Suchergebnisse

The article discusses the theoretical basis of implementation of one of the goals of punishment, namely the prevention of crime. It also examines the philosophical and historical assumptions of the definition of the purpose of punishment, and the effectiveness of the modern penal system and practices of their purpose from the point of view of achieving the goal of crime prevention. The attention is focused on the low efficiency of crime prevention on the part of the convicted person (special prevention) on the basis of the indicator of the level of recurrence of crimes. It is stated that the reason may be the imperfection of sanctions: their non-compliance with the gravity of the committed crime, as well as (quite often) the excessive alternativism of penalties provided for the Commission of a particular crime. The article may be of interest not only to representatives of the science of criminal law, but also to all who are interested in the current political and legal situation in the country.

This article analyzes the soft power of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Mongolia from 2009 to 2016. To determine the scope of Chinese policy in this area, the author analyzes the indicators of two other influential actors in the region: the Russian Federation and the United States. The author uses a comparative approach to evaluate the effectiveness of China's soft power and a quantitative method to calculate a soft power index based on the system proposed by the author drawing on the experience of a British think-tank, the Institute for Government. Four components of the soft power toolkit are analyzed: foreign policy principles, a successful economic model, a successful social model and cultural and civilizational values. This analysis reveals which of the components is most actively used by the state-subject and which has the greatest degree of influence on the formation of a positive image of China in Mongolia. Based on this analysis, the author identifies flaws in the projects of the PRC, Russia and the U.S. in Mongolia which clearly demonstrate the ineffectiveness of policy in this area. The dominance ofChina is demonstrated in several ways, from its economic influence to its penetration of the national language and culture. China is gradually increasing its emphasis on cultural and civilizational valueswithin the framework of its soft power policy due to the lessening significance of a successful economic model as a component of soft power. This is due not only to a slowdown in the growth of the Chinese economy but also to the economic crisis inside Mongolia. Nevertheless, the author concludes that, despite quite good indicators, the PRC also experiences certain difficulties with the implementation of its soft power policy. Sinophobia is prevalent in Mongolia, and as a result, the most important part of soft power - the formation of a positive image - is absent. © HSE, 1993-2018.

Since 2005, the government funding of basic and applied research in Russia has been growing at different rates. However, no impressive results have been reached so far in high-tech production. It's share in total export volume hasn't signiicantly grow. The economy of Russia heavily depends on high-tech imports. Decreasing of the state budget in terms of economic instability and low oil prices leads to new risks and the need to ind new ways of R&D expenditures management in order to increase their effectiveness. The aim is to analyze government spending on applied research in the total research spending, in the context of government programs and codes of budget classiication and to make recommendations for improving the quality of state funding applied research. The methodology is based on analysis of budget expenditures in the context of government programs. The study has focus on the dynamics of changes in public spending on applied research in comparison with the dynamics of change in the total expenditure on science. It has revealed the changes in the amounts of applied research funding under government programs in 2014–2015. Expenditures on applied research are presented with a breakdown as per budget classiication codes. The government expenditures on applied research in the context of government programs of industrial production are analyzed. Recommendations are given how to improve the quality of budgetary spending on applied science.

The subject of the study is the main theoretical and practical issues of the fiscal policy implementation. The purpose of the article is to study theoretical postulates that reveal the essence and peculiarities of fiscal policy, as well as assess the problems of implementing fiscal policy in Ukraine. The research hypothesizes that the government's moves towards the most favourable financial environment will allow the Ukrainian economy to make better use of the potential of market institutions (insurance, credit, banks, etc.) in the budgeting process and direct the fiscal policy towards easing the tax burden. The purpose and hypothesis of the study determine its tasks. Methods of the research. In accordance with the logic of the scientific search, the article used theoretical analysis, including consideration of individual traits and identification of new characteristics of problems, comparison, mathematical and statistical methods. The results of the work. It is shown that the transformation of the role and functions of the state in society influence the formation and evolution of fiscal policy. The accent is made on the ambiguity of the interpretation of fiscal policy by the scientific community. It is proposed to consider the concept of «fiscal policy» in a broad and narrow sense; in terms of objective and subjective signs; economic content and forms of manifestation, etc. Fiscal policy is a powerful tool for economic development of the country. The priority directions of fiscal policy are named. A weighted approach to shaping and implementing fiscal policy requires taking into account the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors that determine decision-making. In addition, when developing the main directions of fiscal policy, the state should proceed from the need to maintain financial stability and prevent the fall of the standard of living of citizens. Explored is the discrepancy between the strategic goal of fiscal policy and ways to achieve it, as well as a number of other contradictions inherent in ...

Modern HEIs operate in an extremely fast and complex external environment in which transformational processes take place, which necessitates accelerating their adaptation to new conditions. In connection with this, in order to make managerial decisions, the need for strategic analysis as an informational basis for making marketing decisions is updated. The purpose of the article is to develop a scientific and methodical approach to the strategic analysis of the conditions and factors of the environment in the field of higher education and to identify on its basis revolutionary changesthat require the adoption and implementation of adaptive management solutions to ensure sustainable development of the HEI. The task of assessing the external factors of the marketing environment of the HEI is to identify not just threats and opportunities, but the signals of changes that will allow for revolutionary change - significant transformations that determine the need for urgent response and adoption of the appropriate management decisions. To determine and assess the environmental factors to be assessed, a SWOT analysis method based on defined opportunities and threats is selected; PEST analysis method as a method for analyzing the main four groups of factors: political (P), economic (E), socio-demographic (S), scientific and technical (ST). The strategic analysis, as a process, involves the consistent implementation of preparatory, analytical, settlement operations and procedures, comprehension and interpretation of results. In each group (P, E, S, ST) the factors are determined and the system of corresponding parameters and indicators to be analyzed is formed. According to the results of the strategic analysis, it is established that very strong signals of revolutionary changesin the zone of threats are associated with negative trends in economic and socio-demographic factors; in the area of opportunity - with high rates of scientific and technological progress, information technologies and the development of information ...

The purpose of the article is sociological conceptualization of social capital as a decisive factor in the development of both the individual and society as a whole in the context of global socio-cultural changes and social transformations.Research methodology. Methodological support of the study is based on the use of general scientific methods of cognition of social phenomena and processes (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, typology, extrapolation, operationalization, interpretation, abstraction, generalization, as well as methods of logical-historical, systemic, comparative, network and structural-functional analysis). With the help of the logical-historical method the evolution of the formation of approaches to the definition of capital in general, and in particular social capital is traced; method of typological analysis revealed the mechanisms of the institutional structure of social existence of the individual in modern society; method of system analysis revealed the status-role functions of the «intellectual subject».Results. It is determined that social capital is an important social phenomenon, which consists of three complementary components, namely: social networks, social norms and social trust, which are closely linked. The analysis gives grounds to characterize this social phenomenon as follows: first, social capital consists of three key components: social networks, norms and trust; secondly, social capital has a certain structure and accumulates at different levels of social interaction in modern society; third, there are various forms, types and kinds of social capital.Scientific novelty. The value of research lies in the scientific conceptualization of social capital as a decisive factor in development.Practical meaning. The results of the study can be used in the development of socio-economic, political and socio-cultural institutions and organizations.Key words: scientific approaches to the study of social capital; the content of social capital; structure of social capital; types, ...

The article outlines the need for the allocation of deaths due to road traffic accidents (RTA) as an independent object of study. Disclosure is necessary to estimate the mortality due to accidents and based global problem under consideration. An assessment of current trends in mortality in Russia because of the accident. Conclusions about the effectiveness of government policy in the field of road safety are formulated. ; В статье охарактеризована необходимость выделение смертности из-за дорожно-транспортных происшествий (ДТП) в качестве самостоятельного объекта исследования. Раскрыта необходимость оценки смертности из-за ДТП и обоснована глобальность рассматриваемой проблемы. Проведена оценка существующих тенденций в смертности населения России из-за ДТП. Сформулированы выводы об эффективности проводимой государственной политики в области безопасности дорожного движения.

This article is devoted to the applied aspects of application of a product placement technology as the advertizing tool on modern Russian television. Relevance of research of the matter is that today the given marketing tool in the Russian Federation isn't adjusted by the advertizing legislation in any way and, respectively, officially isn't considered as advertizing, being thus a demanded way of advance of goods and services. Owing to lack of the legislative regulation product placement technology, the process of its functioning in Russia is opaque to researchers. Process of tracking of the mechanism and details of the using product placement within the Russian TV advertizing market, understanding of system of formation and further distribution of the advertizing budgets which are taken away under this instrument of marketing is extremely complicated. The main stages of integration are considered, interaction mechanisms with customers and supervisory authorities of the power are analyzed. Systematization of the mechanism of the product placement pricing is for the first time given in this article. Besides the detailed analysis of program preferences in case of the using of the declared marketing technology is given.

The article considers the prospects for the use of the index ratings in predicting socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, critically analyzes the existing methods of indicative planning and the ways of solving problems facing the practice of regional management tasks.

Introduction. The study of theoretical and empirical aspects of the accumulative pension system should help to identify patterns and contradictions of its development in society. In order to conduct an effective economic policy on the introduction of a funded pension system, it is necessary to define a theoretical concept of a model of the active role of the state in socio-economic processes or a moderate liberal model. Reforming the pension system is a rather long process and requires both the definition of the main directions, principles and measures for the development of the funded pension system, and changes in the values, principles and norms of behavior of citizens.The purpose is to substantiate the theoretical concept, trends, problems of the accumulative pension system and the directions of its introduction into society.Research methods are based on the dialectical method of scientific knowledge and a systematic approach to knowledge of economic phenomena and processes, theoretical generalization, systematization, which allowed to reveal the problems of the accumulative pension system based on theoretical concepts and economic-statistical analysis of demographic load of working age and after working age.Results. The indicators influencing the introduction of the second level of the pension system were monitored. The dynamics of indicators of demographic load of the population of pre-working and post-working age is analyzed. The focus is on the peculiarities of wages and final consumer expenditures of households and the general government sector. It was found that in general, citizens belong to the elderly population, so to prevent further deterioration of the ratio between age groups, it is advisable to increase the effectiveness of the social insurance system. The expediency of paying more attention to actuarial statistics to determine the future size of pensions and their exact calculation is substantiated.Prospects. Further research is important to focus on improving the efficiency of the multi-component funded pension system in the context of ensuring compliance with the values, principles and norms of the society.

The subject of the research is theoretical provisions and applied aspects of the introduction of improved forms of tax notification–decision and the updated procedure for sending tax notifications– decisions to taxpayers in the field of fiscal administration of taxes, fees and charges in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the introduction of improved forms of tax notification–decision and updated procedure for sending tax authorities–decisions to taxpayers in the field of fiscal administration of taxes, fees and charges in Ukraine. Research methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the legal framework for legislation on the introduction of improved forms of tax notification–decision and the updated procedure for sending tax notices–decisions to taxpayers. The paper uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, which include: analysis, synthesis, comparison, tabular method, logical approach, systems approach, generalization – which, as a result, made it possible to conduct research and present its results in a clear and easy to memorizing form. Results of work. The article presents and analyzes the process of introduction of improved forms of tax notification–decision and updated procedure for sending tax notifications–decisions to taxpayers in the field of fiscal administration of taxes, fees and charges in Ukraine. The definition of the term «tax notice–decision» is given in accordance with the current legislation. The analysis of features of the improved forms of the tax message–decision is carried out. The list of cases when the controlling body draws up a tax notification–decision within the norms of the updated procedure of sending by the controlling bodies tax notifications–decisions to taxpayers is considered. Differences between the current and improved forms of tax notice–decision, as well as the current and updated procedure for sending tax notices–decisions to taxpayers by tax authorities have been ...

Problem setting. It has always been recognized by different scholars of social sciences that concepts are essential both to theory construction in different scientific realms as well as to applied research. A practical approach to concepts suggests that concepts, however complicated they might be, should be, in essence, boiled down to measurable indicators that, in turn, can be thoroughly studied by applying qualitative or quantitative approaches. Discussion around the nature of the concepts in social science in general and particularly in the political science brought about a number of terms to denote the concepts like «essentially contested concepts» or «nomadic concepts». In order to avoid the bothersome discussion of the meaning of concepts, a prominent American scholar of social science research methodology and international relations G. Goertz said that he preferred to define concepts implicitly through a discussion of how they could be constructed. He coined the term «semantic approach» to denote the traditional approach to concepts and his alternative approach is what this article critically analyzes in comparison to other approaches to concepts ' studies, including the traditional ones. Recent research and publications analysis. A great number of scholars contributed to the studies of concepts, among them G. Sartori, J. Gerring, Ch. Ragin, D. Collier, M. Richter and others. After W. B. Gallie coined the expression «essentially contested concepts» in 1956, a discussion on the phenomenon of «contestedness» of social and political concepts has commenced and never stopped. Among the very recent contributions to analysis of concepts the papers of M. W. Spicer, F. Berenskoetter and C. Greene should be mentioned. Paper objective is to identify both advantages and disadvantages of applied approaches to political concepts' construction that go beyond the traditional semantic approach and that, in turn, implies a closer examination of a causal, ontological, and realist view of concepts, suggested by G. Goertz, ...

the article presents the results of analysis of the state procurement of the drugs for rare diseases. The analysis was conducted on the basis of 1499 selected trade procedures on rare disease drugs procurement in 2013. The article evaluates the state of competition in procurement of monopoly and alternative drugs, the level of price reduction as a result of trading, the amount and volume of purchases in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The analysis results show that tender procedures used for the procurement of monopoly drugs are ineffective because of the lack of competition; distributors are not interested in price reduction at noncompetitive procedures. In the procurement of alternative drugs at competitive trade procedures it is possible to reach a high level of price reduction, indicating overpricing of the initial (maximum) contract price of procured drugs. ; в статье представлены результаты анализа состояния рынка государственных закупок препаратов, применяемых в терапии редких заболеваний. Анализ проводился на основании 1499 отобранных торговых процедур по закупке лекарственных препаратов, применяемых для терапии редких заболеваний в 2013 г. В работе оценивалось состояние конкуренции при закупке монопольных и альтернативных препаратов, уровень снижения цен в результате торгов, количество и объем закупок в субъектах РФ. Результаты проведенного анализа показывают, что тендерные процедуры при закупках монопольных препаратов неэффективны по причине отсутствия конкуренции, дистрибьюторы не заинтересованы в снижении цены при неконкурентных процедурах. При закупках альтернативных лекарственных препаратов на конкурентных торговых процедурах удается достигнуть высокого уровеня снижения цены, что свидетельствует о завышении начальной (максимальной) цены контракта на закупаемые лекарственные препараты.

У статті розглядаються можливості та обмеження ГІС "Панорама" для використання при розробці систем автоматизованого прийняття рішень на основі аналізу картографічних даних. ; В статье рассматриваются возможности и ограничение геоинформационной системы "Панорама" для использования при разработке систем автоматизированного принятия решений на основе анализа картографических данных. ; In the article is considered the advantages and limitations of the GIS "Panorama" in the applications of automatic adoption the decision based on the analysis of the map data.