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武舉常科創自武曌(則天),長安二年(702)始設。歷後各朝,除元代不開武科,宋、金、明三代偶有停罷,武科相沿一千二百年,幾與文科相埒。職是之故,近世中國之造士與選士,於文科、儒學、儒經、文廟一系之外,另有武科、武學、武經、武廟一系。兩系雖各有輕重,然並駕駢行千餘載,交互制衡,以保政治之平穩暢達。 ; 入關伊始,清廷即詔令因襲前明舊制,開設文武科考。自順治二年(1645)開科鄉試,至光緒二十七年(1901)正式廢除,清代武科持續運作二百五十餘年,幾與王朝相伴始終。清代武科之主要層級同於文科,皆始於童試,繼而鄉試、會試,終於殿試。各級武考中式者,亦相應得授武生員、武舉人、武進士出身。武科各級考試,均分別外場、內場進行,以外場試武藝,內場試文藝。錄取權衡時外場重於內場,外場技藝之中,馬、步箭及開弓又重於舞刀、掇石。 ; 清代武科之制度設計及考試內容,延續中國歷代選士「文武合一」之一貫理想,然現實中卻文武殊途。清代武科之設計與運作,既體現旗民之別,八旗內部又有滿蒙與漢軍之別、京旗與駐防之別。武科之正面影響遠不及文科,然文武科考皆為常規掄才途徑,兩者所揭櫫清代政局大勢與掄才需求之變化,實際異曲同工。通過文武兩途考選,清代科考人才之宏觀佈局,呈現南方文風熾盛、北方技勇突出之特徵。武進士之初始授職,以皇宮侍衛及地方營、衛守備為主,然武科選途清初即病壅滯,實授遷轉甚難。 ; 清廷之復武科,宣稱旨在遴選「干城之才」,以為「腹心之寄」。然武科內場考試,自乾隆朝廢止《四書》,嘉慶朝盡廢論、策之試,改為默寫《武經》,日漸形同虛設。武科士子之文化素養,亦日益下降。武科外場所試技藝,係屬展示表演,而非對抗實戰。而且,自乾隆間改試鳥槍之議被禁,外場各項冷兵器技藝考核陳陳相因,與實際戰局日漸疏離。職是之故,清代中期以降,武科越益頹化為授予功名之儀式與恩榮,而非掄才要徑、晉身要途。武進士初始授職之品級,雖遠較文進士為高,然武科出身之仕途前景與政治影響遠不及文科。更有甚者,武科內、外場不僅弊情嚴重,不少武科士子更危害一方,成為地方社會亂源,大悖設科初衷。 ; 清代武科出身雖有功勳卓著、官居高位者,然究屬鳳毛麟角,且集中於清代初中期。整體而論,這套幾乎橫貫全國、縱跨全清之掄才制度,得材甚少。其對帝國整體軍事力量,亦鮮少實質促進。然武科之存續,仍有平衡文武、調劑滿漢之功用,清廷既可藉此驅策雙方、維持動態均勢,又可以之宣示恩典威權、籠絡地方。因此,清代武科雖然實效不彰,卻又相沿不輟。必至清末內憂外患之鉅變衝擊,始與文科相繼停廢。復因武科之影響遠不及文科,故廢除武科所致近代中國社會之震盪,亦不可與停廢文科同日而語。 ; Established by Empress Wu in 702, the imperial military examination system lasted, albeit having been suspended in the entire Yuan dynasty and in part of the Song, Jin and Ming dynasties occasionally, for 1200 years, which was nearly as long as the period of existence of the imperial civil examination system. In effect, the military examination system, associated with military schools, military classics and military temples, functioned as a mechanism parallel to the civil examination and its related institutions (i.e., Confucian schools, Confucian classics and Confucian temples) for cultivating and recruiting talents in late imperial China. Although the two systems exerted influence in different degrees on the Chinese empire, they co-existed and managed to keep a balance between them for more than a millennium so as to contribute to the stable and smooth governance of traditional China. ; The Manchu court, immediately after ...