Suchergebnisse

This book presents select papers from the 7th International Symposium on Advanced Environmental Monitoring. It addresses numerous monitoring topics as well as real world problems such as supporting economic development amid changing environmental conditions.

In dieser Arbeit wird die wissenschaftliche Unterstützung beschrieben, die während der vergangenen 15 Jahre auf dem Gebiet der Entwicklung und Anwendung von numerischen Simulationsmodellen zum grossräumigen atmosphärischen Transport von Schwermetallen für die Wirtschaftskommission der Vereinten Nationen für Europa (United Nations-Economic Commission Europe UN-ECE) über weiträumige, grenzüberschreitende Luftverschmutzung (LRTAP) sowie anderer europäischer Umweltschutzkonventionen wie die Kommission zum Schutz der marinen Umwelt des Nordost-Atlantiks (OSPAR) und der Ostsee (HELCOM) durchgeführt wurde. Die Arbeit basiert hauptsächlich auf den Ergebnissen und Schlussfolgerungen der 9 Publikationen im Anhang. Darüber hinaus werden neuere Forschungsergebnisse diskutiert, die noch nicht in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur veröffentlicht sind. Einleitend wird der Stand des Wissens über atmosphärische Prozesse von Schwermetallen unter der Annahme dargestellt, dass diese Prozesse in einer für Zwecke der zuvor genannten Umweltschutzkonventionen geeigneten Weise in Modellen parameterisiert werden können. Mit diesen Modellen können grenzüberschreitende Flüsse der drei prioritären Schwermetalle Blei, Cadmium und Quecksilber quantifiziert werden sowie Aussagen über die Herkunft der gemessenen Schwermetallkonzentrationen gemacht werden und die Auswirkung von Emissionsminderungen auf terrestrische und aquatische Ökosysteme in Europa prognostisch abgeschätzt werden. Relativ einfache Lagrange Modelle werden im Kontext mit aktuellen umweltwissenschaftlichen und umweltpolitischen Fragen diskutiert. Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist ein komplexes dreidimensionales Eulersches Modellsysten zum atmosphärischen Transport und chemischen Transformationen von Quecksilberspezies. Dieses Modellsystem representiert weltweit den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft und ist in seinen Kernstücken von anderen Umweltforschungsinstituten übernommen worden. Es ist als eines der drei Referenzmodelle für die derzeit erstellte 'EU Air Quality Directive' für Quecksilber ausgewählt worden und nimmt an einem internationalen Modellvergleich im Rahmen der UN-ECE Konvention teil. Der derzeitige Entwicklungsstand der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modellsysteme erlaubt deren weiteren Einsatz für umweltpolitische Zwecke im Rahmen der obengenannten Konventionen. Dabei werden sowohl die Quantifizierung der grenzüberschreitenden atmosphärischen Schwermetalltransporte und deren Bewertung hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf terrestrische und aquatische Ökosysteme als auch die Erweiterung der Modelle bezüglich umweltrelevanter Stoffe der Zukunft (Feinstaub, persistente organische Verbindungen) von besonderer Bedeutung sein. ; This study summarizes more than 15 years of scientific support for the United Nations-Economic Commission Europe (UN-ECE) Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) and other European environmental protection conventions such as the Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) by means of development and application of numerical simulation models for the atmospheric long-range transport of heavy metals. The work is mainly based on results and conclusions described in the nine papers of the appendix but some more recent investigations which have not yet been published in the scientific literature are also presented. An introductory overview and synthesis of current knowledge and understanding pertaining to all major aspects of heavy metals in the atmosphere is presented from a viewpoint that numerical modelling of their atmospheric processes is necessary and feasible to support the conventions mentioned above. The models discussed in this study have capabilities to quantify transboundary fluxes of lead, cadmium and mercury as the priority metals of concern and have a potential to identify sources as well as to predict the impact of emission reductions on the load of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Europe. Advantages and limitations of relatively simple Lagrangian models are outlined within the context of issues currently facing the environmental scientific and policy making communities. However, a focus of this study is a comprehensive model system for atmospheric mercury species using a fully three-dimensional Eulerian reference frame and incorporating a state-of-science mercury chemistry scheme, which has been adopted by various scientific institutions for their modelling purposes.

This presentation is the estimates provided by the EPA to the House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Waxman and Energy and Environment Subcommittee Chairman Markey's requests on economic impacts of the comprehensive climate legislation being developed by the committee.

Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis

Due to multiple factors, including an increase in military operations tempo and the improved resolution of meteorological models, demand for access to customized aviation weather products has increased exponentially. This has given rise to a need for a multi-purpose interactive aviation weather product generation software solution. This software solution must be platform-independent, multiple data source access configurable, robust, extensible or upgradeable, user-friendly, and an improvement over current visualization applications used in the operational military aviation weather community. This thesis determines whether Unidata MetApps meets these criteria. A software reuse and component-based engineering approach was taken in this thesis. Two experimental applications were constructed using a software design approach resembling the Facade software design pattern. The first application used existing MetApps stand-alone prototype applications, while the second exploited capabilities of the MetApps component library. Both experimental applications were measured against the above set of criteria to determine their suitability for incorporation in platform-independent user-customized aviation weather products generation software. The results prove that a Facade software design approach can be effectively used to build applications. It was determined however that, even though MetApps shows promise, it may not be suitable for incorporation into an operational application.

It is now possible to determine concentrations of trace constituents and pollutants in the lower atmosphere from space, a development which heralds a new era for tropospheric chemistry. The authors describe how to develop and validate methods for determining tropospheric trace constituents from satellite data, to encourage the use of these data by atmospheric chemists, and to explore the undoubted synergism which will develop between satellite and ground-based measurements, and will eventually give rise to a permanent observation system for the troposphere. The book comprises several comprehensive overviews, prepared by acknowledged experts in the field, together with a series of individual reports from investigators whose work represents the cutting edge of the subject. A variety of results, giving global distributions of several species and their modelling are reported. Most results stem from ESA satellite data, but there is also a account of the North American work in this field which has mainly concentrated on global distributions of ozone. It is fair to say that the field, as it develops, will revolutionize the way in which atmospheric chemistry is done. This timely book provides a good introduction for anyone with an interest in the future of the troposphere

Based in extensive research in geology, atmospheric science, and paleontology, this book offers a detailed history of CO2 in the atmosphere, and an understanding of factors that have influenced changes in the past. The text illuminates the role of atmospheric CO2 in the modern carbon cycle and in the evolution of plants and animals, and addresses the future role of atmospheric CO2 and its likely effects on ecosystems.

To elucidate the complex responses of managed systems to elevated [CO2], several free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facilities were established. This volume summarizes the main findings from 13 experiments with annual crops, permanent pastures and plantation forests at 11 sites throughout the world

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the different dynamic patterns involved in the redistribution of mercury in the global environment, and its impact on human health and ecosystems. Increasing mercury usage and the lack of emission control policy, especially in fast developing countries, represent a complex environmental and political issue that can only benefit from more accurate measurement.

This article presents a methodological approach for the formulation of control strategies capable of reducing atmospheric pollution at the standards set by European legislation. The approach was implemented in the greater area of Thessaloniki and was part of a project aiming at the compliance with air quality standards in five major cities in Greece. The methodological approach comprises two stages: in the first stage, the availability of several measures contributing to a certain extent to reducing atmospheric pollution indicates a combinatorial problem and favors the use of Integer Programming. More specifically, Multiple Objective Integer Programming is used in order to generate alternative efficient combinations of the available policy measures on the basis of two conflicting objectives: public expenditure minimization and social acceptance maximization. In the second stage, these combinations of control measures (i.e., the control strategies) are then comparatively evaluated with respect to a wider set of criteria, using tools from Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis, namely, the well-known PROMETHEE method. The whole procedure is based on the active involvement of local and central authorities in order to incorporate their concerns and preferences, as well as to secure the adoption and implementation of the resulting solution. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

This book is a collection of the lectures delivered during the 7th International Summer School on Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (ISSAOS) titled 'Integrated Ground-Based Observing Systems Applications for Climate, Meteorology, and Civil Protection'. Its aim is to contribute to the scientific understanding of basic concepts and applications of integrated ground-based observing systems. The first part describes the most common instrumentations showing their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, strategic plans for the deployment of an observation site are discussed along with an overview of.