Suchergebnisse

Silicon Valley is frequently portrayed as a manifestation of postindustrial entrepreneurship, where ingenious inventor-businessmen and venture capitalists forged a dynamic, high-tech economy unencumbered by government's "heavy hand." Closer examination reveals that government played a major role in launching and sustaining some of the region's core industries through military contracting. Focusing on leading firms in the microwave electronics, missile, satellite, and semiconductor industries, this article argues that demand for customized military technology encouraged contractors to embark on a course of flexible specialization, batch production, and continuous innovation. Thriving throughout much of the Cold War, major military contractors fell on hard times when defense markets started to shrink in the late 1980s, because specialized design and production capabilities were rarely applicable to civilian product lines. But Pentagon funding for research and development helped lay the technological groundwork for a new generation of startups, contributing to Silicon Valley's economic renaissance in the 1990s.

In the World War I era, U. S. public schools became a battleground
in the struggle over militarism in American society. Preparedness
advocates and many physical education teachers pressed for military
training in the public schools. Peace educators and teacher activists,
predominantly female organizers for the American School Peace League
(ASPL), strongly opposed it. This article highlights the centrality
of gender politics in the struggle and the role of local classroom
teachers. Teachers in the campaign against military training were
part of a new, more radical trend in the U. S. peace movement in the
1910s. They were often at odds with the ASPL's conservative national
leader, Fannie Fern Andrews. Teacher-activists developed a significant
critique of militarism and its impact on children, and built diverse and
effective community coalitions. They based their political authority not
on maternalism but on professional identity. This study suggests that a
full account of women's political culture in the early twentieth century
demands closer attention to the activities of female teachers.

Accompanying microfiches issued in pocket inside back cover. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The national armory at Springfield was the largest prototype of the modern factory establishment and its accounting controls were described by Alfred Chandler [1977] as the most sophisticated in use before the early 1840s. In spite of that, armory management did not integrate piece-rate accounting and a clock-regulated workday to produce prespecified norms of output. Hoskin & Macve [1988] have recently suggested that the armory's accounting controls were unable to attain disciplinary power over labor and increase labor productivity until a West Point trained managerial component had been established at the armory after 1840. They called for a reexamination of the historical record from a disciplinary rather than economic perspective to validate this doctrine. The paper presents the findings of this reexamination and indicates that West Point management training was a relatively minor determinant in the evolving nature of accounting. Several economic and social factors are found to better explain why integration did not occur any sooner than it did at the Springfield armory.

Explanation of the maintenance of NATO's nuclear armory as a part of its nuclear deterrence strategy.

This is the second of a four-volume collection of British heraldic arms, arranged alphabetically according to their designs and covering the period before 1530. Listed within this volume are entries from Bend to Chevron. This book will help readers to identify the arms that were widely displayed in the Middle Ages and which can now be found not only on tombs, monuments and seals, but also on textiles, manuscripts, metalwork, glass, wall paintings, and other medieval artefacts. The index allows even those without any specialist knowledge of the subject to discover the blazons of arms recorded for particular surnames in the medieval period. Produced specifically to enable readers to identify individual coats of arms, it is an invaluable reference for historians, antiquaries, archaeologists, genealogists and those dealing in and collecting medieval objects.

Having been created only in May 1937, & despite being the smallest of the Soviet fleets in June 1941, the Northern Fleet was the most active during the Great Patriotic War, being to a considerable extent concerned with the defense of Allied convoys to Murmansk & Archangel'sk. This article examines the circumstances in which the Northern Fleet was born & developed, its preparation for war & its performance during the first months of the war. The author concludes that while Allied criticism of the capabilities of the Fleet was justified, with Allied assistance & despite the low priority of the Fleet for the Soviet leadership, considerable progress was made in transforming the Northern Fleet into a useful tool in the Allied armory in a very short space of time. Adapted from the source document.

Several political scientists have argued that the presidential recourse to public rhetoric as amode of political influence in the twentieth century represents a significant departure from apre-twentieth-century institutional norm where "going public" was both rare and frowned upon.This article looks specifically at the changes in the substance of rhetoric that have accompanied thisalleged institutional transformation. Applying computer-assisted content analysis to all the inaugural addresses and annual messages delivered between 1789 and 2000, the author identifies andexplores five significant changes in twentieth-century presidential rhetoric that would qualifiedlysupport the thesis of institutional transformation in its rhetorical dimension: presidential rhetorichas become more anti-intellectual, more abstract, more assertive, more democratic, and more conversational. The author argues that these characteristics define the verbal armory of the modern rhetorical president and suggest areas for further research.