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Is an object made from bone or ivory? Was an elephant, walrus or hippo's tusk used to in the production? In this book the author illustrates how the various materials of animal origin can be recognized. All hard animal material, bones, antlers, ivory, horns, tortoise shells, whalebones and hoofs are examined. This book details the building blocks and structure; it's distinctive features and a brief history of the use of these materials from the late prehistory to the 18th century Netherlands. This resourceful book is not only useful for archaeologists and museum conservators but also for the general public with a curious mind. - Is een voorwerp gemaakt van bot of ivoor? Is er gebruik gemaakt van olifant- walrus- of nijlpaardivoor? In dit handboek wordt uiteengezet hoe men de verschillende materialen van dierlijke oorsprong kan herkennen. Alle harde dierlijke materialen - bot, gewei, ivoor, hoorn, schildpad, balein en hoef - worden behandeld. Besproken worden de opbouw en de structuur van de dierlijke materialen, de determinatiekenmerken en een beknopte geschiedenis van het gebruik van deze materialen vanaf de late prehistorie tot aan de 18e eeuw in Nederland. Een bruikbaar handboek niet alleen voor archeologen en museummedewerkers, maar ook voor kunsthistorici en verzamelaars.

In Europe archeology often has been connected with regionalist or nationalistic interested movements. In some cases archeology thus landed in very risky fairways and in this case it certainly did not promote the development to an independent science with proper theoretical basis. In Africa this is different. Directly after the independence the first president of Mali, Modibo Keita, has sent some promising new-coming students to Europe to study historic sciences, also archeology. In that new country, of which the borders sometime had been drawn by French offices, tribes lived together who often possessed little affinity to one another. To the average inhabitant the identity as Malinesian hardly counted as opposed to the identity as member of a certain section of the population. Keita's intention was to stimulate the interest in the common past of the empires Ghana, Mali, the Songhai and the Bambara. He realized that for the development of the country a common consciousness of the Malinesian identity could not be missed. Generally speaking this thought has found acceptance at the Malinesian intelligentsia. There the interest in the own past is strongly alive. From this thought the Institute des Sciences Humaines at Bamako has started a project to take stock of the numerous old hills of settlement in the inner delta of the Niger, from an economic and demographic point of view forming the most important area in the empire of the rich. The project has been financed by D.G.I.S. and is being executed in co-operation with Dutch archeologists.

Data from political anthropology, archeology, & history are used to develop an overview of the evolution of political organization up to the point of the emergence of the early state. While evolution is a process of gradual transformation, it is possible to distinguish several broad evolutionary states: egalitarian, rank, stratified, & state society. The evolution of political organization is influenced on the one hand by general forces, such as population growth & pressure, & on the other hand by such specific forces as surplus production, obligations caused by reciprocity, ideological convictions, & kinship type; in interplay, these cause specific types of political organization. Such factors as population pressure, war or threat of war, & conquest seem to play the most important role in the gradual emergence of the state. A necessary condition for this emergence seems to be that existing ideological convictions not be incompatible with hierarchization & centralization. Modified HA.