à l'épreuve les hypothèses de « l'ajustement par le haut ». Enfin, les théories de la justice sont sollicitées pour argumenter en faveur de l'existence d'un déséquilibre entre l'offre et la demande qui agit sur les résultats sanitaires et qui renforce le conflit efficacité versus équité. En effet, notre travail ambitionne d'apporter des éléments de réponses à trois questions principales : (i) Pourquoi (déclencheurs) et comment (dynamique) les politiques publiques de santé sont-elles transformées dans leur construction et leur mise en œuvre par les politiques économiques ? (ii) Quels sont les effets du changement induit par le référentiel global sur le référentiel sectoriel qui exige une distribution de l'accès aux services de santé plus équitable ? (iii) Quels enseignements peut-on tirer de la connaissance des interrelations entre la dynamique de réduction de la pauvreté et l'inaccessibilité persistante dans l'accès aux soins de santé pour une amélioration de l'évaluation des politiques publiques ? A partir d'un nombre d'indicateurs quantitatifs et qualitatifs, la robustesse de la nouvelle politique est questionnée suivant les perspectives de distribution et d'accessibilité. Dès lors, nous soulignons la difficulté à atteindre des résultats satisfaisants que ce soit en termes d'efficacité ou d'équité à cause du système institutionnel et organisationnel dans lequel elle se conçoit et se met en œuvre. Trois communautés épistémiques plus ou moins forts qui agissent de façon peu structurée sont repérées et analysées à travers un matériau qualitatif riche qui permet d'appréhender l'existence d'un conflit paradigmatique né de la façon dont les groupes se positionnent et arrivent à mettre en cohérence le référentiel sectoriel de la santé avec le référentiel global de marché qui revêt plutôt un caractère spontané et impératif. Un travail statistique et économétrique permettant de mesurer plus finement les inégalités et les déterminants d'accès et de recours aux soins par les populations soutient l'idée d'un creusement des inégalités de santé par ces politiques soutenues par des mécanismes de financement fortement régressifs. L'analyse des déterminants de survenue des dépenses catastrophiques vient également confirmer ce positionnement. Nous apprécions par la suite l'efficacité allocative et l'efficience des dépenses publiques de santé ainsi que leur impact sur l'utilisation des services et les bénéfices révélés de leur utilisation.

The abstract interpretation is a general method to compute automatically program invariants. This method leads to solve a non-linear fixed point equation involving a monotone function. Determining numerical invariants in order, for instance, to give bounds on the values taken by the variables of a program, turns out to be equivalent to solving a two-player zero-sum game with stopping options. This observation allows one to transport algorithms from game theory, like policy iteration, to abstract interpretation. The first contribution of this thesis is the generalisation of these abstract polyhedraic numerical domains. We construct a general abstract numerical domain which encompasses all the classical ones. We define an abstract semantic function in terms of a Galois connection. However, evaluating the abstract semantic function is as hard as solving a non-convex global optimization problem. Hence, we define a second semantic function called relaxed semantics constructed from duality theory, which provides a safe overapproximation of the abstract semantic function. The duality theory also motivates the construction of a dynamical policy iteration algorithm to compute numerical invariants. In practice for programs written in affine arithmetic, we combine Shor's relaxation scheme and Lyapunov functions to evaluate the relaxed semantic function and so generate numerical invariants which are the form of truncated ellipsoids. The second contribution concerns policy iteration and computation of the smallest fixed point problem which provides the more precise invariant. We refined the policy iteration algorithm in order to compute the smallest fixed point, in the case of stochastic games. The refinement is based on non-linear Perron-Frobenius theory. However, since the abstract semantic function in the case of interval domain can be interpreted as a Shapley operator in perfect information, we use a weaker notion of differentiability: it is semidifferentiable. The approach by the semiderivatives combined by non-linear spectral radius allows us to characterise the fixed points in the non-expansive case. In the case of non-expansive and piecewise affine (Shapley) operators, the characterisation leads to a termination criteria for policy iteration. When the fixed point found by policy iteration is not minimal, the problem is reduced to finding a non-positive fixed point for a semiderivative map. This vector provides a descent direction which leads to a new policy and then to a strictly smaller fixed point. This approach has also been applied to typical examples arising from game or program verification problems. ; L'interprétation abstraite est une méthode générale qui permet de déterminer de manière automatique des invariants de programmes. Cette méthode conduit à résoudre un problème de point fixe non linéaire de grande taille mais qui possède des propriétés de monotonie. Ainsi, déterminer des bornes sur les valeurs prises par une variable au cours de l'exécution d'un programme, est un problème de point fixe équivalent à un problème de jeu à deux joueurs, à somme nulle et avec options d'arrêt. Cette dernière observation explique la mise en oeuvre d'algorithmes d'itérations sur les politiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons généralisé les domaines numériques polyédriques par un domaine numérique abstrait permettant de représenter des invariants non-linéaires. Nous avons défini une fonction sémantique abstraite sur ce domaine à partir d'une correspondance de Galois. Cependant, l'évaluation de celle-ci est aussi difficile qu'un problème d'optimisation globale non-convexe. Cela nous a amené à définir une fonction sémantique relâchée, construite à partir de la théorie de la dualité, qui sur-approxime de la fonction sémantique abstraite. La théorie de la dualité a également motivé une construction d'une itération sur les politiques dynamique pour calculer des invariants numériques. En pratique pour des programmes écrits en arithmétique affine, nous avons combiné la relaxation de Shor et l'information des fonctions de Lyapunov quadratique pour évaluer la fonction sémantique relâchée et ainsi générer des invariants numériques sous forme d'ellipsoïdes tronquées. Le deuxième travail concerne l'itération sur les politiques et le calcul du plus petit point fixe qui fournit l'invariant le plus précis. Nous avons raffiné l'itération sur les politiques afin de produire le plus petit point fixe dans le cas des jeux stochastiques. Ce raffinement repose sur des techniques de théorie de Perron-Frobenius non-linéaire. En effet, la fonction sémantique abstraite sur les intervalles peut être vue comme un opérateur de Shapley en information parfaite: elle est semidifférentiable. L'approche conjointe de la semidifférentielle et des rayons spectraux non linéaires nous a permis, dans le cas des contractions au sens large de caractériser le plus petit point fixe. Cette approche mène à un critère d'arrêt pour l'itération sur politique dans le cas des fonctions affines par morceaux contractantes au sens large. Quand le point fixe est non minimal, le problème consiste à exhiber un point fixe négatif non nul de la semidifférentielle. Ce vecteur conduit à une nouvelle politique qui fournit un point fixe strictement plus petit que le point fixe courant. Cette approche a été appliquée à quelques exemples de jeux stochastiques à paiements positifs et de vérification de programmes.

The abstract interpretation is a general method to compute automatically program invariants. This method leads to solve a non-linear fixed point equation involving a monotone function. Determining numerical invariants in order, for instance, to give bounds on the values taken by the variables of a program, turns out to be equivalent to solving a two-player zero-sum game with stopping options. This observation allows one to transport algorithms from game theory, like policy iteration, to abstract interpretation. The first contribution of this thesis is the generalisation of these abstract polyhedraic numerical domains. We construct a general abstract numerical domain which encompasses all the classical ones. We define an abstract semantic function in terms of a Galois connection. However, evaluating the abstract semantic function is as hard as solving a non-convex global optimization problem. Hence, we define a second semantic function called relaxed semantics constructed from duality theory, which provides a safe overapproximation of the abstract semantic function. The duality theory also motivates the construction of a dynamical policy iteration algorithm to compute numerical invariants. In practice for programs written in affine arithmetic, we combine Shor's relaxation scheme and Lyapunov functions to evaluate the relaxed semantic function and so generate numerical invariants which are the form of truncated ellipsoids. The second contribution concerns policy iteration and computation of the smallest fixed point problem which provides the more precise invariant. We refined the policy iteration algorithm in order to compute the smallest fixed point, in the case of stochastic games. The refinement is based on non-linear Perron-Frobenius theory. However, since the abstract semantic function in the case of interval domain can be interpreted as a Shapley operator in perfect information, we use a weaker notion of differentiability: it is semidifferentiable. The approach by the semiderivatives combined by non-linear ...

In many different fields, rational risk analysis is part of the decision making process. It is a fundamental methodological tool which helps economic and politic actors to anticipate potential crises. Such an analysis aims at identifying not only risky situations but also the main risk factors so that prevention policies can be built more easily. This analysis is usually dedicated to human experts, but the data available in which to retrieve the relevant information may be so large that there is a great need for tools automating part of the risk analysis. We propose a generic decision support system dedicated to crisis prediction. The goal of this system is to provide a synthesis of the structural situation through the identification of potential crises and of the main factors that may explain the weaknesses of the situation. Our system relies on the supervised learning of fuzzy decision rules. As the data quality is a major concern in many applications a large part of our study has to deal with data preprocessing and more precisely missing data imputation and feature selection. We have also investigated the problem of model selection so that our system can find the most suitable model for a given application. To assess the quality of our methodology we have chosen to apply it on intrastate conflict prediction which will thus be at the subject of our experiments throughout the thesis. ; Dans de nombreux domaines, l'analyse rationnelle des risques fait partie intégrante du processus de décision. Il s'agit d'un outil méthodologique essentiel pour les acteurs politiques et économiques qui leur permet d'anticiper le déclenchement de crises potentielles. Dans certains secteurs d'activité les conséquences de telles crises sont parfois telles que le recours à l'analyse de risque correspond à une contrainte réglementaire imposée par le législateur. L'objectif d'une telle analyse est de parvenir à identifier les situations à risque ainsi que les principaux facteurs de risque de manière à pouvoir mettre en place les ...

In many different fields, rational risk analysis is part of the decision making process. It is a fundamental methodological tool which helps economic and politic actors to anticipate potential crises. Such an analysis aims at identifying not only risky situations but also the main risk factors so that prevention policies can be built more easily. This analysis is usually dedicated to human experts, but the data available in which to retrieve the relevant information may be so large that there is a great need for tools automating part of the risk analysis. We propose a generic decision support system dedicated to crisis prediction. The goal of this system is to provide a synthesis of the structural situation through the identification of potential crises and of the main factors that may explain the weaknesses of the situation. Our system relies on the supervised learning of fuzzy decision rules. As the data quality is a major concern in many applications a large part of our study has to deal with data preprocessing and more precisely missing data imputation and feature selection. We have also investigated the problem of model selection so that our system can find the most suitable model for a given application. To assess the quality of our methodology we have chosen to apply it on intrastate conflict prediction which will thus be at the subject of our experiments throughout the thesis. ; Dans de nombreux domaines, l'analyse rationnelle des risques fait partie intégrante du processus de décision. Il s'agit d'un outil méthodologique essentiel pour les acteurs politiques et économiques qui leur permet d'anticiper le déclenchement de crises potentielles. Dans certains secteurs d'activité les conséquences de telles crises sont parfois telles que le recours à l'analyse de risque correspond à une contrainte réglementaire imposée par le législateur. L'objectif d'une telle analyse est de parvenir à identifier les situations à risque ainsi que les principaux facteurs de risque de manière à pouvoir mettre en place les ...

Since the end of the 19th century, concern about the definition of poverty has significantly risen in both political and academic circles. Most of the success of anti-poverty programs depends on the definition of this concept of poverty. The ambition of this Ph-D dissertation is to question ambiguous links between three information bases. Utilitarianism, which still constitutes, because of theoretical extensions, the main paradigm in poverty analysis, defines poverty as a lack of monetary resources to maintain a good physical and psychological quality of life. Two recent branches of research have attempted to enrich the definition. Both the Basic Needs Approach and the Capability Approach have broadened the concept of poverty to include non-monetary dimensions of the quality of life as well as to allow for individual freedom for the latter. If those approaches appear to be at odds with the monetary one, this dissertation shows that they overlap more than it seems. To question this theoretical result we confront them with original data from Observatories of Maritime Guinea. Empirical results corroborate our theoretical stance: both monetary and multidimensional approaches tend to provide additional information as for the reality of the phenomenon of poverty on our sample. Moreover, if monetary information is not sufficient to understand the reality of deprivation, income remains important in the probability for a household of being a victim of multidimensional poverty. ; Depuis la fin du XIXème siècle, les préoccupations concernant la définition de la pauvreté ne cessent de croître dans les milieux universitaires et politiques. Les implications sur les programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté dépendent en grande partie de la définition que l'on retient de la notion même de pauvreté. Cette thèse a pour ambition de questionner les rapports parfois ambigus entre trois grandes familles informationnelles. L'utilitarisme qui constitue, aujourd'hui encore, grâce à de nombreuses extensions théoriques, le paradigme dominant ...

The aim of this work is to apply the concept of observatory in educational system as a tool for decision support based on the visualization of information. For this, we have developed the Dynamic Observatory applied to the Education System (ODSE) that we have applied to the Cameroonian educational system. Our descriptive approach is based on fact that to decide, one must understand, and to understand, we must observe and analyze. In one way or another, intelligence is based on the observation process. The decision comes after understanding its environment. Also, the observation is turned into knowledge with the given meaning to things and determining what to do. But the analysis and understanding of the environment differ from one individual to another; the decision is then influenced by external factors such as political pressures, cultural and / or social. This being the information we have for steering the process and the choice of solving a decision problem, we thought it important to have a tool that assists the decision maker in the decision process for making quick and safe decisions or at least minimizing the degree of uncertainty in decision chosen. This tool provides transparency in processing and clarity in the process of information collection. Such an observatory, it serves as an instrument for monitoring and control through which the decision-maker observes, analyzes and orients its decision based on the behavior of one or more indicators. The result returned is in a visual form to generate indicators from the mass of data available to the decision maker. Our work has been guided by the concept of competitive intelligence that provides a methodology for implementing a rational process through the use of information and it is based on the approaches of "satisfactory" choice and rational decision process from the work of Falque and Bougon. ; L'objectif de ce travail est d'appliquer le concept d'observatoire à un système éducatif comme outil d'aide à la décision basé sur la visualisation de ...

The aim of this work is to apply the concept of observatory in educational system as a tool for decision support based on the visualization of information. For this, we have developed the Dynamic Observatory applied to the Education System (ODSE) that we have applied to the Cameroonian educational system. Our descriptive approach is based on fact that to decide, one must understand, and to understand, we must observe and analyze. In one way or another, intelligence is based on the observation process. The decision comes after understanding its environment. Also, the observation is turned into knowledge with the given meaning to things and determining what to do. But the analysis and understanding of the environment differ from one individual to another; the decision is then influenced by external factors such as political pressures, cultural and / or social. This being the information we have for steering the process and the choice of solving a decision problem, we thought it important to have a tool that assists the decision maker in the decision process for making quick and safe decisions or at least minimizing the degree of uncertainty in decision chosen. This tool provides transparency in processing and clarity in the process of information collection. Such an observatory, it serves as an instrument for monitoring and control through which the decision-maker observes, analyzes and orients its decision based on the behavior of one or more indicators. The result returned is in a visual form to generate indicators from the mass of data available to the decision maker. Our work has been guided by the concept of competitive intelligence that provides a methodology for implementing a rational process through the use of information and it is based on the approaches of "satisfactory" choice and rational decision process from the work of Falque and Bougon. ; L'objectif de ce travail est d'appliquer le concept d'observatoire à un système éducatif comme outil d'aide à la décision basé sur la visualisation de ...

The thesis focuses on the impact of public subsidies on farmers' production decisions. It first concentrates on the link between public subsidies and farm technical efficiency, and then investigates the potential effects of decoupled subsidies on farmers' provision of ecosystem services. The influence of public subsidies on farmers' behaviour is an important policy question in the context of the successive reforms of agricultural policies. There exists an extensive literature on this question, but this literature has three main shortcomings. First, the literature on the specific topic of the subsidy-efficiency nexus relies on a plethora of empirical models in which subsidies are often treated in an ad hoc way. Second, this literature is almost exclusively based on static modelling, while most agricultural production decisions are dynamic in nature. Finally, in the literature on the incentive effects of decoupled subsidies, the multitasking nature of farming activities has receivedlittle attention. The thesis addresses these issues, first, by undertaking a meta-analysis of the existing empirical findings on the subsidy-efficiency nexus, in order to control for effects arising from the various methodologies used. The results show that modelling subsidies as outputs, or using the ratio of subsidies to farm revenue as a subsidy proxy, could lead to misleading results. Then, the thesis develops and estimates a dynamic frontier model; for comparison purposes, the static counterpart of this model is also estimated. The results indicate that the static framework overestimates the (detrimental) effect of subsidies on farm technical efficiency. Finally, the thesis develops and tests a multitasking agency model, indicating that decoupled subsidies could raise farmer's incentives to provide environmental services and ecologically sound production ; La thèse s'intéresse à l'impact des subventions publiques sur les décisions de production des agriculteurs. Elle analyse d'abord le lien entre subventions et efficacité technique ...