Suchergebnisse

Detecting, localizing or following targets is at the core of numerous robotic applications in industrial, civilian and military application contexts. Much work has been devoted in various research communities to planning for such problems, each community with a different standpoint. Our thesis first provides a unifying taxonomy to go beyond the frontiers of specific communities and specific problems, and to enlarge the scope of prior surveys. We review various work related to each class of problems identified in the taxonomy, highlighting the different approaches, models and results. This analysis specifically points out the lack of representativityof the exploited models, which are in vast majority only 2D single-layer models where motion and sensing are mixed up. We consider those unrealistic models as too restrictive to handle the full synergistic potential of an heterogeneous team of cooperative robots. In response to this statement, we suggest a new organisation of the necessary models, stating clearly the links and separation between models and planning algorithms. This has lead to the development of a C++ library that structures the available models and defines the requests required by the planning process. We then exploit this library through a set of algorithms tackling area patrolling and target tracking. These algorithms are supported by a sound formalism and we study the impact of the models on the observed performances, with an emphasis on the complexity and the quality of the resultingsolutions. As a more general consideration, models are an essential link between Artificial Intelligence and applied Robotics : improving their expressiveness and studying them rigorously are the keys leading toward better robot behaviours and successful robotic missions. This thesis help to show how important the models are for planning and other decision processes formulti-robot missions. ; La détection et le suivi de cibles sont des missions fréquentes pour la robotique mobile, que le contexte soit civil, ...

Detecting, localizing or following targets is at the core of numerous robotic applications in industrial, civilian and military application contexts. Much work has been devoted in various research communities to planning for such problems, each community with a different standpoint. Our thesis first provides a unifying taxonomy to go beyond the frontiers of specific communities and specific problems, and to enlarge the scope of prior surveys. We review various work related to each class of problems identified in the taxonomy, highlighting the different approaches, models and results. This analysis specifically points out the lack of representativityof the exploited models, which are in vast majority only 2D single-layer models where motion and sensing are mixed up. We consider those unrealistic models as too restrictive to handle the full synergistic potential of an heterogeneous team of cooperative robots. In response to this statement, we suggest a new organisation of the necessary models, stating clearly the links and separation between models and planning algorithms. This has lead to the development of a C++ library that structures the available models and defines the requests required by the planning process. We then exploit this library through a set of algorithms tackling area patrolling and target tracking. These algorithms are supported by a sound formalism and we study the impact of the models on the observed performances, with an emphasis on the complexity and the quality of the resultingsolutions. As a more general consideration, models are an essential link between Artificial Intelligence and applied Robotics : improving their expressiveness and studying them rigorously are the keys leading toward better robot behaviours and successful robotic missions. This thesis help to show how important the models are for planning and other decision processes formulti-robot missions. ; La détection et le suivi de cibles sont des missions fréquentes pour la robotique mobile, que le contexte soit civil, ...

Detecting, localizing or following targets is at the core of numerous robotic applications in industrial, civilian and military application contexts. Much work has been devoted in various research communities to planning for such problems, each community with a different standpoint. Our thesis first provides a unifying taxonomy to go beyond the frontiers of specific communities and specific problems, and to enlarge the scope of prior surveys. We review various work related to each class of problems identified in the taxonomy, highlighting the different approaches, models and results. This analysis specifically points out the lack of representativityof the exploited models, which are in vast majority only 2D single-layer models where motion and sensing are mixed up. We consider those unrealistic models as too restrictive to handle the full synergistic potential of an heterogeneous team of cooperative robots. In response to this statement, we suggest a new organisation of the necessary models, stating clearly the links and separation between models and planning algorithms. This has lead to the development of a C++ library that structures the available models and defines the requests required by the planning process. We then exploit this library through a set of algorithms tackling area patrolling and target tracking. These algorithms are supported by a sound formalism and we study the impact of the models on the observed performances, with an emphasis on the complexity and the quality of the resultingsolutions. As a more general consideration, models are an essential link between Artificial Intelligence and applied Robotics : improving their expressiveness and studying them rigorously are the keys leading toward better robot behaviours and successful robotic missions. This thesis help to show how important the models are for planning and other decision processes formulti-robot missions. ; La détection et le suivi de cibles sont des missions fréquentes pour la robotique mobile, que le contexte soit civil, ...

Autobiz publishes information on the automotive sector. The subject of this thesis is to give more tools for best understanding the used cars market by proposing modeling the price and the sale duration of vehicles. In our disposal we have a dataset consisted of used car advertisements automatically collected from the most popular website in France. Such data records often include outlying values. So, we need to start our analysis by considering outliers problem and we propose an outliers detector for univariate case for which we study asymptotic properties. Next, we develop a predicting model for used cars price. Although enumerable amount of works are stored in the literature we see that each of them lacks rigorous statistical foundations. We investigate the relationships between the price, the mileage, the age and others vehicle characteristics. More precisely we discuss how incorporate these variables in a model and compare different modeling approaches with the object to find the one best fitting the dataset and easy to implement. Expert's opinions are minded at different stages of the model-building process. Next, we identify variables and how they affect the probability of a used vehicle's sale from a list of explanatory variables related to price, mileage and age. In the sequel, we build a model allowing predicting the sale duration. Finally, we discuss about modeling sales of used cars by using the negative binomial distribution. ; La société Autobiz édite et diffuse de l'information sur le secteur automobile. Cette thèse contribue à l'enrichissement de cette information et à une meilleure compréhension du marché de l'occasion par l'élaboration des modèles de prédiction du prix des véhicules et du délai de vente qui leur est associé. Nous avons eu à notre disposition une base de données réelles constituée d'annonces de sources diverses induisant une nombre considérable d'outliers. Ainsi, la première partie de travail s'est consacrée à la construction de méthodes de détection d'outliers incluant aussi ...

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Population growth in the Languedoc coastal region is very high since few decades. This phenomenon produces a rapid and uncontrolled urban sprawl at agricultural lands expense. While these lands are often high agronomical potential, they are most often permanently lost. To better understand the dynamics of consumption of these agricultural lands by artificial surfaces and to have spatial tools to argue the risk of permanent loss of agronomical potential heritage, the Regional Direction of Food, Agriculture and Forestry of Languedoc-Roussillon has commissioned a study from research institutions: INRA for the agronomical theme and Cemagref for the spatial information and analysis. In order to quantify and qualify agricultural land changes, a methodology intended to build a system of spatial and spatialized indicators is being developed. The appropriation of indicators by users is the guarantee of their use. Research has therefore relied on an iterative participatory approach for the co-construction and the co-evaluation of indicators by stakeholders. The paper aims to present and discuss the approach and methods used for the production of indicators. More generally, it's a contribution to analyze process of consultation intended to develop measurement and decision-making tools.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Population growth in the Languedoc coastal region is very high since few decades. This phenomenon produces a rapid and uncontrolled urban sprawl at agricultural lands expense. While these lands are often high agronomical potential, they are most often permanently lost. To better understand the dynamics of consumption of these agricultural lands by artificial surfaces and to have spatial tools to argue the risk of permanent loss of agronomical potential heritage, the Regional Direction of Food, Agriculture and Forestry of Languedoc-Roussillon has commissioned a study from research institutions: INRA for the agronomical theme and Cemagref for the spatial information and analysis. In order to quantify and qualify agricultural land changes, a methodology intended to build a system of spatial and spatialized indicators is being developed. The appropriation of indicators by users is the guarantee of their use. Research has therefore relied on an iterative participatory approach for the co-construction and the co-evaluation of indicators by stakeholders. The paper aims to present and discuss the approach and methods used for the production of indicators. More generally, it's a contribution to analyze process of consultation intended to develop measurement and decision-making tools.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Population growth in the Languedoc coastal region is very high since few decades. This phenomenon produces a rapid and uncontrolled urban sprawl at agricultural lands expense. While these lands are often high agronomical potential, they are most often permanently lost. To better understand the dynamics of consumption of these agricultural lands by artificial surfaces and to have spatial tools to argue the risk of permanent loss of agronomical potential heritage, the Regional Direction of Food, Agriculture and Forestry of Languedoc-Roussillon has commissioned a study from research institutions: INRA for the agronomical theme and Cemagref for the spatial information and analysis. In order to quantify and qualify agricultural land changes, a methodology intended to build a system of spatial and spatialized indicators is being developed. The appropriation of indicators by users is the guarantee of their use. Research has therefore relied on an iterative participatory approach for the co-construction and the co-evaluation of indicators by stakeholders. The paper aims to present and discuss the approach and methods used for the production of indicators. More generally, it's a contribution to analyze process of consultation intended to develop measurement and decision-making tools.

Remedies or commitments are an important part of the competition authorities' merger practice. In the economic literature, however, they are relatively little studied. The choice of these remedies is therefore crucial and raises the question of the discretionary power of the competition authorities. Indeed, little is known about the criteria that determine the choice of a particular remedy by competition authorities. On the basis of a sample of three hundred and forty-four (344) Commission merger decisions over the period from 1990 to 2014, the decision making process has been approximated by an ordered probit model in the following thesis. The results of the ordered probit indicate that the Commission has applied the merger provisions in a consistent manner and in accordance with economic criteria relating to the choice of remedies, such as the principles of proportionality and economic efficiency. The estimated ordered probit results confirm the non-discretionary behaviour of the Commission in the exercise of Community merger control. Furthermore, the predictability of the choice of remedies indicates that the Community competition authorities use a replicable analytical framework based on clearly identifiable criteria. Although, market shares, barriers to entry, the existence of potential competitors, dominance effects are important criteria in guiding the choice of remedies, they are not the only factors considered. ; Les mesures correctrices (« remèdes ») ou engagements occupent une place importante dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence en matière de concentration. Dans la littérature économique, pourtant elles sont relativement peu étudiées. Le choix de ces mesures correctrices est donc crucial et pose la question du pouvoir discrétionnaire des autorités de la concurrence. En effet, nous savons peu sur les critères qui déterminent le choix d'un tel ou tel remède par des autorités de la concurrence. Sur la base d'un échantillon de trois cents quarante-quatre (344) décisions de la Commission en ...

Remedies or commitments are an important part of the competition authorities' merger practice. In the economic literature, however, they are relatively little studied. The choice of these remedies is therefore crucial and raises the question of the discretionary power of the competition authorities. Indeed, little is known about the criteria that determine the choice of a particular remedy by competition authorities. On the basis of a sample of three hundred and forty-four (344) Commission merger decisions over the period from 1990 to 2014, the decision making process has been approximated by an ordered probit model in the following thesis. The results of the ordered probit indicate that the Commission has applied the merger provisions in a consistent manner and in accordance with economic criteria relating to the choice of remedies, such as the principles of proportionality and economic efficiency. The estimated ordered probit results confirm the non-discretionary behaviour of the Commission in the exercise of Community merger control. Furthermore, the predictability of the choice of remedies indicates that the Community competition authorities use a replicable analytical framework based on clearly identifiable criteria. Although, market shares, barriers to entry, the existence of potential competitors, dominance effects are important criteria in guiding the choice of remedies, they are not the only factors considered. ; Les mesures correctrices (« remèdes ») ou engagements occupent une place importante dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence en matière de concentration. Dans la littérature économique, pourtant elles sont relativement peu étudiées. Le choix de ces mesures correctrices est donc crucial et pose la question du pouvoir discrétionnaire des autorités de la concurrence. En effet, nous savons peu sur les critères qui déterminent le choix d'un tel ou tel remède par des autorités de la concurrence. Sur la base d'un échantillon de trois cents quarante-quatre (344) décisions de la Commission en ...

Remedies or commitments are an important part of the competition authorities' merger practice. In the economic literature, however, they are relatively little studied. The choice of these remedies is therefore crucial and raises the question of the discretionary power of the competition authorities. Indeed, little is known about the criteria that determine the choice of a particular remedy by competition authorities. On the basis of a sample of three hundred and forty-four (344) Commission merger decisions over the period from 1990 to 2014, the decision making process has been approximated by an ordered probit model in the following thesis. The results of the ordered probit indicate that the Commission has applied the merger provisions in a consistent manner and in accordance with economic criteria relating to the choice of remedies, such as the principles of proportionality and economic efficiency. The estimated ordered probit results confirm the non-discretionary behaviour of the Commission in the exercise of Community merger control. Furthermore, the predictability of the choice of remedies indicates that the Community competition authorities use a replicable analytical framework based on clearly identifiable criteria. Although, market shares, barriers to entry, the existence of potential competitors, dominance effects are important criteria in guiding the choice of remedies, they are not the only factors considered. ; Les mesures correctrices (« remèdes ») ou engagements occupent une place importante dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence en matière de concentration. Dans la littérature économique, pourtant elles sont relativement peu étudiées. Le choix de ces mesures correctrices est donc crucial et pose la question du pouvoir discrétionnaire des autorités de la concurrence. En effet, nous savons peu sur les critères qui déterminent le choix d'un tel ou tel remède par des autorités de la concurrence. Sur la base d'un échantillon de trois cents quarante-quatre (344) décisions de la Commission en ...

Remedies or commitments are an important part of the competition authorities' merger practice. In the economic literature, however, they are relatively little studied. The choice of these remedies is therefore crucial and raises the question of the discretionary power of the competition authorities. Indeed, little is known about the criteria that determine the choice of a particular remedy by competition authorities. On the basis of a sample of three hundred and forty-four (344) Commission merger decisions over the period from 1990 to 2014, the decision making process has been approximated by an ordered probit model in the following thesis. The results of the ordered probit indicate that the Commission has applied the merger provisions in a consistent manner and in accordance with economic criteria relating to the choice of remedies, such as the principles of proportionality and economic efficiency. The estimated ordered probit results confirm the non-discretionary behaviour of the Commission in the exercise of Community merger control. Furthermore, the predictability of the choice of remedies indicates that the Community competition authorities use a replicable analytical framework based on clearly identifiable criteria. Although, market shares, barriers to entry, the existence of potential competitors, dominance effects are important criteria in guiding the choice of remedies, they are not the only factors considered. ; Les mesures correctrices (« remèdes ») ou engagements occupent une place importante dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence en matière de concentration. Dans la littérature économique, pourtant elles sont relativement peu étudiées. Le choix de ces mesures correctrices est donc crucial et pose la question du pouvoir discrétionnaire des autorités de la concurrence. En effet, nous savons peu sur les critères qui déterminent le choix d'un tel ou tel remède par des autorités de la concurrence. Sur la base d'un échantillon de trois cents quarante-quatre (344) décisions de la Commission en ...

Remedies or commitments are an important part of the competition authorities' merger practice. In the economic literature, however, they are relatively little studied. The choice of these remedies is therefore crucial and raises the question of the discretionary power of the competition authorities. Indeed, little is known about the criteria that determine the choice of a particular remedy by competition authorities. On the basis of a sample of three hundred and forty-four (344) Commission merger decisions over the period from 1990 to 2014, the decision making process has been approximated by an ordered probit model in the following thesis. The results of the ordered probit indicate that the Commission has applied the merger provisions in a consistent manner and in accordance with economic criteria relating to the choice of remedies, such as the principles of proportionality and economic efficiency. The estimated ordered probit results confirm the non-discretionary behaviour of the Commission in the exercise of Community merger control. Furthermore, the predictability of the choice of remedies indicates that the Community competition authorities use a replicable analytical framework based on clearly identifiable criteria. Although, market shares, barriers to entry, the existence of potential competitors, dominance effects are important criteria in guiding the choice of remedies, they are not the only factors considered. ; Les mesures correctrices (« remèdes ») ou engagements occupent une place importante dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence en matière de concentration. Dans la littérature économique, pourtant elles sont relativement peu étudiées. Le choix de ces mesures correctrices est donc crucial et pose la question du pouvoir discrétionnaire des autorités de la concurrence. En effet, nous savons peu sur les critères qui déterminent le choix d'un tel ou tel remède par des autorités de la concurrence. Sur la base d'un échantillon de trois cents quarante-quatre (344) décisions de la Commission en ...

here we will study consumer durable goods, i.e. those that are primarily of interest to households, such as dwellings, housing equipment, cars, etc., whereas durable goods, which are of interest to businesses, are considered in the next chapter. The durable goods are opposed to fungible goods in the sense that they are not destroyed by their first use, their wear and tear is slow and gradual: a durable good is therefore characterised primarily by its lifespan, linked to its use but also to technical progress, to the way or to circumstances of the household's life, such as change of residence, which may lead to the 'economic death' of the property even though it would be in a state of further services.We will first look at the models used for analysis and forecasting and then see results and examples of applications. ; Nous étudierons ici les biens durables de consommation, c'est a dire ceux qui intéressent essentiellement les ménages, tels que logements, appareils d'équipement de logement, automobiles, etc . alors que les biens durables d'investissement, qui intéressent les entreprises, serontexaminés dans le prochain chapitre.Les biens durables s'opposent aux biens fongibles dans ce sens qu'ils ne sont pas détruits par le premier usage que l'on en fait, leur usure est lente et progressive: un bien durable est donc caractérisé enpremier lieu par sa durée de vie, liée certes a son utilisation mais aussi au progrès technique, a la mode ou a des circonstances de la vie du ménage comme le changement de résidence, qui peuvent entraîner la "mort économique" du bien alors même qu'il serait en état de rendreencore des services.Nous allons étudier d'abord les modèles utilisés pour l'analyse et la prévision, puis nous verrons des résultats et des exemples d'applications.

This article proposes an analysis of electoral (in)decision in the context of the presidential election of 2007. First of all, a theoretical & methodological reflection on the measure of the electoral indecision is proposed because the concept can take several meanings: absence of firmness of the vote intention, late crystallization of the choice, hesitations between different potential votes. We measure here (in)decision by the moment of choice; then we distinguish three types of voters: those "convinced" for a long time, those recently "conquered" & finally those still "circumspect" late in the campaign. We use the data of the 2007 Panel electoral francais realized by the Cevipof to portray these three types of (in)decided voters. Map. Adapted from the source document.