Transfers of power and the armed forces in Poland and Lithuania, 1919-1941
In: Acta historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 32
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In: Acta historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 32
The article analyses the former prospects of armed resistance to Soviet occupation in 1940. It discusses Plan "R" of the Lithuanian Armed Forces prepared for the case of a military conflict with the USSR. The article reveals the positions in which the Lithuanian Armed Forces were planning to confront the enemy from the east and southeast. It provides theoretical insights on the likely level of resistance to the Soviet occupation, the directions and pace at which military actions could have taken place.
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The article analyses the former prospects of armed resistance to Soviet occupation in 1940. It discusses Plan "R" of the Lithuanian Armed Forces prepared for the case of a military conflict with the USSR. The article reveals the positions in which the Lithuanian Armed Forces were planning to confront the enemy from the east and southeast. It provides theoretical insights on the likely level of resistance to the Soviet occupation, the directions and pace at which military actions could have taken place.
BASE
The main three objectives are: to explore the most prevailing leadership theories starting from the second half of the twentieth century until today, which are widely used in the military; to make a deeper analysis of the leadership conception of the Lithuanian Armed Forces in between the First and the Second World Wars, specifically in the forth decade; to compare with which modern leadership theory/ies the above mentioned concept could be associated.
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The main three objectives are: to explore the most prevailing leadership theories starting from the second half of the twentieth century until today, which are widely used in the military; to make a deeper analysis of the leadership conception of the Lithuanian Armed Forces in between the First and the Second World Wars, specifically in the forth decade; to compare with which modern leadership theory/ies the above mentioned concept could be associated.
BASE
The main three objectives are: to explore the most prevailing leadership theories starting from the second half of the twentieth century until today, which are widely used in the military; to make a deeper analysis of the leadership conception of the Lithuanian Armed Forces in between the First and the Second World Wars, specifically in the forth decade; to compare with which modern leadership theory/ies the above mentioned concept could be associated.
BASE
The main three objectives are: to explore the most prevailing leadership theories starting from the second half of the twentieth century until today, which are widely used in the military; to make a deeper analysis of the leadership conception of the Lithuanian Armed Forces in between the First and the Second World Wars, specifically in the forth decade; to compare with which modern leadership theory/ies the above mentioned concept could be associated.
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The article aims to reveal how the changing international environment, Lithuania's membership in NATO and the reform of its National Defense System influence the development of the Lithuanian military and to what extent the latter corresponds to the general trends in the development of the militaries in NATO countries. In the first part, the Charles C. Moscos model of the transformation of the society and the military from modern to postmodern which is applied in the comparative analysis of the development of the armed forces in Western democracies is presented. This part deals with the trends in changes of the armed forces of NATO countries in the period after the Cold War and collapse of the communist system. In the second part of the article, variables of the Moscos model are used as a theoretical basis to discuss the trends in the changes of the Lithuanian military. Attempts are also made to determine the extent to which the changes in the Lithuanian armed forces correspond to similar processes in the old NATO countries and what problems Lithuania faces having become a member of NATO.
BASE
The article aims to reveal how the changing international environment, Lithuania's membership in NATO and the reform of its National Defense System influence the development of the Lithuanian military and to what extent the latter corresponds to the general trends in the development of the militaries in NATO countries. In the first part, the Charles C. Moscos model of the transformation of the society and the military from modern to postmodern which is applied in the comparative analysis of the development of the armed forces in Western democracies is presented. This part deals with the trends in changes of the armed forces of NATO countries in the period after the Cold War and collapse of the communist system. In the second part of the article, variables of the Moscos model are used as a theoretical basis to discuss the trends in the changes of the Lithuanian military. Attempts are also made to determine the extent to which the changes in the Lithuanian armed forces correspond to similar processes in the old NATO countries and what problems Lithuania faces having become a member of NATO.
BASE
The article aims to reveal how the changing international environment, Lithuania's membership in NATO and the reform of its National Defense System influence the development of the Lithuanian military and to what extent the latter corresponds to the general trends in the development of the militaries in NATO countries. In the first part, the Charles C. Moscos model of the transformation of the society and the military from modern to postmodern which is applied in the comparative analysis of the development of the armed forces in Western democracies is presented. This part deals with the trends in changes of the armed forces of NATO countries in the period after the Cold War and collapse of the communist system. In the second part of the article, variables of the Moscos model are used as a theoretical basis to discuss the trends in the changes of the Lithuanian military. Attempts are also made to determine the extent to which the changes in the Lithuanian armed forces correspond to similar processes in the old NATO countries and what problems Lithuania faces having become a member of NATO.
BASE
The article aims to reveal how the changing international environment, Lithuania's membership in NATO and the reform of its National Defense System influence the development of the Lithuanian military and to what extent the latter corresponds to the general trends in the development of the militaries in NATO countries. In the first part, the Charles C. Moscos model of the transformation of the society and the military from modern to postmodern which is applied in the comparative analysis of the development of the armed forces in Western democracies is presented. This part deals with the trends in changes of the armed forces of NATO countries in the period after the Cold War and collapse of the communist system. In the second part of the article, variables of the Moscos model are used as a theoretical basis to discuss the trends in the changes of the Lithuanian military. Attempts are also made to determine the extent to which the changes in the Lithuanian armed forces correspond to similar processes in the old NATO countries and what problems Lithuania faces having become a member of NATO.
BASE
The article aims to reveal how the changing international environment, Lithuania's membership in NATO and the reform of its National Defense System influence the development of the Lithuanian military and to what extent the latter corresponds to the general trends in the development of the militaries in NATO countries. In the first part, the Charles C. Moscos model of the transformation of the society and the military from modern to postmodern which is applied in the comparative analysis of the development of the armed forces in Western democracies is presented. This part deals with the trends in changes of the armed forces of NATO countries in the period after the Cold War and collapse of the communist system. In the second part of the article, variables of the Moscos model are used as a theoretical basis to discuss the trends in the changes of the Lithuanian military. Attempts are also made to determine the extent to which the changes in the Lithuanian armed forces correspond to similar processes in the old NATO countries and what problems Lithuania faces having become a member of NATO.
BASE
The article aims to reveal how the changing international environment, Lithuania's membership in NATO and the reform of its National Defense System influence the development of the Lithuanian military and to what extent the latter corresponds to the general trends in the development of the militaries in NATO countries. In the first part, the Charles C. Moscos model of the transformation of the society and the military from modern to postmodern which is applied in the comparative analysis of the development of the armed forces in Western democracies is presented. This part deals with the trends in changes of the armed forces of NATO countries in the period after the Cold War and collapse of the communist system. In the second part of the article, variables of the Moscos model are used as a theoretical basis to discuss the trends in the changes of the Lithuanian military. Attempts are also made to determine the extent to which the changes in the Lithuanian armed forces correspond to similar processes in the old NATO countries and what problems Lithuania faces having become a member of NATO.
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The aim of this article is to research the development of the Lithuanian Armed Forces in the period between 1994 and 2004. During this period the Lithuanian National Defence System and the Lithuanian Armed Forces sought to ensure that full national defence capability was provided and, therefore, had to implement two very complicated tasks: to create and develop the nation's military forces while at the same time preparing them for Nato membership. The requirements of these two tasks were based on two different military paradigms: the modern and the post-modern. Following the end of the Cold War, the nature of national threats changed the paradigm of western armed forces, as well as that of Nato military doctrine. The changed mission envelope for the military forces of the democratic nations also led to changes in Nato's structure and organisation, and in the model being used in terms of professional competencies. In order to respond to sub-national threats, Nato members had to have small, professionally-trained and armed, manoeuvrable military forces which could be capable of conducting a wide range of military operations in various parts of the world. The development of the Lithuanian National Defence system was based on the perception of national threats and the mission which was given to the role of national defence, which required a completely different organisation and structure for the national armed forces, along with different staffing tasks. The contradiction inherent in these paradigms has led both to contradictions in the assessment of threats to national security and unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the principles of territorial and collective defence into a unified concept of state defence. This, in turn, has led to constant transformations in the structure of the Lithuanian Armed Forces and its military organisation and military personnel, as well as in the training for that Army of the Republic of Lithuania since 1990 personnel. The Lithuanian Armed Forces were being built from a state of gradula nulla and, therefore, those reforms which were simultaneously launched to integrate them into Nato's military capabilities were hampered by a lack of competent military personnel and the required levels of experience. Despite the difficulties faced during the ongoing processes, and the contradictions which those processes have generated, the Lithuanian Armed Forces did in fact manage to build up their military capabilities within the space of a decade, ending with the country becoming a member of the North Atlantic Alliance.
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In the military, patriotism and civil awareness is an integral part of military training and education provided not only through training programs but also through non-formal education, such as celebrations, important events, lectures, meetings with freedom fighters, educational trips and anniversaries of the state and armed forces. The sense of identity with a military unit, community and traditions is very important for strengthening patriotic feelings. Servicemen are united by a common service, uniform, unit name, flag, emblem, slogan, etc [.]
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