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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- Chapter I: Overview -- The Pivotal Role of Saudi Arabia -- The West and Problem of U.S. Domestic Politics -- The Saudi Arms Requests of 1985 and 1986 -- The Cost of "Taking Sides -- The Importance of Close Strategic Relations -- The Cost of "Taking Sides" to Israel -- Impact on Western Power Projection Capabilities in the Gulf -- Preserving the Proper Balance in Western Strategic Relations -- Chapter II: Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia -- The Historical Background -- The Changing Forces Shaping Saudi Relations With the West -- The Impact of Saudi Oil -- The Impact of Western and Saudi Trade Relations -- The Impact of Saudi Aid and Capital -- The Role of Saudi Arabia in the Gulf Cooperation Council -- The Broader Role of Saudi Arabia in Regional Affairs -- The Arab-Israeli Peace Issue -- Chapter III: Saudi Arabia and Western Power Projection Capabilities -- Turkey -- France -- United Kingdom -- United States -- The Impact of Saudi Bases -- Chapter IV: Regional Threats and the Military Build-Up in the Gulf -- Broad Patterns in the Regional Arms Race -- The Impact of Technology Transfer -- The Problem of Conventional Proliferation -- The Impact of New Soviet Systems -- The Soviet Military Threat -- Soviet Arms Sales and Advisory Efforts -- The Northern Gulf Threat -- The Red Sea Threat -- The YAR and PDRY -- Ethiopia -- The Sudan -- The Military Trends in the Red Sea Area -- Instability in Saudi Arabia's Western Border Area -- Egypt and Jordan -- Syria -- Libya and Radical Threats -- The Vulnerability of the Gulf Cooperation States -- Bahrain -- Kuwait -- Oman -- Qatar -- The United Arab Emirates -- The Impact of Cumulative Instability Within the GCC -- The 360° Threat.

The author, well established as a travel writer and archaeologist, undertook this journey with his wife, making seven journeys in all around the southern part of Arabia including Oman and Dhofar which from 1893 to the end of his life he made his special field for observation and travel.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- FISCAL FRAMEWORKS AND FISCAL ANCHORS: THE EXPERIENCES IN COMMODITY EXPORTING COUNTRIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SAUDI ARABIA -- A. Introduction -- B. Resource Rich Countries' Experiences with Fiscal Rules -- C. Institutional Considerations: What is Required Versus What Is There? -- D. Thinking About A Fiscal Rule In Saudi Arabia -- E. Conclusion -- Rererences -- BOX -- 1. Fiscal Strategic Planning -- FIGURES -- 1. Oil Price, Revenues, and Expenditures -- 2. Options for a Long-Term Fiscal Anchor -- 3. Options for Fiscal Buffers -- 4. An Illustration of a Deficit Rule -- 5. An Illustration of an Expenditure Rule -- TABLES -- 1. Output, Government Spending, and Inflation -- 2. Operational Fiscal Rules -- ANNEXES -- I. Fiscal Anchors and Rules in Selected Resource Rich Countries -- II. Assumptions for Computing the Long-Term Fiscal Anchors -- THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLICIES TO BOOST THE EMPLOYMENT OF SAUDI NATIONALS -- A. Background -- B. Structure of the Labor Market -- C. Recent Labor Market Policies -- D. Assessing the Impact of Labor Market Policies on the Economy -- E. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations -- References -- FIGURES -- 1. Unemployment -- 2. Saudi Working Age Population and Labor Force Under Different Scenarios -- 3. Employment and Wages -- 4. Labor Force Participation by Gender and Age, 2017 -- 5. Skills Mismatches -- 6. Education and Outcomes -- 7. Expatriate Levy Scenarios (Cumulative Impact) -- 8. Increased Female Labor Force Participation Scenario -- 9. Saudization Scenarios -- ANNEX -- I. G20MOD -- HOW DEVELOPED AND INCLUSIVE IS THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IN SAUDI ARABIA? -- A. Background -- B. Structure of the Financial System -- C. Benchmarking Saudi Arabia's Level of Financial Development and Inclusion -- D. Government Initiatives -- E. Policy Recommendations -- References -- BOXES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- FISCAL ADJUSTMENT-SCOPE AND PACE -- A. Introduction -- B. Fiscal Space Analysis -- C. Fiscal Anchors for Resource Rich Countries -- D. Conclusions -- References -- BOX -- 1. Fiscal Adjustment Experience in the 1980s and 1990s -- FIGURES -- 1. Evolution in Government Spending (2004-16) -- 2. International Bond Yields -- 3. Baseline, Fiscal Expansionary, and Oil Price Shock Scenarios -- 4. Structural Balance Estimates -- 5. Projected and Sustainable Non-oil Primary Deficit -- TABLES -- 1. Initial Macroeconomic Conditions -- 2. Initial Structural Conditions -- 3. Financing Sources and Availability -- 4. Debt Dynamics -- 5. Fiscal Space Under Expansionary Fiscal Scenario -- 6. Overall, Non-oil, and Structural Fiscal Balances -- WHY HAS INFLATION DECLINED IN SAUDI ARABIA? -- A. Introduction -- B. Inflation in Saudi Arabia -- C. Estimating the Determinants of Inflation -- D. Results -- E. Conclusions -- References -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Inflation Developments -- 2. Drivers of Inflation in Saudi Arabia -- 3. Historical Fit Between Actual and Model Predicted Inflation -- TABLE -- 1. Vector Error Correction Estimates: Determinants of Inflation -- APPENDICES -- I. Literature Table -- II. Measuring the Output Gap -- III. Determinants of Core Inflation -- APPENDIX TABLES -- 1. Various Methods Were Employed to Calculate Potential GDP -- 2. Vector Error Correction Estimates: Determinants of Core Inflation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- The Emergence and Evolution of Security Concerns in Arabia -- Origins of British Involvement in Arabia -- 2. Air Power and Empire in the Arabian Peninsula -- The First Air Routes: Persian Gulf and Basra-Aden -- Policing and Air Operations -- The Growing Strategic Importance of the Gulf -- The Arabian Peninsula in the Second World War -- Postwar Reassessments -- 3. Postwar Policy: British Retreat and Imperial Vestiges

KEY ISSUESContext. Saudi Arabia's economy has grown very strongly in recent years, benefittingfrom high oil prices and output, strong private sector activity, and government spending. It has played a systemic and stabilizing role in the global oil market. The economy has not been affected by the recent global financial market volatility. The Saudi population is young, growing, and increasingly well educated.Outlook and risks. The near term economic outlook is positive. Oil production is expected to be little changed from 2013, while non-oil growth will be underpinned by strong private sector a

abstractThis article takes up the occluded history of a particular category of migrant—the migrant scholar—in late Ottoman Mecca. It does so through the trajectory of the prominent Indian religious and anti-colonial scholar Muhammad Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (1818–1891) and the afterlives of al-Sawlatiyya, the school he founded in 1873 in Mecca, where many South Asian and other scholars and rebels sought refuge in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through his teaching and public activism in Mecca, he built the scaffolding of a long intellectual and political legacy. Kairanawi and other scholar-activists brought with them a panoply of anti-colonial and modernist ideas—secular and religious, reformist and revolutionary. Exposing the centrality of migrant scholars to the social, intellectual, and political fabrics of Arabian and South Asian lifeworlds reveals another Arabia, one that demolition and historical revision—now mundane universal practices—seek to permanently erase. Doing so also delivers profound lessons on the figure of the migrant as scholar, on the imperative of transcending national history, and on thinking of history itself as punctured by continuous crises.