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At head of title: Engineering and design. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The urban scenery that dominated Cairo since the nineteenth century was a spatial superimposition of tradition and modernity, represented in the social and architectural composition of the city. The cinematic medium in Egypt attempted to visualize such overlap through a vivid depiction of spatial transformations occurring within the micro and macro urban levels revealing hidden aspects of social order and organizational behaviour. This article sheds light on Egyptian filmmaker Hassan Al-Imam's Cairo Trilogy films, based on the critically acclaimed novels by Nobel Prize laureate Naguib Mahfouz, where the story takes place in the heart of early twentieth-century Cairo spanning from 1917 to 1944. The films' physical features illustrate the morphology of time and urban space constituting to the socio-spatial narratives of the local setting, a theoretical framework adopted by the authors named cine-spatial representation. Through the examination of such connection within the settings across the three films, the article reveals the influence of non-physical elements on the physicality of architectural and urban space, creating a visual narrative from social collectivism to individualist fragmentation.

Mashhad is located in northeastern Iran and known as one of the most prominent religious cities in the Shia world. Religion, more than other factors such as geographical position and culture, has influenced the creation, expansion, and development of the city. The location of the burial place of Imam Alī al-Ridā, the 8th Imam of the Shi'ite, led the city to surpass its other nearby towns until it became one of the largest centers of Iran in the 16th century. With the official adoption of Shi'ism, Iranian kings have always shown a great deal of interest in the growth and development of Mashhad in order to reduce travels to Arabic religious centers and prevent the financial exploitation of these cities from pilgrimages. For this purpose, restoration and extension of the Holy Shrine have been undertaken as the primary innovative initiatives. Consequently, the first expansions of the city begin around the sanctuary within the ramparts with the formation of the neighborhoods that presented the form of an Islamic city comprising great public buildings, habitations, and alleys that would all lead to the sacred area. During the decades, the artistic taste of the governors brought various innovations to the town in terms of art, architecture and urban developments, to the extent that Mashhad became a city full of magnificent buildings like caravanserais, bazaars, mosques and grand mansions. In the 20th century, the city began extending out of the walls and turned into a modern city which gradually led to the loss of its historical identity and monuments. After the victory of the Islamic revolution in 1979, rulers have given more attention to this city. This attention towards Mashhad brought about the approval of Urban Master Plan in 1999 due to which historical residential quarters in Mashhad were destroyed and renovated to improve the context around the Holy Shrine Complex. During the last decades, countless traditional dwellings have been demolished by implementing renovation projects for historic center. Almost all of the buildings in question presented great values that have never been recognized by society or the government. The approach that will be described in this thesis concerns a study on the architectural typology of three traditional ordinary dwellings in Mashhad. They are located in the most ancient districts of city which are the victims of modernity. According to the research conducted, the case studies are the most ancient type of houses in the town which show characteristics of habitations in the late 18th century. In comparison with the 19th century mansions, these kinds of houses are built on smaller proportions and are relatively more modest. Both types, glorious or ordinary, present the common principles and characteristics which would be observed in all Middle Eastern houses with a central courtyard. Nevertheless, the ordinary small houses are not considered as heritage regardless of their architectural and historical values. This neglect perhaps comes from the fact that houses belonging to the 18th century are not as large and decorated as mansions; however, great houses are the configuration of the minor houses in a developed form. 17 Up to now, the majority of researches or activities have been focused on the study of palaces or wellknown houses located in cities like Isfahan and Yazd in most cases. Moreover, the studies conducted on traditional habitations of Mashhad included only the instances of the 19th century, all registered on National Heritage List. The lack of research on the ordinary traditional habitations have kept their values unknown to the community and state. As a result, due to not having been as heritage, they face serious challenges such as abandonment and destruction. At the beginning of the research activity after identifying the case studies and observing their physical conditions, the aim was to document the characteristics of three houses; Nili, Tehrani and Bidari, which should be the most historical dwellings in Mashhad. Through an in-depth research and focus on acquiring the required knowledge, their historical and architectural aspects will present a strong reason to register them as national heritage so they can be preserved. However, during the research, the first case of study, Nili House, was demolished by the owner in October 2018 and the third house, Bidari, was destructed by the municipality in summer 2017 due to construction of a new urban avenue. The current dissertation is an attempt to sensitize both the general public and the state and encourage to participate in the protection of local patrimonies through presenting a description of how the traditional houses of Mashhad, that represent the historical and cultural identity of the city, disappear one after the other.

The architectural features that we can observe in the Near Eastern glyptic constitute an essential source of information on the art of building in this region from the 4th to the 1st millennium BC; because the buildings,usually build in mud brick, are most of the time poorly preserved. The purpose of this research is therefore,to identify all the architectural patterns present on cylinder-seals or on seal impressions and to bring them together in a corpus which will serve as the basis for a broad exploration of the Mesopotamian architecture through its iconography, the buildings found during excavations, the forms of power that they manifested,and the ethnography. Our reflection will revolve around three axes. On the one hand, we will conduct ananalytical study by decomposing each facade in order to assess the reliability of the iconographic elements from which they are composed (openings, wall decorations, roofs, etc.) and determine if they reflect an architectural reality. This analysis is based on comparisons with representations attested on other media (plaques, tablets, reliefs, scale-models, etc.), but also with architectural remains discovered during excavations and examples taken from traditional architecture. On the other hand, we put together each facade to establish a formal typology, confront glyptic representations with actual architecture and define to what extent; we could exploit these results to restore certain monuments, in whole or in part (at least one of the elevations, the shape of the roof, etc.) discovered on archaeological sites. Lastly, in the face of the gaps and the uncertainties concerning the function of some ancient monuments (civil, religious or military), cylinder-seals and seal impressions on clay, found in large numbers for certain periods, are likely to provide us with some answers. This research work consists of three volumes: Volume 1, Text – Volume 2, Iconographicfacades accompanied by their fact sheets (on CD-ROM) – Volume 3, Plates. ; Les représentations architecturales ...

Zugleich gedruckt veröffentlicht im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin unter der ISBN 978-3-7983-2552-4. ; Energy saving in buildings through cost and energy-intensive measures, such as the application of additional building materials and technologies, is only possible with a great consumption of resources and CO2 emissions for their production. For low energy buildings, the investment costs, including user costs and governmental subsidies, are generally high, and construction is not always economically viable in consideration of the national capital in the present economic conditions of most countries. For these reasons, it is first of all necessary to apply cost and resource-efficient measures to save energy in buildings and then make use of additional cost and energy-intensive measures by improving the thermal envelope, the HVAC system or by installing energy generating systems. One of the most cost effective and ecological methods of energy saving in buildings is the reduction of energy requirements through climate responsive architecture. Due to the fact that energy saving through the optimization of architecture is not only cost-neutral, resource-efficient and carbon-neutral but also has a very high energy-saving potential, the first and most important strategy to save energy should be an optimized and climate responsive design. Energy saving through optimized architectural design is economically and ecologically sustainable. The development of building simulation science in the last decades has made it easier to study the energy performance of buildings. Tools have made it possible to predict the complex behavior of buildings regarding the climate. Except for the comparison of different building typologies to find the most efficient, there are no other methods to achieve energy savings through the architectural design, which can be applied by a variety of building types and climates. Therefore, in order to encourage the optimization of architectural design, it is necessary to improve these methods which represent strategies to significantly reduce the energy demand of buildings. Architectural Energy Efficiency is a parametric method which separately studies the effects of various energy-related architectural factors on the energy demand of buildings by using dynamic energy simulations to find the, from an energy efficiency point of view, optimum value for each of these. The architectural factors include orientation, building elongation, building form, opening ratio in different orientations, sun shading, natural ventilation etc. The research process that led to the formulation of the Architectural Energy Efficiency method is based on a series of simulations carried out by a dynamic simulation software tool (DesignBuilder) to calculate the energy demands of a building with different variants for a single architectural feature. The aim of the simulations is to find an optimum set of energy-related variables that result in the best and most efficient energy performance for a specific building type and climate. This method of efficiency illustrates the effects different architectural features have on the various energy demands of buildings. The criteria are derived from the application of this method for a specific building occupation and climate, and can be applied in the design process of buildings, which leads to improvements of the energy performance and a reduction of resource consumption. As the architectural design affects the heating and cooling as well as the lighting energy demands of buildings, the optimum value of each factor must be based on these three aspects. The heating, cooling and lighting energy demands of buildings all behave very differently. Therefore, these three energy demands together (i. e. the sum of heating, cooling and lighting energy) must also be applied as a criterion to study the building energy performance and find the optimum value for each architectural feature. The criteria for selecting the best variant can not only be based on the total energy demand, but should also consider the primary energy demand, the CO2 emissions, energy costs (for heating, cooling and lighting), life cycle costs, etc. The application of these findings to the architectural design of buildings minimizes the energy demand, the CO2 emissions and energy costs of the building, does not, however, affect the initial building costs. The advantages of energy saving through optimizing the architectural design are not only the improvement of the building's energy performance, but also the fact that the energy saving is cost and resource-efficient. This means that the energy demand of a building will decrease without increasing the investment costs of the building and without consuming any resources and energy for the production of additional building materials. The cost and resource efficiency contributes towards the economic and ecological sustainability of a building during the full life cycle.

It was hypothesized that architectural features of rooms, other than room size, would affect the perceived size of the rooms as well as perceived crowdedness. This hypothesis was examined with reference to usable space, level of illumination, and expansiveness of view from room windows. It was found that these features did affect the judged size and crowdedness. It was also found that perceived size and perceived crowdedness are independent.

Architecture is the most visible physical manifestation of human culture. The built environment envelops our lives and projects our distinctive regional and ethnic identities to the world around us. Archaeology and architecture find common theoretical ground in their perspectives on the homes, spaces, and communities that people create for themselves. In this volume, prominent archaeologists examine the architectural design spaces of Mississippian towns and mound centers of the eastern United States. The diverse Mississippian societies, which existed between A.D. 900 and 1700, created some of the largest and most complex Native American archaeological sites in the United States. The dominant architectural feature shared by these communities was one or more large plazas, each of which was often flanked by buildings set on platform mounds