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European integration processes in Ukraine have led to the approximation of national legislation to European standards, including pet handling. The first and currently the only ratified European convention in Ukraine on protection and ensuring animal welfare is the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. The article describes the major doctrinal, legislative and practical aspects of implementing this Convention into Ukrainian law. The legal regulation of the humane treatment of domestic animals in Ukraine is based on the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, its provisions being of a general nature, and detailed solutions are found in other laws and regulations. Detailed rules for dealing with pets are determined by municipalities and they are implemented in the relevant administrative and territorial units. The concept of "animal rights", despite its proclamation in the preamble to the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, has no formal legal representation and reflection in Ukrainian legislation. Nevertheless, Ukrainian legal academic doctrine, legislative process and law enforcement practice are currently embodying the concept of animal welfare. The development and implementation of a coherent legal mechanism for pet handling is the major contributing factor in achieving pet welfare, therefore Ukraine needs a clear strategy to improve its legal regulation. ; Procesy integracji europejskiej na Ukrainie doprowadziły do dostosowania ustawodawstwa krajowego do standardów europejskich, w tym w zakresie traktowania zwierząt domowych. Pierwszą i obecnie jedyną ratyfikowaną na Ukrainie europejską konwencją w zakresie ochrony i zapewnienia dobrostanu zwierząt jest Europejska konwencja ochrony zwierząt domowych. W niniejszym artykule opisano główne doktrynalne, ustawodawcze i praktyczne aspekty implementacji tej konwencji do prawa ukraińskiego. Podstawą regulacji prawnej humanitarnego traktowania zwierząt domowych na Ukrainie jest ustawa Ukrainy o ochronie zwierząt przed okrutnym traktowaniem, przy czym jej postanowienia mają charakter ramowy, a szczegółowe rozwiązania znajdują się w innych ustawach i rozporządzeniach. Szczegółowe zasady postępowania ze zwierzętami domowymi określają samorządy miejskie i są one realizowane na terenie odpowiednich jednostek administracyjno-terytorialnych. Konstrukcja "prawa zwierząt", pomimo jego proklamacji w preambule ustawy Ukrainy o ochronie zwierząt przed okrutnym traktowaniem, nie ma formalnego zapisu prawnego i odzwierciedlenia w ustawodawstwie ukraińskim. Obecnie ukraińska doktryna naukowa, proces ustawodawczy i praktyka egzekwowania prawa stopniowo jednak wprowadzają koncepcję dobrostanu zwierząt. Podstawą do osiągnięcia dobrostanu zwierząt domowych jest stworzenie i wdrożenie spójnego mechanizmu prawnego ich traktowania, dlatego Ukraina potrzebuje jasnej strategii doskonalenia regulacji prawnej dotyczącej dobrostanu zwierząt domowych.

The text is a review of the book by Piotr Stankiewicz, Playing the Atom, which includes the original results of the research on the Polish case of social management of technology in the nuclear power generation sector.

Genetic modifications of organisms arouse a lot of controversy. Some people consider them to be beneficial for the future of the world, others, on the contrary, see them as a series of threats. For this reason, the function of the State is important, through creating specific regulations, controls the flow of GMO products on its territory. There are doubts, whether the regulations sufficiently protect the domestic market against uncontrolled flow of genetically modified products. Also the question remains if the scope of norms is sufficient, and the use of GMOs is appropriate for the safety of the environment.

The aim of the paper is to scrutinize activities related to the commemoration of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky. There were three main goals of the research. The first one was to identify the most important actors of the commemorative activities. The second goal was to reconstruct the strategies applied by these agents. Thirdly, this research aimed to consider current processes in the Ukrainian political system. In particular, the question was what we can know about the evolution of these commemorative activities after the Euromaidan based on relations between different agents in the mnemonic field. Special emphasis was placed on Sheptytsky's attitude during the Holocaust and on the impact of this topic on the commemorative activities. As a theoretical framework of the research, Jan Kubik and Michael Bernhard's theory of the politics of memory was applied. The research enabled verification of some elements of Kubik and Bernhard's concept. Inter alia it was an issue of a set of presumptions regarding interrelations between strategies applied by mnemonic actors, the structure of mnemonic regime, and prospects for democratization of a political system.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Celem artykułu jest próba udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy metodologiczna charakterystyka wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie organizacji o celach politycznych (wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie państwa) jest odmienna od metodologicznej charakterystyki wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie organizacji o celach gospodarczych. Przyjęta została następująca koncepcja bezpieczeństwa: bezpieczeństwo określonego podmiotu jest stanem, w którym podmiot ten, w sytuacji konfliktu wartości, w zakresie nadanego przez siebie zasobu dóbr, ma zdolność do suwerennego podejmowania i realizowania legalnych decyzji, zgodnych z uznawaną przez siebie hierarchią wartości. W świetle tej definicji nauki o bezpieczeństwie należą do nauk stosowanych (praktycznych), co przesądza o tożsamości charakterystyki metodologicznej naukowej wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie rozważanych podmiotów. Nauka o bezpieczeństwie państwa różni się jednak od nauki o bezpieczeństwie w biznesie swoim przedmiotem, ze względu na wspomnianą odmienność celów działania państwa i organizacji gospodarczej. ; The article constitutes an attempt to answer the question whether the methodological description of knowledge on security of organizations with political objectives (knowledge on security of state) is different from the methodological description of knowledge on security of organizations with economic objectives. The following security concept has been accepted: security of specific subjects is a state in which the subjects in a situation of conflict of values, within the source of goods granted by themselves, have the ability of sovereign legal decision-making and realization, accordant with the hierarchy of values recognized by them. In the light of this definition, security studies belong to applied (practical) studies, which determines the identity of the methodological description of the scientific knowledge on the safety of the considered subjects. However, studies on state safety differ in their object from studies on business security, due to the mentioned difference of objectives of the activity of the state and the economic organization. ; В статье сделана попытка ответить на вопрос – чем отличается методологическая характеристика знаний о безопасности организации, имеющей политические цели (знания о безопасности государства), от методологической характеристики знаний о безопасности организации имеющей хозяйственные цели? Была принята следую- щая концепция безопасности: безопасность конкретного субъекта является состоя- нием, при котором этот субъект в ситуации конфликта интересов (в области важных для него ресурсов богатств), имеет возможность принимать суверенные решения и поступать в соответствии с законом и в соответствии с важной для него системой ценностей. В свете этого определения, наука о безопасности принадлежит к среде прикладных наук, что предопределяет об идентичности методологических характе- ристик научных знаний о безопасности рассматриваемых субъектов. Наука о безопас- ности государства отличается от науки о безопасности бизнеса предметом изучения, прежде всего по причине разных целей действия государства и действия экономиче- ской организации.

The transformation of the political communication models in Venezuela and other Latin American states is related to the evolving political culture in this region, together with a bold use of media communication approached both as a means and a goal. Video-politics, defined as a process of the mediatization of the constructs of political reality, is becoming a key notion for the citizens and voters there. Using the public means of social communication Hugo Chávez has made the Aló, Presidente show an arena of political decision-making and a space focused on political personalism. An analysis of selected elements of the show provides detailed information on the rhetorical tools and other mechanisms of exerting influence applied by Hugo Chávez. On a macro-scale the media strategies applied in the show turn out to be instruments of consolidating the image of executive power in Venezuela. ; The transformation of the political communication models in Venezuela and other Latin American states is related to the evolving political culture in this region, together with a bold use of media communication approached both as a means and a goal. Video-politics, defined as a process of the mediatization of the constructs of political reality, is becoming a key notion for the citizens and voters there. Using the public means of social communication Hugo Chávez has made the Aló, Presidente show an arena of political decision-making and a space focused on political personalism. An analysis of selected elements of the show provides detailed information on the rhetorical tools and other mechanisms of exerting influence applied by Hugo Chávez. On a macro-scale the media strategies applied in the show turn out to be instruments of consolidating the image of executive power in Venezuela.

Progress in medical sciences, biomedical engineering and medical robotics provided rehabilitation robots – novel solution regarded as more effective than traditional forms of rehabilitation. Use of rehabilitation robots, despite they are at the beginning of their development, is wide discussed from medical, social, economical and ethical points of view. Paper aims at analysis the extent to which current possibilities in this area are exploited, including chances and threats.

The article argues that the current security model was shaped in a long period. It is shown that the system was shaped by the solutions applied after the II WW, what embraces global and regional solutions. Until the end of the Cold War the applied solutions were assigned to two opposite Blocs: Western and Eastern. After 1989, which is considered to be the symbolic turning point and end of the Cold War, part of the states from the former Eastern Bloc, after introducing market and democratic reforms have joined NATO and the EU. This also included three states created after the dissolution of the former SU. The article states also that security in Europe is challenged by attempt to reconstruct the area of Russian influence. At the same time it states that this process is not limited to voluntary access of the former republics of SU but also includes annexation of the territories of sovereign Ukraine. The article illustrates that the contemporary security system is characterized by strong asymmetry of applied solutions. NATO applies liberal, cooperative solutions, while Russia uses solutions build upon force and military potential. This asymmetry and moves undertaken by Russia undermine the solutions introduced by international laws. They resulted introduction of sanctions by the US and EU states, what was followed by some political and military steps, labelled as boost NATO military presence in the NATO states bordering with Russia. The article states that in parallel to Hard Power, NATO and the EU should apply also Soft Power. Solutions applied in Russia follow the feeling of majority people in Russia who experience the trauma of former superpower and its fall. The article describes basic conditions of security system with its global and regional solutions, which create its current determinants. This concerns the level of military spending, economic potential, as well as weight of individual states and their groupings in the world scene. Key words: international security model, theory of security, practice in current security model, Soft Power, Hard Power, deterrence, balance of forces

The aim of the paper is to present the European gigabit society which is perceived by European Union's leaders as a model of the future European society and economy. It is based on new digital technologies of the XXI century and on new, very high capacity mobile telecommunications networks. The rapid growth of information being processed and transmitted through electronic communications networks needs new high-speed and highly reliable broadband networks essential to economic growth, competitiveness and innovation as well as better quality products, services and the citizen's satisfaction. The 5G communications network is the solution which is perceived as a type of network which should resolve these problems. In the paper the concept of the European gigabit society is clarifi ed, the 5G technology and its level of development in the European Union and in its Member States are described including Poland vis-à-vis the rest of the world. The European gigabit society is already under development and the 5G communication network is crucial to its success. It should be widely available in Europe including Poland. The paper is based on the analysis of offi cial documents of the European Union and its Member States including Poland, offi cial reports of the most active electronic telecommunications companies providing and implementing 5G technologies and on talks with representatives of some of the ones which are active on the Polish market.

The transformation of the political communication models in Venezuela and other Latin American states is related to the evolving political culture in this region, together with a bold use of media communication approached both as a means and a goal. Video-politics, defined as a process of the mediatization of the constructs of political reality, is becoming a key notion for the citizens and voters there. Using the public means of social communication Hugo Chávez has made the Aló, Presidente show an arena of political decision-making and a space focused on political personalism. An analysis of selected elements of the show provides detailed information on the rhetorical tools and other mechanisms of exerting influence applied by Hugo Chávez. On a macro-scale the media strategies applied in the show turn out to be instruments of consolidating the image of executive power in Venezuela.

The aim of this article is to present the course of the Velvet Revolution in Slovakia in the period from 17 to 29 November 1989 and to show the similarities and differences between the two movements: Civic Forum and Society Against Violence. The study is based on several assumptions. Unlike the Civic Forum in the Czech Republic, the Society Against Violence was a broad movement with a very decentralised structure, led by individuals who had no organisational experience. Secondly, the main goal of the Society Against Violence was to control power and thus it was more of a civic initiative than a political one. Thirdly, a number of differences between the Civic Forum and the Society Against Violence determined the fact that it was not possible to create a single Czechoslovak political elite. In the study, the comparative method was applied in order to indicate similarities and differences between the Civic Forum and the Society Against Violence. To analyse the political reality in Slovakia in November 1989, the decision analysis method was applied. The article uses archival materials, documents and scientific studies.

The article presents main theoretical assumptions and empirical implementations of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The main phases of this research method, as the alternative to the quantitative approach which is applied in political science are described. Strengths and weaknesses of this method are described from the perspective of epistemological value obtained by the user of QCA method. Some Polish and foreign examples of QCA implementation are also indicated.

The paper attempts to indicate the variables that define the framework of EU policy towards Egypt in 2012–2014, and to analyse the scope of the new approach to mutual relations in terms of politics. Particular attention is given to the mechanism of various instruments applied by different EU policies and their implementation in the context of political developments in Egypt. These considerations allow the author to draw conclusions on the future possibilities for the European Union to continue its activities within the framework of cooperation in Egypt, taking into consideration the necessity to agree on common interests and to implement an adopted stand- point. ; The paper attempts to indicate the variables that define the framework of EU policy towards Egypt in 2012–2014, and to analyse the scope of the new approach to mutual relations in terms of politics. Particular attention is given to the mechanism of various instruments applied by different EU policies and their implementation in the context of political developments in Egypt. These considerations allow the author to draw conclusions on the future possibilities for the European Union to continue its activities within the framework of cooperation in Egypt, taking into consideration the necessity to agree on common interests and to implement an adopted stand- point.

The aim of the article is to present the basic functionalities of the R program for the creation of regression models describing political phenomena. A database of voter turnout during the 2014 U.S. Congress elections categorised according to voters' age was used for the analyses. The statistical procedures (linear and second-degree polynomial models) applied were discussed in detail, with paths to their respective commands being provided. The article is addressed primarily to postgraduate students in political science and related disciplines, as well as to researchers who have never used the R program before.