Suchergebnisse

Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization are known as the most important factors of environment problems. Elimination and management of solid wastes are also within the most important environment problems. One of the main problems in solid waste management is the selection of the best site for elimination of solid wastes. Lately, Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used for easing selection of landfill area. GIS has the ability of imitating necessary economic, environmental and political limitations. They play an important role for the site selection of landfill area as a decision support tool. In this study; map layers will be studied for minimum effect of environmental, social and cultural factors and maximum effect for engineering/economic factors for site selection of landfill areas and using GIS for a decision support mechanism in solid waste landfill areas site selection will be presented in Aksaray/Turkey city, Güzelyurt district practice.

This book offers a bold re-interpretation of the prevailing narrative that US foreign policy after the Cold War was a failure. In chapters that retell and re-argue the key episodes of the post-Cold War years, Lynch argues that the Cold War cast a shadow on the presidents that came after it and that success came more from adapting to that shadow than in attempts to escape it. When strategic lessons of the Cold War were applied, presidents fared better; when they were forgotten, they fared worse. This book tells the story not of a revolution in American foreign policy but of its essentially continuous character from one era to the next. While there were many setbacks between the fall of Soviet communism and the opening years of the Trump administration, from Rwanda to 9/11 and Iraq to Syria, Lynch demonstrates that the US remained the world's dominant power.

This book presents a thorough treatment and unified coverage of Bayesian item response modeling with applications in a variety of disciplines, including education, medicine, psychology, and sociology. Breakthroughs in computing technology have made the Bayesian approach particularly useful for many response modeling problems. Free from computational constraints, realistic and state-of-the-art latent variable response models are considered for complex assessment and survey data to solve real-world problems. The Bayesian framework described provides a unified approach for modeling and inference, dealing with (nondata) prior information and information across multiple data sources. The book discusses methods for analyzing item response data and the complex relationships commonly associated with human response behavior and features " Self-contained introduction to Bayesian item response modeling and a coverage of extending standard models to handle complex assessment data " A thorough overview of Bayesian estimation and testing methods for item response models, where MCMC methods are emphasized " Numerous examples that cover a wide range of application areas, including education, medicine, psychology, and sociology " Datasets and software (S+, R, and WinBUGS code) of the models and methods presented in the book are available on www.jean-paulfox.com Bayesian Item Response Modeling is an excellent book for research professionals, including applied statisticians, psychometricians, and social scientists who analyze item response data from a Bayesian perspective. It is a guide to the growing area of Bayesian response modeling for researchers and graduate students, and will also serve them as a good reference. Jean-Paul Fox is Associate Professor of Measurement and Data Analysis, University of Twente, The Netherlands. His main research activities are in several areas of Bayesian response modeling. Dr. Fox has published numerous articles in the areas of Bayesian item response analysis, statistical methods for analyzing multivariate categorical response data, and nonlinear mixed effects models

Protected areas (PAs) play a critical role in conserving biodiversity and maintaining viable populations of threatened species. Yet, as global change could reduce the future effectiveness of existing PAs in covering high species richness, updating the boundaries of existing PAs or creating new ones might become necessary to uphold conservation goals. Modelling tools are increasingly used by policymakers to support the spatial prioritization of biodiversity conservation, enabling the inclusion of scenarios of environmental changes to achieve specific targets. Here, using the Western Swiss Alps as a case study, we show how integrating species richness derived from species distribution model predictions for four taxonomic groups under present and future climate and land-use conditions into two conservation prioritization schemes can help optimize extant and future PAs. The first scheme, the "Priority Scores Method" identified priority areas for the expansion of the existing PA network. The second scheme, using the zonation software, allowed identifying priority conservation areas while incorporating global change scenarios and political costs. We found that existing mountain PAs are currently not situated in the most environmentally nor politically suitable locations when maximizing alpha diversity for the studied taxonomic groups and that current PAs could become even less optimum under the future climate and land-use change scenarios. This analysis has focused on general areas of high species richness or species of conservation concern and did not account for special habitats or functional groups that could have been used to create the existing network. We conclude that such an integrated framework could support more effective conservation planning and could be similarly applied to other landscapes or other biodiversity conservation indices.

Protected areas (PAs) play a critical role in conserving biodiversity and maintaining viable populations of threatened species. Yet, as global change could reduce the future effectiveness of existing PAs in covering high species richness, updating the boundaries of existing PAs or creating new ones might become necessary to uphold conservation goals. Modelling tools are increasingly used by policymakers to support the spatial prioritization of biodiversity conservation, enabling the inclusion of scenarios of environmental changes to achieve specific targets. Here, using the Western Swiss Alps as a case study, we show how integrating species richness derived from species distribution model predictions for four taxonomic groups under present and future climate and land-use conditions into two conservation prioritization schemes can help optimize extant and future PAs. The first scheme, the "Priority Scores Method" identified priority areas for the expansion of the existing PA network. The second scheme, using the zonation software, allowed identifying priority conservation areas while incorporating global change scenarios and political costs. We found that existing mountain PAs are currently not situated in the most environmentally nor politically suitable locations when maximizing alpha diversity for the studied taxonomic groups and that current PAs could become even less optimum under the future climate and land-use change scenarios. This analysis has focused on general areas of high species richness or species of conservation concern and did not account for special habitats or functional groups that could have been used to create the existing network. We conclude that such an integrated framework could support more effective conservation planning and could be similarly applied to other landscapes or other biodiversity conservation indices

The governmental strategies adopted worldwide as a preventive measure against the health emergency generated by COVID-19 have been the focus of attention by the scientific community, interested in knowing their effects on mental health. The aim of this paper was to develop a classification model to predict depression in university students due to stress factors associated with the pandemic. A classification model with decision trees (MCAD) was developed based on the results of a perception survey with Likert scale questions. It was applied to a sample of 833 university students from different academic programs in Colombia. The dependent variable of the model was the presence or absence of depression; the responses of 700 students were used for training and 133 for testing. This paper concludes that the MCAD is valid for predicting depression. In fact, it had an accuracy rate of 87% in the test sample. Finally, marital status, sex, age, educational problems, and media information are the factors that most influence the development of depressive mood in the context of the pandemic generated by COVID-19 in university students. ; Las estrategias gubernamentales adoptadas a nivel mundial como medida de prevención frente a la emergencia sanitaria generada por el COVID-19, han despertado el interés de la comunidad científica por conocer los efectos de las mismas sobre la salud mental. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un modelo de clasificación para pronosticar depresión en estudiantes universitarios por factores de estrés asociados a la pandemia. Se desarrolló un Modelo de Clasificación con Árboles de Decisión (MCAD) a partir de los resultados de una encuesta de percepción con preguntas tipo escala Likert, la cual fue aplicada a una muestra de 833 estudiantes universitarios de diferentes programas académicos de Colombia. La variable dependiente del modelo fue la presencia o ausencia de depresión, y las respuestas de 700 estudiantes se emplearon para el entrenamiento y 133 para la prueba. Se concluye que el MCAD es válido para pronosticar depresión; tuvo una tasa de precisión del 87% en la muestra de prueba. Finalmente, se halló que los factores que más influyen en el desarrollo de estados depresivos en el contexto de la pandemia generada por el COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios son: estado civil, sexo, edad, problemas educativos e información proveniente de los medios de comunicación.

It is suggested that most researchers organize the field of collective behavior & social movement along productive principles that must compete with each other & the oft-neglected tasks of organizing & cumulating research findings. Six competing principles are outlined & contrasted with the goal of systematizing research data: the trash & icon, perspectives, themes, popular categories, area studies, & the movement assistance principles. Additionally, four strategic decisions (unit, aspects, generic questions, propositional answers) & six operational decisions (inclusion criteria, processing methods, propositional emphasis, documentary text, inventory & synthesis, causal logic) decisions faced by researchers who are attempting to organize & cumulate research data are examined. 75 References. Adapted from the source document.

La France fut le premier pays d'Europe à se doter d'un office parlementaire d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques. Cet article retrace l'historique de l'OPECST, détaille son fonctionnement et explique les spécificités du modèle de TA qui s'est développé en France à partir des années 1980. Alors que les pratiques de TA en Europe consistent souvent à déléguer la production de connaissance à des experts scientifiques, censés éclairer les décideurs politiques, en France la situation est différente. En effet, les membres de l'Office se voient directement confier, en plus de leurs activités habituelles de parlementaire, la délicate mission de l'évaluation des choix technologiques et de son intégration au processus décisionnel. Les rapports du TA français diffèrent ainsi de ceux des autres offices de TA car, au fil du temps, l'OPECST a su allier dans ses rapports la rigueur scientifique à un ton plus politique facilitant la réappropriation des parlementaires sur le sujet. ; France was the first country in Europe to establish a parliamentary office of technology assessment. This article traces back the history of OPECST, details its modes of operation and explains the specificities of the TA model which developed in France from the 1980s onwards. While the practice of TA in Europe often consists in delegating the production of knowledge to scientific experts, supposed to enlighten policy makers, in France the situation is different. Indeed, the members of the Office are entrusted, in addition to their usual activities as parliamentarians, with the delicate task of evaluating technological choices and integrating them into the decision-making process. The French TA model thus differ from those of the other TA offices because, over time, OPECST has been able to combine in its reports scientific rigor with a more political tone facilitating the reappropriation of its work by parliamentarians. ; Peer reviewed

Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introducing Creativity and Culture, the Emerging Field -- Taking Culture Seriously in Creativity Research -- Taking Creativity Seriously in the Study of Culture -- The Content and Organisation of the Handbook -- References -- Part 1: Creativity and Culture in the Psychology of Creativity -- 2: The Four-C Model of Creativity: Culture and Context -- Expanding Conceptions of Creativity -- Four-C Model of Creativity -- Mini-c Creativity -- Pro-c Creativity -- The Influence of Culture -- The Developmental Trajectory of the Four C's -- Mini-c Transitions -- Larger-C Transitions -- Concluding Thoughts -- References -- 3: When East Meets West -- Western versus Eastern Conceptions of Creativity -- Possible Explanations of West versus East Differences in Creative Potential -- Shifting Paradigms: When East Really Meets West -- Conclusion -- References -- 4: Cultural Diversity and Team Creativity -- Team Creativity -- Cultural Diversity and Collaborative Ideation -- Cognitive Processes -- Motivational Processes -- Experience as a Team -- Team Climate -- Conflict -- Inter-Team Dynamics -- Practical Implications -- References -- 5: Creativity, Intelligence, and Culture -- What Is Creativity? What Is Intelligence? -- How Can We Develop Creativity and Intelligence? -- Problem Definition and Redefinition -- Intelligence: Define Problems -- Creativity: Redefine Problems -- Analyzing Information and Assumptions -- Intelligence: Question and Analyze the Information Given -- Creativity: Question and Analyze Assumptions -- Selling Ideas -- Intelligence: Good Ideas Tend to Sell Themselves if They Are Well Presented -- Creativity: Do Not Assume that Creative Ideas Sell Themselves -- You Have to Sell Them -- Idea Analysis and Generation -- Intelligence: Encourage Idea Analysis

Las personas humanas —junto con otras categorías de sujetos como ser las personas jurídicas o de existencia ideal— son sujetos de derechos y la legislación argentina, así lo establece y avala. Ahora, cuando nos trasladamos al lado animal la situación es distinta. En el derecho argentino, los animales son asimilados a las cosas y, por lo tanto, no hay reconocimiento alguno que les otorgue la calidad de sujetos de derechos. Lo anterior, genera una serie de debates y discusiones que, por un lado, cuestionan la legislación vigente y por el otro, buscan fundamentos que promuevan un reconocimiento para con los animales no humanos. Estas discusiones y debates se encuentran insertas no solo en la doctrina sino también en la jurisprudencia. Y es esta última la que produce mayores interpretaciones y adaptaciones del derecho vigente para intentar justificar decisiones favorables o no sobre los derechos de los animales. Frente a todo lo mencionado, en este trabajo nos dedicaremos a analizar el reconocimiento de la condición de sujeto de derechos hacia a los animales desde recientes casos de la jurisprudencia para así valorar los fundamentos que se utilizan en estas sentencias para fallar a favor o en contra. ; Humans —along with other categories of subjects such as legal subjects or ideal existence— are subjects of rights and the legislation in Argentina establishes and endorses it. Now, when we shift to the animal side, the situation is different. The Argentinian law, animals are taken as things and, consequently, there is no recognition that provides them the quality of subjects of rights. Which is why this generates a series of debates that, on the one hand, question the current legislation and, on the other hand, seek for groundings that foster recognition of non,human animals. These debates are inserted not only in the doctrine, but also in the jurisprudence. This latter one produces greater interpretations and adaptations on whether the current law tries to justify favourable decisions on the rights of animals. ...

La investigación comprende el análisis de los niveles de eficiencia de los gobiernos locales de la región Junín, período 2009 - 2014, mediante el método de análisis envolvente de datos (DEA) y el índice de Malmquist, que se aplican buscando el objetivo de identificar un conjunto de unidades de eficiencia que sirvan de referente a los gobiernos locales de la región y así impulsar el cumplimiento de la misión institucional y de las competencias de gobierno local y por ende promover el desarrollo integral de su jurisdicción . La hipótesis planteada fue que los gobiernos locales que reporten niveles de eficiencia alcanzarán el cumplimiento de su misión institucional y sus competencias así como el cumplimiento de sus funciones, logrando promover el desarrollo integral de su jurisdicción. Los resultados obtenidos, en función de tres competencias de los gobiernos locales (servicios públicos locales; organización del espacio físico y uso del suelo; servicios sociales locales), indican que los gobiernos locales de Junín no alcanzan niveles de eficiencia permanentes en el tiempo. En conclusión, no es posible identificar unidades de toma de decisiones (DMU) de eficiencia que sirvan como referencia a los gobiernos locales de Junín, limitando el cumplimiento de su misión institucional y cabal desempeño de competencias y funciones, en desmedro del desarrollo económico y social de su jurisdicción.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems.

The study aims to analyze the extent of communication competence, teamwork, leadership, termination of an analysis of the opinion that employees have on the performance of cooperatives in Barru managers.The population of this study are all managers of cooperatives in Barru with a total sample of 65 persons. Data analysis method used is multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18 in the processing of primary data, in order to obtain information about the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable either simultaneously or partially.Results showed that communication ability factor Simultaneously, the ability of cooperation, leadership, and analytical decision-making significantly influence the performance of cooperatives in Barru. Analytical decision-making variables are the dominant variables influence the performance terahadap managers of cooperatives, cooperative means that if managers can make decisions with proper analysis, the foundation managing the performance of cooperatives is also expected to increase. Partial test also showed that the analytical decision-making variables have positive and significant impact on improving the performance of cooperative managers.The author suggests that the government through the Department of Cooperatives in Barru Regency to do a series of efforts to improve the ability of managers of cooperatives through education and training activities so that the cooperative management of communication skills, collaboration skills, and analytical decision-making can be improved.

This study applied an institutional logics framework to examine issues that challenged revitalization efforts in three distressed neighborhoods in an urban Midwest U.S. city. Specifically, it examined whether emergent hybrid (organizational) logics influenced multiple disconnected partnerships and collaborations. Thematic analyses were conducted on data from 39 semi-structured interviews conducted in two phases ( n = 11 and n = 28, respectively). The interviewees were from the public, private, academia, and faith-based sectors and included interventions that impacted food insecurity, education, health, the built environment, crime, and substance and alcohol abuse. The findings showed the importance of trust as a hybrid logic impacting collaborations at multiple levels; we link this to additional findings on the level of structural embeddedness in the studied neighborhoods. The findings support the need for public health and community leaders to address gaps in trust/embeddedness in order to improve the success of community interventions. Practitioners and future researchers can apply the concept of hybrid institutional logics in the analysis of neighborhood collaborations, especially when there are multiple collaborations involving partners from different sectors.

This study examines the analysis of Sultah Qadhaiyyah against the Constitutional Court Decision No. 36/PUU-XV/2017 concerning the Position of the Corruption Eradication Commission. This study wants to find answers about the position of the Corruption Eradication Commission in the Indonesian government system and how Sulthah Qadhaiyyah's perspective on the decision of the Constitutional Court No. 36/ PUU-XV/2017 regarding the position of the Corruption Eradication Commission. This research is a library research, namely literature research which is excavated based on the main sources (data) systematically and analyzed from the collected material which is carried out qualitatively, which means identifying, compiling, managing and describing systematically, then analysis is carried out. by describing a systematic interpretation. The results of this study found that the position of the KPK in the Indonesian government system is an institution that is in the realm of the executive, as stated in Article 1 paragraph (3) of Law No. 19 of 2019 concerning the second amendment to Law no. 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission. Sulthah Qadhaiyyah's perspective on the decision of the Constitutional Court no. 36/ PUU-XV/2017 regarding the position of the Corruption Eradication Commission that the KPK institution is in the wilayatul mazalim judiciary which is under the auspices of Sulthah Qadhaiyyah (judicial institution).