Suchergebnisse

"Visualizations of cult" deals with the strategies of visual representations of cult as well as with concretisations of its visualization, in the perspective of historical and cultural studies. Cult is understood in a broad sense, describing modes of collective veneration and auratization, in religious, quasi-religious or trivial-profane connections. Cult practice and experience and their manifestations are treated under five aspects: (1) objects: staging of cult, (2) subjects: experiences of cult, (3) cult of persons, (4) spaces of cult, (5) manifestations of cult practice. "Visualisierungen von Kult" behandelt die Strategien visueller Darstellung von Kult sowie Konkretisierungen seiner Visualisierung aus historisch-kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Kult ist weit gefasst und beschreibt Formen der kollektiven Verehrung und Auratisierung, in religiösen, quasi-religiösen oder trivial-profanen Zusammenhängen. Es werden Praktiken und Erfahrung von Kult und ihre Manifestationen in fünf Themenkomplexen untersucht: (1) Objekte: Inszenierungen von Kult, (2) Subjekte: Erfahrungen von Kult, (3) Personenkult, (4) Kulträume sowie (5) Manifestationen von Kultpraxis.

This article focuses on gender issues in post-election protests in Iran in 2009, and more generally the place of women and feminists in power protest movements. Their significant representation in these movements lies in the gap between their gains in terms of access to public, material or virtual space, and citizenship, and their exclusion from the institutional political space. ; International audience ; This article focuses on gender issues in post-election protests in Iran in 2009, and more generally the place of women and feminists in power protest movements. Their significant representation in these movements lies in the gap between their gains in terms of access to public, material or virtual space, and citizenship, and their exclusion from the institutional political space. ; Cet article porte sur les enjeux de genre dans les manifestations post-électorales en Iran en 2009, et plus généralement la place des femmes et des féministes dans les mouvements de contestation du pouvoir. Leur représentation importante dans ces mouvements tient à l'écart entre leurs gains en termes d'accès à l'espace public, matériel ou virtuel, et de citoyenneté, et leur exclusion de l'espace politique institutionnel.

Die starke Automobilabhängigkeit der Grenzpendler in Luxemburg ist vor allem auf den Mangel an effizienten Alternativen zur Überwindung der Strecke zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort zurückzuführen. Die Besonderheiten des grenzüberschreitenden Arbeitsmarkts (Lohnniveau) und die Attraktivität Luxemburgs (Steuervorteile) stimulieren den Erwerb und den Gebrauch von PKWs und stellen eine neue Facette der Automobilabhängigkeit dar. Angesichts der Infrastrukturauslastung und der Wachstumsprognosen für das Grenzpendlerwesen scheint eine Reduktion der PKW-Nutzung unausweichlich. Eine Förderung des öffentlichen Verkehrs setzt dabei eine Verbesserung der grenzüberschreitenden Verbindungen voraus und erfordert die Verständigung auf eine geeignete Interventionsebene unter Berücksichtigung der lokalen Gegeben ; International audience The strong car dependence of cross-border working force of Luxemburg is mainly due to the lack of efficient commuting alternatives. Specificities of cross-border labour market (wages conditions) as well as the attractive power of Luxemburg (taxation regime) enhance trans-border trips and motorization of frontier workers households, which in turn, drive new mechanisms into the car dependency process. Reducing frontiers workers car dependency seems inevitable based on increasing traffic congestion level and growing perspectives of cross-border labour market. Supporting modal report from cars to public transportation is one of potential solutions, but it requires defining the appropriate level of intervention, taking into account local territories specificities, so as to improve trans-border links and transit. ; La forte dépendance automobile des travailleurs frontaliers du Luxembourg est essentiellement liée au manque d'alternatives efficaces capables de concurrencer l'automobile pour les déplacements domicile/travail. Les spécificités du marché de l'emploi frontalier (conditions salariales) et l'attractivité du Luxembourg (en termes de fiscalité) tendraient à stimuler les déplacements transfrontaliers ...

Through the analysis of a large urban reconstruction project in Beirut, Elyssar, this PHD thesis examines underlying principles of urban planning when its political and technical actors conceptualise the regularisation of irregular settlements. In Lebanon, these are mostly situated in the southern suburbs of the capital where failings of urban planning and competing rights created the conditions under which they developed. Elaborated during a negotiation between Prime minister Hariri and the Shi'ite parties Amal and Hezbollah, the decisions, whether uncontested or resulting from compromises, depended on both the actors' strategies and their perceptions of the city. Three types of reasoning and their links to different value systems have been identified, all used by the actors irrespective of their position. This forms a framework within which the articulation of the perceptions and judgements informing the project decisions and the conditions under which they are implemented can be analysed. ; À partir de l'analyse d'Élyssar, grand projet d'aménagement urbain de la reconstruction de Beyrouth, ce travail met en évidence des principes d'action de l'urbanisme lorsque ses acteurs politiques et techniques conçoivent de régulariser des quartiers irréguliers. Au Liban, ceux-ci sont surtout situés en banlieue sud de la capitale où défauts d'urbanisme et conflits de légitimité ont formé les conditions de leur développement. Établis dans une négociation politique entre le Premier ministre Hariri et les partis chiites Amal et Hezbollah, les choix du projet, compromis comme évidences, ressortissent à la fois au jeu stratégique des acteurs et à leurs représentations de la ville et de ses enjeux. Trois registres de raisonnement ont été identifiés, reliés à plusieurs systèmes de valeurs, mobilisés par les acteurs indépendamment de leur catégorie. Ils permettent de montrer l'articulation des représentations et des jugements dans les choix du projet et les conditions de leur mise en oeuvre.

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica (Controlo e Gestão) apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ; Domínio A capacidade de produzir bem é a chave da riqueza. Uma boa produção concretiza-se pela transformação competitiva de matérias-primas em produtos de qualidade para o mercado global. Tal transformação inclui uma série de operações coordenadas de modo a obter a produtividade que permite o aumento da competitividade. Embora algumas operações possam requerer pessoal especializado, a tendência é para uma crescente automatização. A coordenação das operações automatizadas é também automatizada (através de uma variedade de transportadores, comunicação digital, etc.). Contudo, e embora a produção seja automatizada, a configuração do equipamento é feita manualmente. Situação A necessidade de automatização foi inicialmente sentida e aplicada na produção de longas séries, como no caso da indústria automóvel. Com a necessidade de redução de custos e aumento de flexibilidade, a inclusão de máquinas/equipamentos controlados por computador, assim como de interligações por computadores/redes tem sido extensiva. O aumento de software nestes sistemas, as restrições físicas e as (indesejáveis) interconecções lógicas conduzem a um aumento da complexidade, que em empresas de produção em grande escala é obviado por especialistas. O aumento na procura de produtos personalizados e a rapidez para a sua comercialização determinam a necessidade de uma produção flexível. Contudo, a referida indesejável complexidade constitui um grande obstáculo para o recurso a soluções (semi)-automatizadas, e postos de trabalho (de alta qualidade) são deslocados para países de mão-de-obra mais barata. O caso mais difícil prende-se com a utilização de robôs (que é o tipo de máquina mais flexível) nas empresas mais flexíveis, como sejam as Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs). Deste modo, as condições para a utilização de robôs (juntamente com outro tipo de equipamento) em PMEs (incluindo operações manuais e configuração) representam o maior desafio, uma vez que os sistemas técnicos têm de ser estruturados de forma a suportarem a desejada flexibilidade. À semelhança da incapacidade de uma boa gestão em compensar a falta de competência em actividades como a do comércio ou da investigação cientifica, as etapas de produção têm de ser apropriadamente construídas e mantidas. Estas últimas representam aquilo em que o produtor se deve concentrar e especializar. Assim, sejam quais forem os avanços que facilitem a produção, as práticas de produção competitiva deverão ser mantidas. Especificamente, processos de trabalho com conhecimentos valiosos não devem ser prejudicados por detalhes técnicos irrelevantes. Novas tecnologias que possam aumentar a competitividade e/ou melhorar as condições de trabalho são obviamente desejáveis. Contudo, estas deverão ser combinadas com princípios de utilização simples para os quais os sistemas de produção são construídos. Tópico A complexidade surge tanto na operação como na coordenação, mas também na sua configuração manual. Esta é parcialmente compreensível e gerenciável, uma vez que uma determinada máquina ou processo de fabrico pode ser bastante avançado e complexo. Assim, a complexidade será local. Contudo, e em particular com software envolvido, dependências adhoc acidentais entre operações e coordenação tornam a situação actual mais difícil. Adicionalmente, a configuração de cada máquina e subsistema envolve uma variedade de interfaces de utilizador e ferramentas de configuração/programação. Uma vez mais, as grandes empresas podem contar com engenheiros altamente qualificados para lidar com estes problemas, enquanto que nas PMEs a situação fica facilmente ingovernável. Consideramos que podemos referir o problema como uma questão de orquestração. Orquestração é então definida como o arranjo, coordenação e gestão (semi-) automatizada de complexos sistemas de produção, incluindo as suas interacções em termos de comunicação e os seus serviços em termos de controlo por computador. O tópico pode então ser formulado como a procura de princípios óptimos, ou pelo menos exequíveis, para a orquestração de processos produtivos de pequena escala. Na realidade, existem aspectos fundamentais envolvidos que não representam apenas uma questão de engenharia a ser solucionada. Ao contrário, a situação requer uma abordagem científica com especial atenção para a recente tecnologia de suporte proveniente de outras áreas. Abordagem cientifica - A procura de princípios apropriados a PMEs para a orquestração de processos de produção não se presta a uma análise teórica, que por sua vez requer a utilização de modelos formais e derivação das soluções (sub-)óptimas e suas propriedades. Embora tivesse sido preferível obter provas formais de uma solução óptima, a complexidade do equipamento, o envolvimento de humanos, a considerável desorganização das PMEs, a necessidade de aderir às práticas industriais, assim como a variedade de PMEs existentes, dificultam uma abordagem teórica. Deste modo, foi seguida uma abordagem empírica. A dificultar o teste e a avaliação de uma abordagem empírica estão as possíveis variações no software envolvido, juntamente com a constante mudança que ocorre na produção em sistemas de produção flexíveis. Adicionalmente, a experimentação não pode ser conduzida em ambientes industriais (onde esta iria perturbar a produção). Assim sendo, as experiências deverão ser cuidadosamente seleccionadas e conduzidas em laboratório com recurso a equipamento industrial. Ainda assim, dadas as condições e singularidade de algum equipamento, não é fácil reproduzir os resultados noutros locais, o que constitui um problema para a validação e aceitação dos mesmos. Contudo, caso a solução sugerida em termos de princípios técnicos possa ser encontrada ou confirmada por resultados publicados de investigação independente, ou se técnicas relacionadas derem origem a novos produtos, tal pode desejavelmente contribuir para a validação de resultados. Isto é, embora resultados semelhantes para outros laboratórios sejam válidos, as diferenças actuais vão revelar a existência de variações que merecem estudo detalhado. Abordagem técnica - Os sistemas de produção flexíveis consistem em equipamento distribuído do ponto de vista computacional. Tipicamente, os diferentes aparelhos não foram concebidos para operarem em conjunto, mas devem, no entanto, ser de fácil configuração no local de trabalho. Uma abordagem básica passaria pela utilização de plataformas de software que suportassem componentes distribuídos de uma forma flexível. Contudo, as plataformas computacionais existentes podem não satisfazer com eficiência a necessidade do equipamento integrado, podendo revelar falta de robustez, nomeadamente nas interconecções. Deste modo, é necessário combinar com algum cuidado a tecnologia existente e confrontar as soluções sugeridas com as necessidades actuais das empresas. A abordagem seguida encontra-se dividida em quatro partes: 1. Suportar o acoplamento fraco entre componentes de forma a obter simples composição quando o equipamento é instalado ou substituído. As interacções necessitam ser assíncronas e baseadas em eventos através de interfaces bem definidas e auto-explicativas, contendo serviços definidos em termos de operações de produção (e não em termos de software interno). 2. Produzir princípios unificados para interacção com utilizador e interfaces, permitindo que utilizadores não especializados possam (re)configurar e (re)programar o sistema de produção. Uma interacção com o utilizador que permita combinar operações básicas que resultem num novo serviço, o qual deverá idealmente estar facilmente acessível através de interfaces programadas e manuais. 3. As abordagens baseadas em modelos têm-se revelado eficazes para desempenho e reutilização. No entanto, os modelos consistem em elevado nível de conhecimento e são dispendiosos de obter no âmbito da flexibilidade e desorganização das PMEs. Uma melhor abordagem é permitir a visibilidade do conhecimento envolvido numa determinada etapa em termos do processo de produção, de modo a que o operador transmita inteligência através de uma interface simples. 4. O software é por defeito não descritivo, assim como a execução sequencial de código imperativo não se compõe. Conhecimento no metanível e descrições declarativas deverão ser utilizadas, se possível, sem comprometimento dos itens anteriores. O objectivo é gerar software ao nível de aplicação, partindo de descrições de alto nível. A avaliação experimental deverá verificar técnicas individuais como tal, e os resultados deverão ser comparados com investigação relacionada. A abordagem global consiste em combinar os resultados das diferentes partes em princípios aplicáveis a futuros processos de produção das PMEs. Resultados O uso de arquitecturas orientadas a serviços (SOA) nas redes empresariais resolveu as limitações das arquitecturas orientadas a componentes no que diz respeito ao acoplamento através da standarização das interfaces, protocolos de comunicação, gestão de transacções, e segurança, entre outros. SOA ao nível do dispositivo é o resultado da importação de princípios SOA para os sistemas embebidos com algumas importantes diferenças, nomeadamente: inclusão de padrões de mensagens publish/subscribe, descoberta e descrição directa entre dispositivos, e modelos descritivos genéricos. Numa primeira fase, este trabalho validou os inúmeros trabalhos realizados sobre a aplicação de SOA ao nível do dispositivo em ambiente industrial com o teste num protótipo de célula de trabalho. De seguida foi levado a cabo um trabalho de avaliação comparativa entre duas SOA ao nível do dispositivo com estilos de arquitectura diferentes, servindo como base aos restantes desenvolvimentos da tese. Ainda que os resultados desta avaliação tenham mostrado o grande avanço proporcionado pelo uso de SOA, nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao desacoplamento entre componentes atingido, alguns aspectos críticos para o seu uso efectivo ainda estavam por resolver, designadamente: 1. A geração e a especificação dos serviços ao nível da tarefa 2 A definição de uma linguagem de orquestração adequada às SOA ao nível do dispositivo. Uma abordagem baseada em tarefas, quando relacionadas com processos de manufactura, consubstancia-se na capacidade de disponibilizar um mecanismo flexível (e amigável para o utilizador de uma PME) para a especificação das interfaces de rede. Os programas de robô são um elemento chave na flexibilidade do robô e este trabalho mostrou que o seu uso para a definição de interfaces vai elevar a fasquia da flexibilidade para o nível das interligações. A natureza procedimental de muitas linguagens de robô encaixa-se perfeitamente com o padrão de mensagens definido nas plataformas SOA, com uma mistura de variáveis de estado definidas a partir de variáveis do robô, e com acções definidas a partir de métodos da linguagem robô. A definição de uma linguagem de orquestração preencheu uma lacuna nos padrões de orquestração: sistemas conduzidos a eventos. Estes sistemas definem estados e transições de uma forma clara, potenciando a capacidade do utilizador de acompanhar o estado do sistema. Statecharts constituem um par adequado para a arquitectura SOA, uma vez que as transições de estado são baseadas em eventos, que no nosso caso são eventos na rede, mas os estados (e também as transições) incluem igualmente acções, que podem ser mapeadas para operações. A avaliação empírica efectuada mostrou uma previsível boa curva de aprendizagem para estes sistemas, em parte devido às vantagens associadas à sua semelhança a técnicas de automação tradicionais, como os Sequential Function Charts. Os resultados desta avaliação são positivos e justificam esforços suplementares para efectuar testes em aplicações reais, o que neste caso implica utilizadores de PME reais. Conclusões Três conclusões devem ser retiradas desta tese: A estratégia proposta para a especificação de serviços é um elemento chave no futuro do uso de SOA ao nível dos dispositivos, devido à importância da definição das interfaces no sucesso destas arquitecturas. A programação ao nível da tarefa é desta forma transferida da programação dos robôs para o nível da rede. Uma linguagem conduzida a eventos foi definida para a orquestração. Testes revelaram o seu uso e compatibilidade com as necessidades das células de fabrico das pequenas e médias empresas, nomeadamente estados explícitos e transições baseadas em eventos. Esta abordagem preenche uma lacuna nos padrões de orquestração existentes na indústria e constitui uma excelente base de trabalho para o futuro. Finalmente, foram abordadas técnicas baseadas em conhecimento, e avaliada a sua integração com a arquitectura definida anteriormente. Estes estudos mostraram a importância das estratégias descritivas e as inúmeras possibilidades abertas quando a semântica é adicionada aos sistemas industriais baseados em software, especialmente quando suportados em bem estabelecidas tecnologias de rede, como as descritas anteriormente. ; Our ability to manufacture well is the key to our wealth. Obtaining a wider range of different (and better) products in a sustainable way in terms of labour and environment is the big challenge faced by modern manufacturing. In the last few decades, automation has played a key role in the enhanced productivity of mass-production industries, but there has been a paradigm shift: global consumers ask for customization, leading manufacturers to target mass customization and consequently requiring new levels of flexibility for automation. An industrial robot is usually considered to be a flexible machine, which is only true within the large plant scenario. Small enterprises, which are by nature the most flexible ones, do not make use of robot systems as they could, because robot flexibility, which relies on reprogramming and reconfiguring, cannot be taken on by the SME (Small Medium Enterprises) worker at the workshop, and hiring specialists is unacceptable in terms of costs. The easy reconfiguration of a robotic work-cell, which is a distributed environment with computation in different platforms that are coordinated by software, is hindered greatly by the dependencies between cell components. This thesis addresses the problem of dependencies by proposing principles and mechanisms for the orchestration of complex manufacturing systems, i.e., the (semi-) automated coordination of their interactions in terms of communications and computer control. The industrial environment, especially regarding robotics, does not lend itself to theoretical analysis due to the amount of work needed to reach formal models. This is exacerbated in the unstructured SME environment and when working with user-in-the-loop systems. Therefore, the approach used in this thesis was mainly empirical, with validation through laboratory prototypes used by some representative users. The approach consisted of the following parts: 1. supporting loose coupling between components to promote simple composition of services to enable an easier reconfiguration; 2. defining unifying principles in terms of user interaction, by taking into account current robot technologies and improvements from other scientific areas, namely enterprise level networking; 3. enabling a task-based view of knowledge in terms of the manufacturing processes to promote the reconfiguration of the system by process rather than robotics specialists; 4. proposing declarative techniques that support easy configuration of the work-cell in terms understandable by the SME user. The use of service-oriented architectures (SOAs) in the business world has tackled the limitations of component-oriented architectures in terms of coupling through the standardization of interfaces, communication protocols, transaction management, and security, among others. Device-level SOA are the result of the porting of SOA principles to the embedded level with the addition of several important features, namely: publish/subscribe messaging patterns, peer-to-peer discovery description and generic templates. At an initial stage, this work has validated the current trend of using device-level SOA in industrial environments by testing their use against a prototype work-cell. Following this, a comparison was made between device-level SOA platforms that embodied two different architectural styles. This served as a basis for the rest of the thesis. Although the results from this evaluation have shown the great advances brought about by the use of device-level SOA, for instance in terms of decoupling, some critical issues for their effective use remained unchallenged, namely: 1. The generation and the specification of task-level services (contracts), with transparent and easy-to-use techniques for the SME user. 2. The definition of orchestration techniques adapted to the device-level SOA, with adequate expressiveness and simplicity for the SME user. A task-based view of knowledge in terms of manufacturing processes relies on the ability to provide a flexible (SME user-friendly) mechanism for the specification of network interfaces. Robot programs are the key element for robot flexibility. This work has shown that their use in interface definition will feature flexibility also at the interconnection level. The procedural nature of many robot programming languages copes perfectly with the device-level SOA messaging style, with a mixture of evented state variables defined by robot variables, and with actions defined by robot methods. The definition of an orchestration language has addressed a missing pattern in service orchestration: event-driven systems. These systems define states and transitions in a clear way, thus enhancing the user's ability to predict the state of the system. Statecharts provide a perfect match for the device-level SOA since the state-transitions are event-based, but the states (and the transitions) embody actions, which can be mapped to operations. The empiric evaluation made with several types of users has shown the predictable steep learning curve of these systems, partly due to their resemblance to traditional automation techniques like SFCs. The results are therefore positive and justify the effort of testing the system against real applications, which in this case means with real SME users. Descriptive techniques for software are one of the keys to establish the bridge between humans and computer programs. Despite recent evolutions, these techniques are not yet ready for use, and supportive technologies and methodologies need to be tested. In this work, a cell specification language has been defined and software developed that configures a programming-by-demonstration robotic work-cell. In conclusion, there are three main outcomes from this thesis. The proposed strategy for the specification of services is a key enabler in the future use of device-level SOA in industrial robotics, due to the importance of interface definition in the success of these architectures. Task-level programming is in this way extended from the robot programming level to networked devices. An event-driven language has been defined for the orchestration. Tests revealed its ease of use and compatibility with the orchestration needs of SME work-cells, namely: explicit states and event-based transitions. This approach fulfils a missing orchestration pattern in the industry, and provides an excellent basis for future work. A descriptive robotic cell specification has been introduced that supports the automatic workcell (re)configuration. This work has shown the importance of descriptive knowledge in automation, especially when supported by the networking integration techniques described previously. ; Project SMERobot, Integrated project funded under the European Union's Sixth Framework Programme (FP6)

Die rechtspopulistische Partei Perussuomalaiset (PS) (dt.: Finnen-Partei), auch bekannt als die Finnen (die kursive Schreibweise weist auf die Partei hin, in Abgrenzung zu finnischen Bürger:innen), weist einige Besonderheiten im Gegensatz zu anderen europäischen rechtspopulistischen Parteien auf, die sich teils aus Besonderheiten von Finnland ergeben.Zum Beispiel spielt das Thema Migration – obwohl die Finnen dieses Thema durchaus bedienen – in Finnland eine eher untergeordnete Rolle (vgl. Wilde-Krell & Adorf 2022, S. 288 f.). Auch zeigt sich in der Regierungsbeteiligung die Besonderheit, dass die Finnen nicht erst die nötige Reputation dafür aufbauen mussten, im Gegensatz zu einigen anderen rechtspopulistischen Parteien.Dieser Umstand ist in der Tatsache begründet, dass die Finnen eine Nachfolgerpartei der Suomen maaseudun puolue (SMP) darstellt, welche als populistische Partei bereits Regierungserfahrung sammeln konnte (vgl. Wilde-Krell & Adorf 2022, S. 279). Die Finnen besitzen also eine lange Parteiengeschichte, welche auch dazu führt, dass die Partei nach Cas Muddes Kategorisierung in "extreme right" und "radical right" von Lahti und Palonen als "radical right" Partei gesehen wird, wobei "extreme right" Parteien als demokratiefeindlich gelten, während die "radical right" Parteien im Rahmen der Demokratie operieren (vgl. Lahti & Palonen 2023, S. 128).Eine weitere Besonderheit der Finnen wird nachfolgend in den Fokus genommen: ihre Russland-kritische Haltung. Viele rechtspopulistische Parteien in Europa fallen immer wieder durch ihre Nähe zu Russland bzw. Putin auf. Eine Nähe, die selbst nach dem russischen Überfall auf die Ukraine und dem daraus resultierenden Krieg häufig bestehen bleibt.So beispielsweise die deutsche AfD, die diese Nähe aufrechterhält (vgl. Ntv 2023). Zwar ist die AfD auch in dieser Hinsicht gespalten und parteiintern gibt es genauso Stimmen gegen diese Russlandnähe, es ist jedoch auffällig, dass wichtige Parteimitglieder wie der Vorsitzende Tino Chrupalla immer wieder mit einer Pro-Russland Haltung auffallen.Zudem zeichnet sich ein ähnliches Bild ab wie bei anderen Streitfragen der AfD: die Gemäßigteren, die die radikalen Meinungen anderer Parteimitglieder ablehnen, sind diejenigen, die die Partei verlassen (vgl. Schmidt 2022). Die AfD stellt hierbei nur ein Beispiel dar für eine europäische rechtspopulistische Partei, die – vereinfacht auf die beiden Konfliktparteien aus dem Kalten Krieg bezogen – einen USA-kritischen und Russland-freundlichen Ton anschlägt.Die USA, sinnbildlich für den liberalen Westen mit seinen vermeintlich linken Ideologien, welche durch die Rechtspopulisten abgelehnt werden (LGBTQI+ Bewegung, Klimaproteste, etc.), Russland bzw. Putin sinnbildlich für Autorität, Stärke, Nationalismus. Entgegen diesem Bild stehen die finnischen Rechtspopulisten der PS.Hierbei ist erwähnenswert, dass Finnland nicht frei von Populisten mit Nähe zu Russland ist. Die finnische Partei Liike Nyt ist stark geprägt von wirtschaftlichen Eliten mit Nähe zu russischen Oligarchen, welche jedoch seit Beginn des Krieges abgestritten wird (vgl. Lahti & Palonen 2023, S. 129).Die Finnen hingegen waren nie pro-russisch eingestellt, wofür es vielseitige Erklärungsansätze gibt. Einerseits kann hierbei das historische Erbe erwähnt werden. Lahti und Palonen sehen die Möglichkeit einer starken Solidarisierung mit der Ukraine auf Basis der finnischen Geschichte. Finnland wehrte im Winterkrieg 1939-1940 mit vergleichsweise geringer militärischer Stärke das militärisch starke Russland ab.Russland ist somit in der finnischen Geschichte ein Kriegsgegner gewesen, zudem stellt sich möglicherweise für manche finnische Bürger:innen die Situation in der Ukraine ähnlich dar: die militärisch unterlegene Ukraine, welche von Russland angegriffen wird und bisher erfolgreich Widerstand leistet.Ein weiterer wichtiger Faktor stellt der bis 2021 Vorsitzende der Partei, Jussi Halla-aho, dar. Halla-aho kann keineswegs als gemäßigter Konservativer bezeichnet werden, viel Kritik begleitet seine politische Biografie sowie seine ideologischen Positionen, immerhin wurde Halla-aho bereits wegen Volksverhetzung verurteilt und fällt immer wieder mit extremistischen Aussagen gegen Bevölkerungsgruppen, beispielsweise muslimische Bürger:innen, auf. Auch gilt er nicht als EU-freundlich, immerhin forderte er den "Fixit", also den Austritt Finnlands aus der EU (vgl. Wolff 2017).Ein Punkt in Halla-ahos Biografie beleuchtet allerdings, weshalb er dennoch pro-ukrainisch eingestellt ist: Halla-aho studierte Slawistik und setzte sich im Rahmen des Studiums schon früh mit der Geschichte slawischer Länder auseinander, so auch mit der Geschichte der Ukraine nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion. Es scheint logisch, dass Halla-aho eine große Gefahr in der Ausbreitung der russischen Grenzen für das eigene, an Russland grenzende Land sieht. Als überzeugter Nationalist ist es daher kaum verwunderlich, dass er für finnische Interessen einen Eingriff zugunsten der Ukraine als nötig betrachtet, wofür er sich auch mehrfach stark gemacht hat (vgl. Lahti & Palonen 2023, S. 131 f.). Dass die pro-ukrainische Haltung der Finnen nicht nur ein politisches Manöver darstellt, um Stimmen zu generieren, sondern auf Überzeugung basiert, zeigt auch der Wechsel der Fraktion im EU-Parlament. Während die Finnen – Vertreten durch zwei Abgeordnete – vor dem Krieg in der Ukraine der rechtspopulistisch bis -extremistischen Fraktion Identität und Demokratie (ID) angehörten, welche viele weitere rechtspopulistische bis -extremistische Parteien unter sich vereint wie z.B. Rassemblement National, Lega, Alternative für Deutschland, Vlaams Belang uvm., schloss sie sich als Reaktion auf den Krieg der Fraktion Europäische Konservative und Reformer (EKR) an (vgl. Camut 2023).Die EKR vereint ebenfalls einige rechtspopulistische Akteure unter sich, wie z.B. Vox oder die Alternative für Deutschland, bevor sie in die ID-Fraktion eintrat. Die Finnen kommentierten, sie hätten sich einer Gruppe angeschlossen, "whose member parties are united by the uncompromising defense of Western civilization and the European security policy architecture" (Camut 2023). Ihre anti-russische Haltung zum Schutze Europas bzw. Finnlands sahen sie folglich in der vorigen Fraktion nicht mehr für möglich.Eine weitere schwerwiegende Entscheidung und Veränderung in der Haltung der Finnen war der Eintritt Finnlands in die NATO. Während die finnische Bevölkerung, die ein Selbstverständnis von Neutralität in Bezug auf den Kalten Krieg hatte und bis heute hat, nach der Annexion der Krim durch Russland nach wie vor gegen einen NATO-Beitritt war, änderte der russische Angriff auf die Ukraine 2022 diese Haltung. 2014 nach der Annexion der Krim stimmten nur 26% für einen Beitritt Finnlands zur NATO. Im März 2022 waren es 48%, die dafür stimmten, im Juni 2022 waren es 79% (vgl. Lathi & Palonen 2023, S. 129). Infolge dieser Veränderung kam es 2023 zum Beitritt in das NATO-Bündnis (vgl. ZDFheute 2023), wobei auch die Finnen hinter diesem Beitritt stehen. Die Haltung der Finnen unterscheidet sich also in Bezug auf Russland von anderen europäischen rechtspopulistischen Parteien. In Umfragen ist kein maßgeblicher Unterschied merkbar, seit die Finnen sich auf die Seite der Ukraine gestellt haben, was vermuten lässt, dass dieser Faktor keinen allzu großen Stellenwert in der Wählerschaft hat oder die bisherige Wählerschaft diesen Standpunkt teilt.Dennoch ist diese Besonderheit einer europäischen rechtspopulistischen Partei nicht unbedeutend, insbesondere mit Blick auf mögliche Entwicklungen. Die Entscheidung zum NATO-Beitritt könnte Spannungen einerseits zwischen den Finnen und anderen rechten Randparteien, andererseits aber auch zwischen verschiedenen Lagern innerhalb der Partei auslösen. Mit der Frage beispielsweise nach der Neutralität Finnlands, die mit dem NATO-Beitritt nicht mehr vorhanden ist, könnte vor allem von NATO-kritischen Parteien der Versuch unternommen werden, Wähler:innen zu mobilisieren oder von den Finnen abzuwerben.Auch die Tatsache, dass die Finnen nicht mehr aktiv die "Fixit"-Kampagne verfolgen – wobei unklar ist, ob die Kampagne wieder aktiviert wird – könnte einerseits das Feld für andere rechtspopulistische Parteien öffnen, andererseits aber auch die Finnen für eine breitere Wählerschaft öffnen (vgl. Lathi & Palonen 2023, S. 134 f.). Ob und - wenn ja - wie sich die Partei und die Zustimmung im Volk verändern wird aufgrund dieser Entwicklungen, bleibt abzuwarten. Mit der Unterstützung der Ukraine, der Ablehnung von Russland und der Zustimmung zum NATO-Beitritt haben die Finnen in den letzten zwei Jahren jedoch auf jeden Fall besondere Positionen eingenommen, verglichen mit anderen europäischen rechtspopulistischen Parteien. Quellen:Camut, Nicolas (2023): Far-right Finns Party moves to ECR group in EU Parliament. In: POLITICO, 05. 04.2023. Online verfügbar unter https://www.politico.eu/article/far-right-finns-party-ecr-european-conservatives-and-reformists-group-parliament/ ,zuletzt geprüft am 14.01.2024.Lahti, Yannick/Palonen, Emilia (2023): The impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on right-wing populism in Finland; in: Ivaldi, Gilles/Zankina, Emilia (Hrsg.) (2023): The Impacts of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine on Right-wing Populism in Europe. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS). Brussels.Ntv (2023): Bensmann zur AfD und Russland: "Die machen das aus Überzeugung". In: n-tv NACHRICHTEN, 10.01.2023. Online verfügbar unter https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Die-machen-das-aus-Uberzeugung-article24434349.html , zuletzt geprüft am 14.01.2024.Schmidt, Martin (2022): Ukraine-Krieg: Wie hält es die AfD mit Russland? In: tagesschau.de, 30.03.2022. Online verfügbar unter https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/afd-russland-115.html , zuletzt geprüft am 14.01.2024.Wilde-Krell, Anna-Lena/Adorf, Philipp (2022): Die Finnen - Auf dem Weg zum konventionellen Rechtspopulismus?; in: Decker, Frank (Hrsg.) (2022): Aufstand der Außenseiter. Die Herausforderung der europäischen Politik durch den neuen Populismus, Nomos.Wolff, Reinhard (2017): Ein neuer Chef bei den Wahren Finnen: "Der größte Rassist des Landes". Online verfügbar unter https://taz.de/Ein-neuer-Chef-bei-den-Wahren-Finnen/!5416271/ ,zuletzt geprüft am 14.01.2024.ZDFheute (2023): Finnland ist Nato-Mitglied - was das bedeutet. In: ZDFheute, 04.04.2023. Online verfügbar unter https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nato-beitritt-finnland-bedeutung-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html , zuletzt geprüft am 14.01.2024.

The combined analysis of haplotype panels with phenotype clinical cohorts is a common approach to explore the genetic architecture of human diseases. However, genetic studies are mainly based on single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels). Here, we contribute to fill this gap by generating a dense haplotype map focused on the identification, characterization, and phasing of structural variants (SVs). By integrating multiple variant identification methods and Logistic Regression Models (LRMs), we present a catalogue of 35 431 441 variants, including 89 178 SVs (≥50 bp), 30 325 064 SNVs and 5 017 199 indels, across 785 Illumina high coverage (30x) whole-genomes from the Iberian GCAT Cohort, containing a median of 3.52M SNVs, 606 336 indels and 6393 SVs per individual. The haplotype panel is able to impute up to 14 360 728 SNVs/indels and 23 179 SVs, showing a 2.7-fold increase for SVs compared with available genetic variation panels. The value of this panel for SVs analysis is shown through an imputed rare Alu element located in a new locus associated with Mononeuritis of lower limb, a rare neuromuscular disease. This study represents the first deep characterization of genetic variation within the Iberian population and the first operational haplotype panel to systematically include the SVs into genome-wide genetic studies. ; GCAT|Genomes for Life, a cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP); IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya; GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO; Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya [ADE 10/00026]; Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) [2017-SGR 529]; B.C. is supported by national grants [PI18/01512]; X.F. is supported by VEIS project [001-P-001647] (co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 'A way to build Europe'); a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the GCAT data is available from www.genomesforlife.com/; Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government [SEV-2011-00067 and SEV2015-0493]; Spanish Ministry of Science [TIN2015-65316-P]; Innovation and by the Generalitat de Catalunya [2014-SGR-1051 to D.T.]; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) [BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00]; European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU) (to M.C.); Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [FPI BES-2016-0077344 to J.V.M.]; C.S. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement [H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433]; this study made use of data generated by the UK10K Consortium from UK10K COHORT IMPUTATION [EGAS00001000713]; formal agreement with the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); this study made use of data generated by the Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [184021007], allowing us to use the GoNL reference panel containing SVs, upon request (GoNL Data Access request 2019203); this study also used data generated by the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) accessed through the European Genome-phenome Archive with the accession numbers EGAD00001002729; formal agreement of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) with WTSI; this study made use of data generated by the 1000 Genomes (1000G), accessed through the FTP portal (http://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/release/20130502/); this study used the GeneHancer-for-AnnotSV dump for GeneCards Suite Version 4.14, through a formal agreement between the BSC and the Weizmann Institute of Science. Funding for open access charge: GCAT|Genomes for Life, a cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP); IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya; GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO; Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya [ADE 10/00026]; Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) [2017-SGR 529]; B.C. is supported by national grants [PI18/01512]; X.F. is supported by VEIS project [001-P-001647] (co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 'A way to build Europe'); a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the GCAT data is available from www.genomesforlife.com/; Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government [SEV-2011-00067 and SEV2015-0493]; Spanish Ministry of Science [TIN2015-65316-P]; Innovation and by the Generalitat de Catalunya [2014-SGR-1051 to D.T.]; [Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) [BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00]; European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU) (to M.C.); Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [FPI BES-2016-0077344 to J.V.M.]; C.S. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement [H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433]; this study made use of data generated by the UK10K Consortium from UK10K COHORT IMPUTATION [EGAS00001000713]; formal agreement with the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); this study made use of data generated by the Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [184021007], allowing us to use the GoNL reference panel containing SVs, upon request (GoNL Data Access request 2019203); this study also used data generated by the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) accessed through the European Genome-phenome Archive with the accession numbers EGAD00001002729; formal agreement of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) with WTSI; this study made use of data generated by the 1000 Genomes (1000G), accessed through the FTP portal (http://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/release/20130502/); this study used the GeneHancer-for-AnnotSV dump for GeneCards Suite Version 4.14, through a formal agreement between the BSC and The Weizmann Institute of Science. ; "Article signat per 21 autors/es: Jordi Valls-Margarit, Iván Galván-Femenía, Daniel Matías-Sánchez, Natalia Blay, Montserrat Puiggròs, Anna Carreras, Cecilia Salvoro, Beatriz Cortés, Ramon Amela, Xavier Farre, Jon Lerga-Jaso, Marta Puig, Jose Francisco Sánchez-Herrero, Victor Moreno, Manuel Perucho, Lauro Sumoy, Lluís Armengol, Olivier Delaneau, Mario Cáceres, Rafael de Cid, David Torrents" ; Postprint (published version)

Designing forms and spaces of learning is a process that requires pedagogical, architectural, social, cultural and political creativity. The national and international scientific literature (OECD, 2017) on educational innovation highlights the close relationship between didactics and the learning environment. For this reason, the processes of educational renewal cannot disregard a new vision of school spaces and educational settings.New guidelines for school planning are emerging, emphasizing learning as an active and constructive process in which each child has a "leading" role.Indeed, in the contemporary scenario, students become active participants in the creation of information and new ideas in the educational environment. Consequently, 21st-century education is based on three pedagogical principles (McLoughlin & Lee, 2008): personalization, participation and productivity (Luna Scott, 2015).The study of these aspects, accompanied by the evaluative and comparative analysis of design experiences in the school field, has made it possible to configure the new SINAPSI 0-14 concept, a furnishing system that adapts and adopts advanced technologies to meet the needs of children and teachers, both current and future, from a holistic perspective.The aim was to design a system of modular, flexible and adaptable "organic" cells that can be used across the board by users of different ages, from kindergartens to primary and secondary schools. SINAPSI 0-14 is configured in forms belonging to a universe of geometries that can be traced back to a single matrix of organic elements. The set of symbols that can be aggregated define different forms of the furnishing system, making the educational space "chronotopic" and capable of changing according to the time and place it is created and according to its use and needs.These in-depth studies have made it possible to reconstruct a critical analytical repertoire on the theme of educational spaces and school architecture, interweaving its changes in line with pedagogical models and regulatory instruments to define the school of the future. ; Diseñar formas y espacios de aprendizaje es un proceso que requiere creatividad pe­dagógica, arquitectónica, social, cultural y política.La literatura científica nacional e internacional (OCDE, 2017) sobre innovación educa­tiva destaca la estrecha relación que conecta la didáctica con el entorno de aprendiza­je. Por ello, los procesos de renovación educativa no pueden prescindir de una nueva visión de los espacios escolares y de los entornos educativos.Surgen nuevas pautas de planificación escolar, se enfatiza el aprendizaje como un pro­ceso activo y constructivo en el que cada niño tiene un papel «protagonista».De hecho, en el escenario contemporáneo, los estudiantes se convierten en partici­pantes activos en la creación de información y nuevas ideas en el entorno educativo. En consecuencia, la educación del siglo XXI se basa en tres principios pedagógicos (McLoughlin & Lee, 2008): personalización, participación y productividad (Luna Scott, 2015).El estudio de estos aspectos, acompañado del análisis evaluativo y comparativo de experiencias de diseño en el ámbito escolar, nos ha permitido configurar el nuevo concepto SINAPSI 0-14, un sistema de mobiliario que adapta y adopta tecnologías avanzadas para satisfacer las necesidades de los niños y profesores, actuales y futuras, según una perspectiva holística.El objetivo era diseñar un sistema de celdas «orgánicas» modulares, flexibles y adap­tables que pudieran ser utilizadas de forma transversal por usuarios de diferentes edades, desde jardines de infancia hasta centros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria. SINAPSI 0-14 se configura en formas que pertenecen a un universo de geometrías que se remontan a una única matriz de elementos orgánicos. El conjunto de símbolos que pueden agregarse definen diferentes formas del sistema de mobiliario, haciendo que el espacio educativo sea «cronotópico» y capaz de cambiar según el tiempo y el lugar que se cree y según el uso y las necesidades.Estos estudios en profundidad han permitido reconstruir un repertorio analítico crítico sobre el tema de los espacios educativos y la arquitectura escolar, entrelazando sus cambios en función de los modelos pedagógicos y los instrumentos normativos, para definir la escuela del futuro. Progettare forme e spazi di apprendimento è un processo che richiede creatività pedagogica, architettonica, sociale, culturale e politica.La letteratura scientifica nazionale e internazionale (OECD, 2017) sull'innovazione educativa evidenzia la stretta relazione che connette la didattica all'ambiente di apprendimento. Per tale ragione, i processi di rinnovamento della didattica non posso prescindere da una nuova visione degli spazi scolastici e dei setting educativi.Emergono nuove linee guida per la progettazione scolastica, si enfatizza l'apprendimento come un processo attivo e costruttivo nel quale ogni bambino ha un ruolo di "protagonista".Difatti, nello scenario contemporaneo, gli studenti divengono partecipanti attivi alla creazione di informazioni e di nuove idee nell'ambiente educativo. Di conseguenza, l'istruzione del ventunesimo secolo si basa su tre principi pedagogici (McLoughlin & Lee, 2008): personalizzazione, partecipazione e produttività (Luna Scott, 2015).Lo studio di tali aspetti, accompagnato dall'analisi valutativa e comparativa di esperienze progettuali in campo scolastico, ha consentito di configurare il nuovo concept allestitivo SINAPSI 0-14, un sistema d'arredo che adatti e adotti le avanzate tecnologie per rispondere ai bisogni di bambini e insegnanti, attuali e futuri, secondo una prospettiva olistica.L'obiettivo è stato progettare un sistema di cellule "organiche" modulari, flessibili e adattabili che possano essere utilizzate in maniera trasversale da utenti di diverse età, dalle scuole d'infanzia alle scuole primarie e secondarie di primo grado. SINAPSI 0-14 si configura in forme appartenenti a un universo di geometrie riconducibili a un'unica matrice di elementi organici. L'insieme dei simboli aggregabili definiscono differenti forme del sistema di arredo rendendo lo spazio didattico "cronotopico" atto a modificarsi in funzione del tempo e del luogo che si crea e in funzione dell'uso e delle esigenze.Tali approfondimenti hanno consentito di ricostruire un repertorio critico analitico sul tema degli spazi educativi e delle architetture scolastiche intrecciandone i cambiamenti in linea con i modelli pedagogici e gli strumenti normativi, al fine di definire la scuola del futuro.

Introduction. In recent decades, competency-based approach is considered to be the leading one in the system of vocational education in Russia. However, the preparation for future employment cannot be limited to competencies. This is particularly true for anthropocentric professions, for example, the training of medical workers. In such fields of employment, the personal qualities of a specialist are extremely important, i. e. his or her ability to communication, productive interaction, which implies a certain type of reflection.The aim of the present research was to identify the role of reflection, when forming the social orientation of physicians at different stages of their specialty training and realisation of oneself in this or that specialty – from university education to the end of career.Methodology and research methods. In the course of the research, psychodiagnostic methods based on the questionnaire "Differential Type of Reflection" by D. A. Leontiev et al. and FIRO – Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation questionnaire by A. Schutz in the adaptation of A. A. Rukavishnikov were employed, taking into account the key provisions of theories concerning personality psychology and social behaviour. Automated neural networks based on the architecture of a multilayer perceptron according to the type of regression analysis and analysis of Kendall's tau correlation coefficient were used to process the data.Results. Reflective processes among future physicians and physicians-practitioners were studied on the sample of 384 people (aged from 17 to 76 years old) – 169 students of medical universities and 215 employees of stationary and outpatient clinics of Chelyabinsk region. It was revealed that at different stages of mastering the profession, the level of productive (systemic) reflection turned out to be different, but it was growing according to the increased degree of professionalisation. However, this level did not reach normative values in all groups, pointing to the need for psychological correction of self-determination and self-distancing. The identified ways of respondents' social orientation demonstrate the contradictory nature of relations to oneself and to others; and such relations were mostly expressed at the beginning of training. Along with the fear of being rejected, manifested at an unconscious level, the respondents took the conscious decisions to preserve own individuality and to maintain the distance with other people. This contradiction means the presence of intra-personal conflict, which, like dissatisfaction with individual needs for interpersonal communication, provokes the prevalence of unproductive types of reflection – introspection and quasi-reflection.Scientific novelty. The integration of ideas about the role, structure, content and determinants of reflection can be represented as follows: traditional understanding from the perspective of inter-individual approach as a mechanism of social perception and interpretation from the point of view of intra-individual (personal) and subject-activity approaches as the higher mental process, which is formed in the process of the acquired profession. This integration allowed the authors to identify the relationships between the level of reflection development, personal peculiarities, experience and medical specialisation.Practical significance. The research materials and the authors' conclusions can serve as a basis for the development of recommendations for the correction and prevention of unproductive forms of reflection at the initial stages of education in a medical university (e.g. specially organised extracurricular classes), as well as in the system of advanced training of practicing physicians. ; Введение. В последние десятилетия ведущим в российской системе профессионального образования постулируется компетентностный подход. Однако подготовка к будущей трудовой деятельности не может ограничиваться исключительно формированием компетенций, особенно если речь идет об освоении профессий антропоцентрированного типа, например, об обучении медицинских работников. В таких сферах занятости крайне важны личностные качества специалиста, его способности к общению, продуктивному взаимодействию, что предполагает наличие определенного вида рефлексии. Целью представленного в статье исследования было выявление роли рефлексии в формировании социальной ориентации врачей на разных стадиях освоения ими своей специальности и реализации себя в ней – от студенческой скамьи до завершения карьеры.Методология и методики. В работе, выполненной с учетом ключевых положений теорий психологии личности и социального поведения, применялись психодиагностические методы, базирующиеся на опроснике «Дифференциальный тип рефлексии» (Д. А. Леонтьев и др.) и опроснике межличностных отношений FIRO – Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (В. Шутц, в адаптации А. А. Рукавишникова). При обработке данных были задействованы автоматизированные нейронные сети на архитектуре многослойного персептрона по типу регрессионного анализа и корреляционный анализ τ-Кендалла.Результаты. Рефлексивные процессы у будущих и действующих врачей изучались на выборке из 384 человек (возраст от 17 до 76 лет) – 169 студентов медицинских вузов и 215 сотрудников стационарных и амбулаторнополиклинических учреждений Челябинской области. На разных этапах освоения профессии уровень продуктивной (системной) рефлексии оказался различным, но имел тенденцию к повышению по мере усиления профессионализации. Тем не менее во всех группах испытуемых он не достигал нормативных значений, что указывает на необходимость психологической коррекции самодетерминации и самодистанцирования. Выявленные способы социальной ориентации испытуемых продемонстрировали противоречивость отношений к себе и другим, наиболее выраженную в начале обучения. Наряду со страхом быть отвергнутыми, проявляющимся на бессознательном уровне, вполне осознанным было стремление респондентов сохранить свою индивидуальность, установить дистанцию с другими. Это противоречие означает присутствие внутриличностного конфликта, который, как и неудовлетворенность потребностей индивида в межличностном общении, провоцирует преобладание непродуктивных видов рефлексии – интроспекции и квазирефлексии. Научная новизна. Интеграция представлений о роли, структуре, содержании и детерминантах рефлексии: традиционного понимания ее с позиций интериндивидного подхода как механизма социальной перцепции и трактовки с точки зрения интраиндивидного (личностного) и субъектно-деятельностного подходов как высшего психического процесса, складывающегося по мере овладения профессией, – позволила определить взаимосвязи между уровнем развития рефлексии, личностными особенностями, опытом и специализацией в медицинской деятельности.Практическая значимость. Материалы исследования и сделанные авторами выводы могут служить основой для разработки рекомендаций по коррекции и профилактике непродуктивных форм рефлексии как на начальных этапах обучения в медицинском вузе, например на специально организованных факультативных занятиях, так и в системе повышения квалификации практикующих врачей. ; The present article is published under the support of the Government of the Russian Federation (the Decree of 16.03.2013 № 211; Agreement № 02.A03.21.0011). ; Статья выполнена при поддержке Правительства РФ (постановление от 16.03.2013 № 211 ; соглашение № 02.A03.21.0011).

This thesis consists of three chapters and is organized in two parts. Each part deals with a particular theoreticalissue of firms' private information.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the architecture of global warming policies and firms' private information.The first chapter analyses which global agreement can be implemented in presence of two-tiers asymmetry of information coming from both countries and domestic firms. We impose several key constraints on the design of such a regulatory policy: heterogeneity of countries, two-tier private information both at domestic and international levels and full participation. We derive the optimal first and second-best agreement. It is shown that the optimal global agreement does not always entail a uniform price for carbon. In presence of domestic firm's private information, the second-best agreement entails prices for carbon that differ from one country to another. We thereby highlight the failure of the Law of One Carbon Price. In the second part of the thesis that comprises two chapters, I study the interaction between two communication tools --- price signaling and third-party disclosure --- that firms may use to reveal their private information to consumers. The second chapter examines a third-party disclosure that consists in a certification handled by a middleman: a certifier. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or using price to signal quality. The strategic certifier is either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I first show that the structure of audit costs incurred by the middlemen affects the type of monopolist that chooses certification. I then show that the characteristics of the certification ---audit probability and certification fee--- vary with the motivation of the strategic middleman. More specifically, a for-profit certifier, whenever it is possible, will not audit and put the highest feasible fee while a certifier defending the monopolist will audit with a certain probability and select the lowest possible fee. This chapter thereby contributes to a better understanding of the certification industry.The last chapter studies a third-party disclosure that consists of two steps: certification and labeling. It involves two middlemen --- the certifier and the owner of the label --- and it includes a certification fee and a price for the label. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or signaling quality through price.I derive the disclosure when the certifier is a for-profit private entityand the label owner is private either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I show that, when the label owner defends the monopolist, the price of that label and the sharing of the surplus depend on the nature of certifiers' competition. In particular, I find that, a label owner defending the monopolist in order to prevent the certifier from capturing the surplus should favor competition between certifiers or, when that is not possible, monetize the label. ; Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres et s'organise en deux parties. Chaque partie traite d'un problème théorique particulier relatif à la question de l'information privée des entreprises.La première partie traite de l'architecture des politiques environnementales et de l'information privée des entreprises. Le premier chapitre analyse la possibilité de mettre en place un accord climatique international quand l'asymétrie d'information touche à la fois les pays et les entreprises domestiques. Nous prenons en compte les contraintes clés dans la modélisation d'un tel accord: hétérogénéité des pays, asymétrie d'information aux niveaux national et international et participation de tous les pays. Nous obtenons l'accord de premier et de deuxième rang. Nous montrons que l'accord optimal ne se caractérise pas nécessairement par un prix unique du carbone. En effet, en présence d'un double niveau d'asymétrie d'information, l'accord de deuxième rang se définit par des prix du carbone qui diffèrent d'un pays à l'autre. Nous mettons ainsi en lumière la sous-optimalité d'un accord qui reposerait sur un prix unique du carbone. La seconde partie de la thèse, organisée en deux chapitres, s'intéresse à l'interaction entre deux outils de communication le signal par le prix et la divulgation d'information par un tiers qui sont utilisés par les entreprises pour révéler leur information privée aux consommateurs. Le deuxième chapitre s'attache à l'examen d'une divulgation d'information par un tiers sous la forme d'une certification menée par un intermédiaire: un certificateur. Un monopole a le choix entre payer pour cette certification ou utiliser son prix pour signaler sa qualité. Le certificateur est stratégique, soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre tout d'abord que la structure des coûts d'audit engagés par le certificateur détermine le type de monopole qui choisit la certification. Je montre ensuite que les caractéristiques de la certification la probabilité d'audit et les frais de certification varient selon la motivation du certificateur. Le troisième chapitre étudie une divulgation d'information par un tiers qui se caractérise par deux étapes: la certification et l'obtention d'un label.Celle-ci implique deux intermédiaires: un certificateur et un détenteur du label et deux types de coût: un frais de certification et un prix du label. Un monopole choisit entre payer pour cette divulgation ou signaler sa qualité par le prix. Je caractérise la divulgation quand le certificateur maximise son profit et le détenteur du label est soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre que, quand le détenteur du label défend le monopole, le prix du label ainsi que la répartition du surplus dépendent de la nature de la compétition entre certificateurs. En particulier, si ce détenteur du label souhaite empêcher la capture du surplus par un certificateur, il devra favoriser la compétition entre certificateurs ou, quand cela est impossible, choisir un prix du label élevé.

This PhD analysing Christianism, liturgical space and decoration in protobyzantine territory of the actual Bulgaria purpose to define Christian protobyzantine art in Bulgaria. Bulgaria, which borders always kept moving during the medieval period, is a country of great interest as far as its geographic position as a crossroads is concerned. Indeed, since the Thrace era, many different ethnic groups and civilizations met and mingled with each other: Bulgaria is a convergence spot between the cultures of West and East Roman Empires on one hand, ethnic groups from the North and from the Mediterranean and Central Asian areas, located between both the Aral and the Caspian Seas, on the other.Moreover, this is such an interesting area as it is close to the imperial capital, Constantinople, and also a important christian center Salonica. Therefore, it seems useful to analyse the Byzantine power's influence over the development and progress of Christian art in these Balkan lands since the Late Antiquity to under Boris-Michel the First's reign. The point of this analysis is to initiate some serious thinking over the issue of artistic production drawn according to the multi-cultural and multi-ethnical heritage. But also to think about the great influence of an artistic, political, economical and religious spot. In the end, the analysis of the art expression cannot be clearly understood without a focus on the relationships between Christian art and the faithful people or clergy member.However, this study is mainly based on the observation of architectural art with the analysis of the design of cultural buildings, i.e. plans, spatial organizations and their evolution, but also on monumental and plastic decorative art. In this way, we wish to understand to what extent the liturgical space in Bulgaria today is a place of fusion between an official art defined by political and religious powers and an art of the faithful endowed with a technical, cultural and artistic heritage coming from the different cultures present on these lands, however, by measuring its limits and the impact of its conception in the face of its proximity to a radiant and influential cultural and religious centre, what is Constantinople? The study is based in particular on a critical corpus and a database containing a large majority of Christian buildings discovered in present-day Bulgaria in order to provide a better understanding of the relationships established between architecture and object, but also on the circulation and organisation of buildings and the roles assigned to certain spaces. Archaeological sources as well as written sources are naturally the fundamental tools for this study and for understanding the mentalities, customs, liturgy and political, economic and religious contexts of these regions. In this way, we hope to bring new avenues of work in the field of research on Byzantine art and artistic productions from territories often perceived as Constantinople's "hinterlands". We also wish to bring new elements to the understanding of mentalities during the protobyzantine period, of the perception of art by the faithful and of their relations not only with the Christian religion but especially with the house of God. ; Ce doctorat a pour objectif, en étudiant le christianisme, l'art architectural et décoratif, de comprendre et d'analyser les interactions et les relations qui peuvent exister entre la liturgie, les pouvoirs étatiques et religieux, les fidèles et l'art sur le territoire de la Bulgarie actuelle. La Bulgarie, aux frontières fluctuantes durant toute la période médiévale est d'un grand intérêt par sa situation géographique de carrefour où depuis l'époque thrace se croisent et fusionnent différentes ethnies et civilisations. D'autre part, elle présente également une région intéressante pas sa proximité avec la capitale impériale, Constantinople, ou encore avec le grand centre chrétien qu'est Thessalonique. Il est donc nécessaire d'analyser dans ce sujet le poids et le rôle de cette puissance sur le développement et l'évolution de l'art chrétien produit sur ces terres balkaniques l'Antiquité Tardive jusqu'au règne de Boris Michel Ier. L'objectif est de s'interroger plus profondément sur la production artistique adoptée face à cet héritage multi-ethnique et multi-culturel, et la présence d'un pôle artistique, politique, économique et religieux à fort rayonnement. Par ailleurs, l'adoption de la religion chrétienne en tant que religion d'État en 864 conduit à nous interroger sur la naissance d'un État, avec en parallèle, cette mise en place officielle de la religion chrétienne. Cependant, cette étude repose surtout sur l'observation de l'art architectural avec l'analyse de la conception des édifices cultuels, c'est-à-dire les plans, les organisations spatiales et leurs évolutions mais également sur l'art décoratif monumental et plastique. Nous souhaitons ainsi comprendre dans quelle mesure l'espace liturgique en Bulgarie actuelle est un lieu de fusion entre un art officiel définit par les pouvoirs politiques et religieux et un art des fidèles pourvus d'un héritage technique, culturel et artistique issu des différentes cultures présentes sur ces terres, en mesurant cependant ses limites et l'impact de sa conception face à sa proximité d'un centre culturel et religieux rayonnant et influent, qu'est Constantinople ? L'étude s'appuie notamment sur un corpus critique et une base de données comprenant en grande majorité des édifices chrétiens mis au jour en Bulgarie actuelle de manière à apporter une meilleure compréhension des rapports établis entre l'architecture et l'objet, mais aussi sur la circulation et l'organisation des édifices et les rôles assignés à certains espaces. Les sources archéologiques comme les sources écrites sont naturellement les outils fondamentaux à cette étude et à la compréhension des mentalités, des mœurs, de la liturgie et des contextes politiques, économiques et religieux de ces régions. Nous espérons ainsi apporter de nouvelles pistes de travail dans le domaine de la recherche sur l'art byzantin et les productions artistiques des territoires souvent perçus comme des « hinterlands » de Constantinople. Nous souhaitons également apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension des mentalités durant la période protobyzantine, de la perception de l'art par les fidèles et de leurs relations entretenues non seulement avec la religion chrétienne mais surtout avec la maison Dieu

This PhD analysing Christianism, liturgical space and decoration in protobyzantine territory of the actual Bulgaria purpose to define Christian protobyzantine art in Bulgaria. Bulgaria, which borders always kept moving during the medieval period, is a country of great interest as far as its geographic position as a crossroads is concerned. Indeed, since the Thrace era, many different ethnic groups and civilizations met and mingled with each other: Bulgaria is a convergence spot between the cultures of West and East Roman Empires on one hand, ethnic groups from the North and from the Mediterranean and Central Asian areas, located between both the Aral and the Caspian Seas, on the other.Moreover, this is such an interesting area as it is close to the imperial capital, Constantinople, and also a important christian center Salonica. Therefore, it seems useful to analyse the Byzantine power's influence over the development and progress of Christian art in these Balkan lands since the Late Antiquity to under Boris-Michel the First's reign. The point of this analysis is to initiate some serious thinking over the issue of artistic production drawn according to the multi-cultural and multi-ethnical heritage. But also to think about the great influence of an artistic, political, economical and religious spot. In the end, the analysis of the art expression cannot be clearly understood without a focus on the relationships between Christian art and the faithful people or clergy member.However, this study is mainly based on the observation of architectural art with the analysis of the design of cultural buildings, i.e. plans, spatial organizations and their evolution, but also on monumental and plastic decorative art. In this way, we wish to understand to what extent the liturgical space in Bulgaria today is a place of fusion between an official art defined by political and religious powers and an art of the faithful endowed with a technical, cultural and artistic heritage coming from the different cultures present on these lands, however, by measuring its limits and the impact of its conception in the face of its proximity to a radiant and influential cultural and religious centre, what is Constantinople? The study is based in particular on a critical corpus and a database containing a large majority of Christian buildings discovered in present-day Bulgaria in order to provide a better understanding of the relationships established between architecture and object, but also on the circulation and organisation of buildings and the roles assigned to certain spaces. Archaeological sources as well as written sources are naturally the fundamental tools for this study and for understanding the mentalities, customs, liturgy and political, economic and religious contexts of these regions. In this way, we hope to bring new avenues of work in the field of research on Byzantine art and artistic productions from territories often perceived as Constantinople's "hinterlands". We also wish to bring new elements to the understanding of mentalities during the protobyzantine period, of the perception of art by the faithful and of their relations not only with the Christian religion but especially with the house of God. ; Ce doctorat a pour objectif, en étudiant le christianisme, l'art architectural et décoratif, de comprendre et d'analyser les interactions et les relations qui peuvent exister entre la liturgie, les pouvoirs étatiques et religieux, les fidèles et l'art sur le territoire de la Bulgarie actuelle. La Bulgarie, aux frontières fluctuantes durant toute la période médiévale est d'un grand intérêt par sa situation géographique de carrefour où depuis l'époque thrace se croisent et fusionnent différentes ethnies et civilisations. D'autre part, elle présente également une région intéressante pas sa proximité avec la capitale impériale, Constantinople, ou encore avec le grand centre chrétien qu'est Thessalonique. Il est donc nécessaire d'analyser dans ce sujet le poids et le rôle de cette puissance sur le développement et l'évolution de l'art chrétien produit sur ces terres balkaniques l'Antiquité Tardive jusqu'au règne de Boris Michel Ier. L'objectif est de s'interroger plus profondément sur la production artistique adoptée face à cet héritage multi-ethnique et multi-culturel, et la présence d'un pôle artistique, politique, économique et religieux à fort rayonnement. Par ailleurs, l'adoption de la religion chrétienne en tant que religion d'État en 864 conduit à nous interroger sur la naissance d'un État, avec en parallèle, cette mise en place officielle de la religion chrétienne. Cependant, cette étude repose surtout sur l'observation de l'art architectural avec l'analyse de la conception des édifices cultuels, c'est-à-dire les plans, les organisations spatiales et leurs évolutions mais également sur l'art décoratif monumental et plastique. Nous souhaitons ainsi comprendre dans quelle mesure l'espace liturgique en Bulgarie actuelle est un lieu de fusion entre un art officiel définit par les pouvoirs politiques et religieux et un art des fidèles pourvus d'un héritage technique, culturel et artistique issu des différentes cultures présentes sur ces terres, en mesurant cependant ses limites et l'impact de sa conception face à sa proximité d'un centre culturel et religieux rayonnant et influent, qu'est Constantinople ? L'étude s'appuie notamment sur un corpus critique et une base de données comprenant en grande majorité des édifices chrétiens mis au jour en Bulgarie actuelle de manière à apporter une meilleure compréhension des rapports établis entre l'architecture et l'objet, mais aussi sur la circulation et l'organisation des édifices et les rôles assignés à certains espaces. Les sources archéologiques comme les sources écrites sont naturellement les outils fondamentaux à cette étude et à la compréhension des mentalités, des mœurs, de la liturgie et des contextes politiques, économiques et religieux de ces régions. Nous espérons ainsi apporter de nouvelles pistes de travail dans le domaine de la recherche sur l'art byzantin et les productions artistiques des territoires souvent perçus comme des « hinterlands » de Constantinople. Nous souhaitons également apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension des mentalités durant la période protobyzantine, de la perception de l'art par les fidèles et de leurs relations entretenues non seulement avec la religion chrétienne mais surtout avec la maison Dieu.

This thesis consists of three chapters and is organized in two parts. Each part deals with a particular theoreticalissue of firms' private information.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the architecture of global warming policies and firms' private information.The first chapter analyses which global agreement can be implemented in presence of two-tiers asymmetry of information coming from both countries and domestic firms. We impose several key constraints on the design of such a regulatory policy: heterogeneity of countries, two-tier private information both at domestic and international levels and full participation. We derive the optimal first and second-best agreement. It is shown that the optimal global agreement does not always entail a uniform price for carbon. In presence of domestic firm's private information, the second-best agreement entails prices for carbon that differ from one country to another. We thereby highlight the failure of the Law of One Carbon Price. In the second part of the thesis that comprises two chapters, I study the interaction between two communication tools --- price signaling and third-party disclosure --- that firms may use to reveal their private information to consumers. The second chapter examines a third-party disclosure that consists in a certification handled by a middleman: a certifier. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or using price to signal quality. The strategic certifier is either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I first show that the structure of audit costs incurred by the middlemen affects the type of monopolist that chooses certification. I then show that the characteristics of the certification ---audit probability and certification fee--- vary with the motivation of the strategic middleman. More specifically, a for-profit certifier, whenever it is possible, will not audit and put the highest feasible fee while a certifier defending the monopolist will audit with a certain probability and select the lowest possible fee. This chapter thereby contributes to a better understanding of the certification industry.The last chapter studies a third-party disclosure that consists of two steps: certification and labeling. It involves two middlemen --- the certifier and the owner of the label --- and it includes a certification fee and a price for the label. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or signaling quality through price.I derive the disclosure when the certifier is a for-profit private entityand the label owner is private either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I show that, when the label owner defends the monopolist, the price of that label and the sharing of the surplus depend on the nature of certifiers' competition. In particular, I find that, a label owner defending the monopolist in order to prevent the certifier from capturing the surplus should favor competition between certifiers or, when that is not possible, monetize the label. ; Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres et s'organise en deux parties. Chaque partie traite d'un problème théorique particulier relatif à la question de l'information privée des entreprises.La première partie traite de l'architecture des politiques environnementales et de l'information privée des entreprises. Le premier chapitre analyse la possibilité de mettre en place un accord climatique international quand l'asymétrie d'information touche à la fois les pays et les entreprises domestiques. Nous prenons en compte les contraintes clés dans la modélisation d'un tel accord: hétérogénéité des pays, asymétrie d'information aux niveaux national et international et participation de tous les pays. Nous obtenons l'accord de premier et de deuxième rang. Nous montrons que l'accord optimal ne se caractérise pas nécessairement par un prix unique du carbone. En effet, en présence d'un double niveau d'asymétrie d'information, l'accord de deuxième rang se définit par des prix du carbone qui diffèrent d'un pays à l'autre. Nous mettons ainsi en lumière la sous-optimalité d'un accord qui reposerait sur un prix unique du carbone. La seconde partie de la thèse, organisée en deux chapitres, s'intéresse à l'interaction entre deux outils de communication le signal par le prix et la divulgation d'information par un tiers qui sont utilisés par les entreprises pour révéler leur information privée aux consommateurs. Le deuxième chapitre s'attache à l'examen d'une divulgation d'information par un tiers sous la forme d'une certification menée par un intermédiaire: un certificateur. Un monopole a le choix entre payer pour cette certification ou utiliser son prix pour signaler sa qualité. Le certificateur est stratégique, soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre tout d'abord que la structure des coûts d'audit engagés par le certificateur détermine le type de monopole qui choisit la certification. Je montre ensuite que les caractéristiques de la certification la probabilité d'audit et les frais de certification varient selon la motivation du certificateur. Le troisième chapitre étudie une divulgation d'information par un tiers qui se caractérise par deux étapes: la certification et l'obtention d'un label.Celle-ci implique deux intermédiaires: un certificateur et un détenteur du label et deux types de coût: un frais de certification et un prix du label. Un monopole choisit entre payer pour cette divulgation ou signaler sa qualité par le prix. Je caractérise la divulgation quand le certificateur maximise son profit et le détenteur du label est soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre que, quand le détenteur du label défend le monopole, le prix du label ainsi que la répartition du surplus dépendent de la nature de la compétition entre certificateurs. En particulier, si ce détenteur du label souhaite empêcher la capture du surplus par un certificateur, il devra favoriser la compétition entre certificateurs ou, quand cela est impossible, choisir un prix du label élevé.

Transition to digital technologies in management of power industry at all levels – an inevitable consequence of the technical progress which has generated opportunities for diversification, decarbonization and decentralization. Thus it is necessary to recognize that digitalization in power industry is NOT automation, and first of all creation of new business models, services and the markets with a support on possibility of digital economy. In this article questions of transformation of architecture of power industry, and also the main restrictions are considered: absence in regulatory base of new opportunities for consumers; general system inefficiency; impossibility "to legalize" appearance of new subjects (active consumers and prosumers, operators of micropower supply systems and aggregators of the distributed power objects, various service organizations), and also to deregulate the relations between them, to standardize interaction interfaces with EEC, to transform the energy markets.In article it is offered for transition to new digital power to make corresponding changes to the legislation: to enter new type of participants of the market (the active consumer, an active power complex), operated intellectual connection carrying out the standard with the electrical power system, completely responsible for management of the power supply and thus having the minimum regulatory restrictions on organizational model of the work; to improve rules of functioning of trade systems for creation of the markets of the distributed power providing an effective exchange of goods and services between traditional participants of the markets and participants of new type; to enter possibility of application of technologies of the coordinated management of the distributed sources and consumers of energy, systems of storage of energy, means of regulation of loading ("aggregators") for the purpose of increase of efficiency of their use and participation in the electric power and power markets, including rendering system services and performance of other functions in these markets (the pilot project of such system is realized under the leadership of the author of the present article by subsidiary PAO "Lukoil" "Energy and gas of Romania"); to increase technological and economic flexibility of conditions on reliability and quality of power supply, creation of possibility of a choice by the consumer of conditions of power supply necessary for him and the account them in cost; to enter the accounting of the opportunities given by "new" decisions, at an assessment, formation and implementation of investment programs of the adjustable companies (including introduction of a technique of an assessment of investment projects at possession cost on all life cycle of the decision); to replace cross subsidizing of the population by industrial consumers with mechanisms of address social support and / or with system of restriction of volumes of consumption on reduced rates ("соцнорма"); to refuse further deployment of system of subsidizing of power supply of one regions at the expense of consumers of other regions (as it leads to growth of inefficient power consumption in the subsidized regions, not provided with available generation and infrastructure); to change norms of technical regulation, norms of design on the basis of new technologies; to make changes to programs of development of the infrastructure organizations of power industry taking into account trends of diversification, decentralization, decarbonization and a digitalization; to provide possibility of stimulation, including tariff, implementation of regional programs (pilot and regular), aimed at the complex development of power industry on the basis of new approaches, technologies and the practician, and also the hi-tech companies of small and medium business providing development. ; Переход к цифровым технологиям в управлении электроэнергетикой на всех уровнях – неизбежное следствие технического прогресса, породившего возможности для диверсификации, декарбонизации и децентрализации. При этом необходимо исходить из того, что цифровизация в электроэнергетике – это НЕ автоматизация, а прежде всего создание новых бизнес-моделей, сервисов и рынков с опорой на возможности цифровой экономики. В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы трансформации архитектуры электроэнергетики, а также основные ограничения: отсутствие в нормативной базе новых возможностей для потребителей, общая системная неэффективность, невозможность «узаконить» появление новых субъектов (активных потребителей и просьюмеров, операторов микроэнергосистем и агрегаторов распределенных энергетических объектов, различных сервисных организаций) и дерегулировать отношения между ними, стандартизировать интерфейсы взаимодействия с ЕЭС, трансформировать энергетические рынки.В статье предлагается для перехода к новой цифровой энергетике внести соответствующие изменения в законодательство: ввести новый тип участников рынка (активный потребитель, активный энергетический комплекс), выполняющего стандарт управляемого интеллектуального соединения с электроэнергетической системой, полностью отвечающего за управление своим энергообеспечением и при этом имеющего минимальные регуляторные ограничения по организационной модели своей работы; усовершенствовать правила функционирования торговых систем для создания рынков распределенной энергетики, обеспечивающих эффективный обмен товарами и услугами между традиционными участниками рынков и участниками нового типа; создать возможность применения технологий скоординированного управления распределенными источниками и потребителями энергии, системами хранения энергии, средствами регулирования нагрузки («агрегаторов») с целью повышения эффективности их использования и участия в рынках электроэнергии и мощности, включая оказание системных услуг и выполнение иных функций на этих рынках (пилотный проект такой системы реализован под руководством автора настоящей статьи дочерней компанией ПАО «ЛУКОЙЛ» «Энергия и газ Румынии»); повысить технологическую и экономическую гибкость условий по надежности и качеству энергоснабжения, создания выбора потребителем необходимых ему условий энергоснабжения и учета их в стоимости; ввести учет возможностей, предоставляемых новыми решениями, при оценке, формировании и реализации инвестиционных программ регулируемых компаний (в том числе внедрение методики оценки инвестиционных проектов по стоимости владения на всем жизненном цикле решения); заменить перекрестное субсидирование населения промышленными потребителями на механизмы адресной социальной поддержки и / или на систему ограничения объемов потребления по льготным тарифам («соцнорма»); отказаться от дальнейшего разворачивания системы субсидирования энергоснабжения одних регионов за счет потребителей других регионов (так как это приводит к росту неэффективного энергопотребления в субсидируемых регионах, не обеспеченного доступной генерацией и инфраструктурой); изменить нормы технического регулирования, нормы проектирования на основе новых технологий; внести изменения в программы развития инфраструктурных организаций электроэнергетики с учетом трендов диверсификации, децентрализации, декарбонизации и дигитализации; предусмотреть возможность стимулирования, в том числе тарифного, реализации региональных программ (пилотных и штатных), направленных на комплексное развитие электроэнергетики на основе новых подходов, технологий и практик, а также обеспечивающих развитие высокотехнологичных компаний малого и среднего бизнеса.

Transition to digital technologies in management of power industry at all levels – an inevitable consequence of the technical progress which has generated opportunities for diversification, decarbonization and decentralization. Thus it is necessary to recognize that digitalization in power industry is NOT automation, and first of all creation of new business models, services and the markets with a support on possibility of digital economy. In this article questions of transformation of architecture of power industry, and also the main restrictions are considered: absence in regulatory base of new opportunities for consumers; general system inefficiency; impossibility "to legalize" appearance of new subjects (active consumers and prosumers, operators of micropower supply systems and aggregators of the distributed power objects, various service organizations), and also to deregulate the relations between them, to standardize interaction interfaces with EEC, to transform the energy markets.In article it is offered for transition to new digital power to make corresponding changes to the legislation: to enter new type of participants of the market (the active consumer, an active power complex), operated intellectual connection carrying out the standard with the electrical power system, completely responsible for management of the power supply and thus having the minimum regulatory restrictions on organizational model of the work; to improve rules of functioning of trade systems for creation of the markets of the distributed power providing an effective exchange of goods and services between traditional participants of the markets and participants of new type; to enter possibility of application of technologies of the coordinated management of the distributed sources and consumers of energy, systems of storage of energy, means of regulation of loading ("aggregators") for the purpose of increase of efficiency of their use and participation in the electric power and power markets, including rendering system services and performance of other functions in these markets (the pilot project of such system is realized under the leadership of the author of the present article by subsidiary PAO "Lukoil" "Energy and gas of Romania"); to increase technological and economic flexibility of conditions on reliability and quality of power supply, creation of possibility of a choice by the consumer of conditions of power supply necessary for him and the account them in cost; to enter the accounting of the opportunities given by "new" decisions, at an assessment, formation and implementation of investment programs of the adjustable companies (including introduction of a technique of an assessment of investment projects at possession cost on all life cycle of the decision); to replace cross subsidizing of the population by industrial consumers with mechanisms of address social support and / or with system of restriction of volumes of consumption on reduced rates ("соцнорма"); to refuse further deployment of system of subsidizing of power supply of one regions at the expense of consumers of other regions (as it leads to growth of inefficient power consumption in the subsidized regions, not provided with available generation and infrastructure); to change norms of technical regulation, norms of design on the basis of new technologies; to make changes to programs of development of the infrastructure organizations of power industry taking into account trends of diversification, decentralization, decarbonization and a digitalization; to provide possibility of stimulation, including tariff, implementation of regional programs (pilot and regular), aimed at the complex development of power industry on the basis of new approaches, technologies and the practician, and also the hi-tech companies of small and medium business providing development. ; Переход к цифровым технологиям в управлении электроэнергетикой на всех уровнях – неизбежное следствие технического прогресса, породившего возможности для диверсификации, декарбонизации и децентрализации. При этом необходимо исходить из того, что цифровизация в электроэнергетике – это НЕ автоматизация, а прежде всего создание новых бизнес-моделей, сервисов и рынков с опорой на возможности цифровой экономики. В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы трансформации архитектуры электроэнергетики, а также основные ограничения: отсутствие в нормативной базе новых возможностей для потребителей, общая системная неэффективность, невозможность «узаконить» появление новых субъектов (активных потребителей и просьюмеров, операторов микроэнергосистем и агрегаторов распределенных энергетических объектов, различных сервисных организаций) и дерегулировать отношения между ними, стандартизировать интерфейсы взаимодействия с ЕЭС, трансформировать энергетические рынки.В статье предлагается для перехода к новой цифровой энергетике внести соответствующие изменения в законодательство: ввести новый тип участников рынка (активный потребитель, активный энергетический комплекс), выполняющего стандарт управляемого интеллектуального соединения с электроэнергетической системой, полностью отвечающего за управление своим энергообеспечением и при этом имеющего минимальные регуляторные ограничения по организационной модели своей работы; усовершенствовать правила функционирования торговых систем для создания рынков распределенной энергетики, обеспечивающих эффективный обмен товарами и услугами между традиционными участниками рынков и участниками нового типа; создать возможность применения технологий скоординированного управления распределенными источниками и потребителями энергии, системами хранения энергии, средствами регулирования нагрузки («агрегаторов») с целью повышения эффективности их использования и участия в рынках электроэнергии и мощности, включая оказание системных услуг и выполнение иных функций на этих рынках (пилотный проект такой системы реализован под руководством автора настоящей статьи дочерней компанией ПАО «ЛУКОЙЛ» «Энергия и газ Румынии»); повысить технологическую и экономическую гибкость условий по надежности и качеству энергоснабжения, создания выбора потребителем необходимых ему условий энергоснабжения и учета их в стоимости; ввести учет возможностей, предоставляемых новыми решениями, при оценке, формировании и реализации инвестиционных программ регулируемых компаний (в том числе внедрение методики оценки инвестиционных проектов по стоимости владения на всем жизненном цикле решения); заменить перекрестное субсидирование населения промышленными потребителями на механизмы адресной социальной поддержки и / или на систему ограничения объемов потребления по льготным тарифам («соцнорма»); отказаться от дальнейшего разворачивания системы субсидирования энергоснабжения одних регионов за счет потребителей других регионов (так как это приводит к росту неэффективного энергопотребления в субсидируемых регионах, не обеспеченного доступной генерацией и инфраструктурой); изменить нормы технического регулирования, нормы проектирования на основе новых технологий; внести изменения в программы развития инфраструктурных организаций электроэнергетики с учетом трендов диверсификации, децентрализации, декарбонизации и дигитализации; предусмотреть возможность стимулирования, в том числе тарифного, реализации региональных программ (пилотных и штатных), направленных на комплексное развитие электроэнергетики на основе новых подходов, технологий и практик, а также обеспечивающих развитие высокотехнологичных компаний малого и среднего бизнеса.