У статті досліджено особливості розвитку законодавства про охорону довкілля у містах до часів проголошення незалежності України. Встановлено, що в різних країнах світу такий розвиток розпочався ще зі стародавніх часів і стосувався вирішення питань поводження з відходами та шумових впливів. З появою промисловості та транспорту межі правового регулювання впливу міст на довкілля значно розширилися. В нього почали включати питання охорони атмосферного повітря, вод, лісів тощо. Однак, фактично до середини ХХ ст. ці питання вирішувалися в межах санітарного законодавства, а отже, стосувалися лише охорони життя і здоров'я людини. Лише з середини ХХ ст. об'єктом правової охорони в містах стають й природні ресурси.Ключові слова: правова охорона, довкілля, навколишнє природне середовище, місто, населений пункт, ґенеза. ; The article deals with the peculiarities of the development of environmental legislation in the cities until the independence of Ukraine. It has been established that in different countries of the world such development began from the ancient times and related to the issues of waste management and noise effects. With the advent of industry and transport, the limits of legal regulation of the urban impact on the environment have considerably expanded. He began to include issues of protection of atmospheric air, waters, forests, etc. However, in fact, by the middle of the twentieth century, these issues were solved within the framework of sanitary legislation, and, therefore, concerned only the protection of human life and health. Only from the middle of the twentieth century the legal protection object in the cities becomes natural resources.Key words: legal protection, environment, city, town, genesis.
This article evaluates the implementation of Proposition O, a stormwater cleanup measure, in Los Angeles, California. The measure was intended to create new funding to help the city comply with the Total Maximum Daily Load requirements under the federal Clean Water Act. Funding water quality objectives through a bond measure was necessary because the city had insufficient revenues to deploy new projects in its budget. The bond initiative required a supermajority vote (two-thirds of the voters), hence the public had to be convinced that such funding both was necessary and would be effective. The bond act language included project solicitation from the public, as well as multiple benefit objectives. Accordingly, nonprofit organizations mobilized to present projects that included creating new parks, using schoolyards for flood control and groundwater recharge, and replacing parking lots with permeable surfaces, among others. Yet few, if any, of these projects were retained for funding, as the city itself also had a list of priorities and higher technical expertise in justifying them as delivering water quality improvements. Our case study of the implementation of Proposition O points to the potentially different priorities for the renovation of urban infrastructure that are held by nonprofit organizations and city agencies and the importance of structuring public processes clearly so that there are no misimpressions about funding and implementation responsibilities that can lead to disillusionment with government, especially under conditions of fiscal constraints.
Environmental problems are becoming increasingly global. The links between human drivers and impacts in the environment cross geographical scales and country borders. Since the revision of the Swedish national environmental objectives in 2010, the overarching goal of Swedish environmental policy has recognised this fact. The "generational goal" now addresses the importance of limiting Sweden's impact abroad. At the same time, Sweden has limited means and legal competence (rådighet) to shape global developments that influence its own environmental objectives. How to evaluate the generational goal, and where and how to direct our limited capacity to influence global development are therefore important questions for Sweden's international environmental policy work.This report examines whether and how the planetary boundaries framework (Rockström et al. 2009a) offers tools and perspectives on how to work with the two-way interaction between Swedish and global environmental pressures and performance described above. The planetary boundaries concept was presented in 2009 and provides a novel synthesis of the most pertinent global environmental challenges by analysing the risk of crossing critical thresholds in the behaviour of the Earth system's processes. Nine challenges were identified, seven of which were possible to quantify at the time, by identifying control variables (e.g., for climate change, atmospheric CO2 concentration) and setting specific boundary values (e.g., 350 ppm CO2). The criteria for identifying planetary boundary processes was that they can be associated with some kind of threshold, or "tipping point", beyond which the planet and its ecosystems might enter new states, some of which are likely to be less hospitable to our current societies, and that this process is possibly irreversible. Boundaries were then set at what was considered to be a "safe distance" from the estimated threshold, using the best available science and the precautionary principle.The planetary boundaries framework quickly became popular among various stakeholders, arguably because of its scientific grounding combined with its intuitive rationale and easily accessible visual presentation. A common request since its publication has been to downscale the planetary boundaries to the level of individuals, companies and countries, that is, what is required for each to stay within the "safe operating space". This report presents a first attempt to translate the planetary boundaries into a corresponding set of national boundaries. The purpose is to investigate whether the planetary boundaries framework provides a scientifically grounded approach to addressing problems of international environmental policy and comparing performance. Although many different sets of environmental indicators already exist for global problems, these metrics are seldom coupled with a scientifically derived measure of what can be considered good or bad performance above or below an absolute boundary. Instead, such indicators are typically only used to compare relative performance. The overarching goal of this report is to fill this gap.Based on the planetary boundary framework we investigate: (i) whether the planetary boundaries can be downscaled to nationally relevant boundaries; and, (ii) whether indicators and data are available that allow comparison of country performance (including that of Sweden) using these downscaled boundaries. If such a methodology is feasible, this provides new perspectives on and methods for how to analyse the international dimension of environmental policy and how to set policy priorities. Finding that this is indeed feasible, the report analyses four related policy questions: How is Sweden performing on the generational goal to not increase environmental problems beyond its borders? Can the legal competence deficit of Sweden in relation to its national environmental objectives be quantified? Which countries should be prioritised for bilateral cooperation with Sweden? How do existing international environmental agreements match with planetary boundaries, and which agreements should be prioritised for Swedish engagement?Methodology and suggested downscaled planetary boundariesWe first analysed the relevance of downscaling the planetary boundaries in the context of Sweden's national environmental objectives (NEOs) and Swedish environmental policy and found that there was sufficient similarity between these two sets of environmental targets (see Figure S1). We then developed and proposed different options for down-scaled boundaries and presented indicators to measure national performance of the Earth system processes wherever this was feasible (see table S1). Data from international databases and peer-reviewed analyses of large sets on countries were used to enable comparisons between countries (see Figure S2). These results were then used as a basis for responding to the four policy questions.Methodological issues and limitations The methodological work of this research project takes as a strict starting point the control variables and boundary values proposed in the original planetary boundaries framework. This means that we did not look for a wider set of relevant indicators around a planetary boundary, but only those which best matched the original control variable. The methodology developed is therefore subject to the same criticisms of individual boundary definitions that have previously been voiced. One such constraint is the lack of spatial differentiation of the planetary boundaries. For example, the land use boundary states that, globally, no more than 15% of ice-free land must be converted to cropland, but does not specify which land would be more or less harmful to convert. This is critical in the context of mounting food security and agricultural challenges connected to providing food for a growing population. This universal approach becomes a limitation when examining the performance of individual countries, in particular given their very different environmental resource endowments and geographical conditions. Despite these problems, we argue that the most relevant approach is to downscale the planetary boundaries to per capita shares of the global safe operating space. We choose this approach because it provides an answer to the hypothetical question: What if the whole world's population had the same level of resource use as, for example, Sweden? Would the global planetary boundaries then be transgressed? However, we do not consider the fairness of such a crude distribution of this safe space, and future work needs to explore such concerns in order to increase the relevance of the analysis. Hence, while the methods and boundaries presented in this report offer a first attempt to develop scientifically grounded approaches that attribute the contributions of individuals to global environmental problems, the results should be interpreted with care. According to the data presented below, less developed countries now perform well, and in per capita terms use sustainable amounts of resources with respect to the boundaries. In contrast, highly developed countries and some emerging economies transgress several of their national boundaries, although there is a less clear pattern for some others (e.g., biodiversity loss). In general, the performance of highly developed countries including Sweden is worse if consumption "footprints" rather than strictly territorial emissions/resource use are considered. The clear pattern associated with level of income for many of the boundaries cannot be ignored in the light of calls for the "right to develop" within the shared environmental space, and suggests that consumption patterns in highly developed countries need to be dealt with. Finally, the data used in this report are in several cases taken from publicly available sources such as the international databases. These are often based on self-reporting, which limits data quality. It is beyond the scope of this work to coherently address this, and results should therefore be treated with caution.Responding to the policy questionsThe first policy question was to explore whether the planetary boundaries framework can be used to identify and measure the extent to which Swedish efforts to achieve domestic environmental objectives cause increased environmental and health problems beyond Sweden's borders. Consumption-based indicators were compiled on performance for several boundaries, and we believe that these are relevant for addressing and assessing the generational goal, since they capture the environmental effects of the Swedish economy not just domestically but also abroad. We believe that the planetary boundaries framework can contribute to existing work in two important ways. First, it is a comprehensive framework that captures many major global environmental challenges, as opposed to a more data-driven and single-issue approach. Second, it establishes absolute per capita boundaries, thereby allowing measurement of the absolute performance of countries rather than simply their relative performance. The second policy question was whether the planetary boundaries framework and its indicators can help to characterise and quantify Sweden's legal competence deficit in relation to some of its NEOs. Reviewing all the bar charts and graphs presented in chapters 4 and 5 suggests that Sweden's contribution to the planetary boundaries is in most cases minor in absolute terms. This means that Sweden's competence to hand over to the next generation a situation where most environmental problems have been resolved is limited. The methodological approach piloted here allows a quantification of the deficit for only one national environmental objective: Reduced Climate Impact. The deficit was over 99% at the global level. We found that it was a worthwhile analytical exercise and that the planetary boundaries framework in general is amenable to visualising environmental challenges in terms of numbers and graphically. However, the planetary boundaries framework cannot add much when it comes to more regional challenges, such as the eutrophication of a regional sea or regional transboundary air pollution.In response to the third policy question, the analysis presented in this report can potentially be used to identify sets of countries with similar challenges and as a source of information to inform discussions on priorities in bilateral environmental cooperation. Interpretations based on this first analysis should, however, be made with care, and the results are more robust when comparing performance across several boundaries and for a group of countries, as opposed to focusing on individual boundaries and individual countries. Using the downscaled boundaries and indicators selected in this report, performance data for 61 countries were generated and some general performance patterns were identified, such as richer countries generally performing much worse. However, it was also recognised that the selection of priority countries for bilateral cooperation will necessarily involve many other considerations, such as political relations, the level of economic development, key Swedish leverage opportunities, and so on. Finally, with regard to our fourth policy question, the analysis of how well the planetary boundaries are matched with international environmental agreements suggested that agreements are in place for all but one boundary, but that their implementation has not been successful. There is no lack of global environmental goals, nor is their level of ambition found wanting, as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) found in a recent report. The problem is rather the limited progress on existing goals. Our detailed assessment of existing international environmental agreements led to an effort to distinguish between the policy gap and the implementation gap for each planetary boundary. Overall, our analysis suggests that there are four important paths for future engagement in international environmental agreements and international cooperation more broadly: (i) to reduce implementation deficits in relation to existing targets and commitments; (ii) to highlight the global scale and implications of problems currently being addressed regionally; (iii) to extend the rationale for acting from human health effects to effects on ecological and Earth system resilience, but also connect these two; and (iv) to pursue tools for international cooperation, other than merely relying on formal international environmental agreements such as voluntary initiatives (some of which involve non-state actors) and capacity building efforts targeted at developing countries to support their implementation of international agreements and targets.ConclusionsUsing planetary boundaries as a basis for comparing the performance of countries, the main conclusion is that, in general, it is most important to work with developed countries and countries with rapidly growing economies. These countries have higher absolute and per capita impacts on the environment globally, and thus a bigger responsibility for progressive action on, e.g., mitigating climate change. For future work and the application of the methodology presented below, we recommend analysis that tracks the development of performance over time, as this would enable the identification of countries with negative trends and fast rates of change in performance, as well as more in-depth exploration of equity issues.A further recommendation is that additional consumptive-based indicators, covering each of the planetary boundaries, can be used to complement the existing indicators to assess whether Sweden meets its generational goal. The tentative methods and results on, e.g., consumptive land use and the threats to biodiversity driven by consumption provided in this report are concrete examples.A third recommendation is that if the "competence deficit" is to be reduced, Sweden must act more proactively and assertively in negotiations around international environmental agreements. Many of the national environmental objectives depend on international action and the analysis of national performance presented below suggests that Sweden's performance is of minor importance in many cases. The review of international environmental agreements shows that much of the legal infrastructure is in place to address planetary boundaries, but that the level of ambition and implementation effectiveness need to be strengthened. However, it should also be emphasised that legally binding agreements are only one of many routes to take. Sweden could expand bilateral cooperation with key countries to improve their domestic performance on key issues. Voluntary initiatives involving nonstate actors could be pursued as an alternative to legally binding agreements. Finally, a strategy could be pursued to identify the "co-benefits" of environmental action at both the local and, ultimately, the global level. The new Climate and Clean Air Coalition, in which Sweden is a key player, embraces this kind of approach.
REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over thepast 40 years (RETRO)Objectives:• exploit (often under-utilised) existing data sets from ground based stations,aircraft, and satellite instruments, integrating these into common datasets,• develop tools for the analysis, interpretation and exploitation of the data,• formulate recommendations for future measurement strategies,• assess changes in trace compound emissions and their effect on troposphericchemical composition and aerosols, and the associated radiative forcing, overthe past 40 years,• provide an assessment of uncertainties caused by climate variability,• evaluate emission control strategies in Europe,• predict changes over the next 20 years in tropospheric composition, andradiative forcing through model studies using the emission scenarios definedfor the IPCC 2001 climate assessment,• analyze the magnitude of intercontinental pollutant transport.Scientific achievements:• first detailed, comprehensive and consistent data sets on global emissionsfrom fossil and biofuel combustion and from open vegetation burningcovering the time period 1960-2000; available as gridded data sets with0.5°×0.5° and monthly mean resolution,• first global long-term atmospheric chemistry integrations with several stateof-the-art models using the ERA-40 meteorological data, the RETROemissions and other constrains in a consistent and well-documented manner,• analysis of key parameters controlling the interannual and seasonalvariability and the longer-term trends in the tropospheric composition relatedto ozone and its precursors,• development of new software tools for the analysis of observational data andmodel results; standardisation of model output and data formats anddefinition of model evaluation metrics and skill scores,• development of a comprehensive data base for tropospheric compositionobservations with complete metadata definition and a user-friendly interfacefor data access,• multi-model analysis of specific scenarios related to power generation andthe ...
El Protocolo de Montreal relativo a las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono, firmado el 16 de septiembre de 1987, ajustado y enmendado en 1990, 1992, 1995 y 1997 es un modelo de concertación entre todos los grupos interesados, países desarrollados y países en desarrollo, gobiernos, diplomáticos, científicos, industria, organizaciones no gubernamentales y ciudadanos preocupados de todos los rincones del planeta. El Protocolo de Montreal ha sido ratificado por 165 países y ha logrado disminuír la producción y consumo de las diversas sustancias que destruyen el ozono y reducido la tasa de crecimiento de la concentración atmosférica de varias de estas sustancias. ; The Protocol of Montreal regarding substances which damage the ozone layer, signed on 16 September 1987, adjusted and amended in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1997, is a model of agreement between all groups concerned: developed and developing countries, governments, diplomats, scientists, industry, non governmental organisations and worried world citizens. The Protocol of Montreal has been ratified by 165 countries and has succeeded in reducing the production and consumption of several substances that destroy the ozone layer as well as in decreasing the growth rate in atmospheric concentration of many such substances. ; Dossier: Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
"Committee on Science serial no. 106-66." ; "Committee on Government Reform serial no. 106-89." ; Shipping list no.: 2000-0295-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Research reveals that liberals and conservatives in the United States diverge about their beliefs regarding climate change. We show empirically that political affiliation also matters with respect to climate related risks such as flooding from hurricanes. Our study is based on a survey conducted 6 months after Superstorm Sandy in 2012 of over 1,000 residents in flood-prone areas in New York City. Democrats' perception of their probability of suffering flood damage is significantly higher than Republicans' and they are also more likely to invest in individual flood protection measures. However, 50% more Democrats than Republicans in our sample expect to receive federal disaster relief after a major flood. These results highlight the importance of taking into account value-based considerations in designing disaster risk management policies.
Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na wskazaniu zobowiązań Polski wynikających z art. 6 dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/2284 z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie redukcji krajowych emisji niektórych rodzajów zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, zmiany dyrektywy 2003/35/WE oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/81/WE[1]. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie rozwiązań prawnych przyjętych w krajowym programie ograniczania zanieczyszczeń powietrza (dalej: KPOZP) w Polsce, z wcześniejszym umiejscowieniem tego dokumentu na tle innych prawnych instrumentów ochrony powietrza, oraz ocena jego skuteczności. ; The article focuses on Poland's obligations arising from Article 6 of the Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC[1]. The objective of the article is to present legal solutions adopted in the National Air Pollution Control Programme (further referred to as the NAPCP) in Poland. This is preceded by an analysis of this document in the context of other legal instruments for environmental protection, and an evaluation of its effectiveness.
The article focuses on Poland's obligations arising from Article 6 of the Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC[1]. The objective of the article is to present legal solutions adopted in the National Air Pollution Control Programme (further referred to as the NAPCP) in Poland. This is preceded by an analysis of this document in the context of other legal instruments for environmental protection, and an evaluation of its effectiveness. ; Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na wskazaniu zobowiązań Polski wynikających z art. 6 dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/2284 z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie redukcji krajowych emisji niektórych rodzajów zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, zmiany dyrektywy 2003/35/WE oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/81/WE[1]. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie rozwiązań prawnych przyjętych w krajowym programie ograniczania zanieczyszczeń powietrza (dalej: KPOZP) w Polsce, z wcześniejszym umiejscowieniem tego dokumentu na tle innych prawnych instrumentów ochrony powietrza, oraz ocena jego skuteczności.
Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na wskazaniu zobowiązań Polski wynikających z art. 6 dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/2284 z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie redukcji krajowych emisji niektórych rodzajów zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, zmiany dyrektywy 2003/35/WE oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/81/WE[1]. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie rozwiązań prawnych przyjętych w krajowym programie ograniczania zanieczyszczeń powietrza (dalej: KPOZP) w Polsce, z wcześniejszym umiejscowieniem tego dokumentu na tle innych prawnych instrumentów ochrony powietrza, oraz ocena jego skuteczności. ; The article focuses on Poland's obligations arising from Article 6 of the Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC[1]. The objective of the article is to present legal solutions adopted in the National Air Pollution Control Programme (further referred to as the NAPCP) in Poland. This is preceded by an analysis of this document in the context of other legal instruments for environmental protection, and an evaluation of its effectiveness.
In: Lu , Y , Wang , Y , Zhang , W , Hubacek , K , Bi , F , Zuo , J , Jiang , H , Zhang , Z , Feng , K , Liu , Y & Xue , W 2019 , ' Provincial air pollution responsibility and environmental tax of China based on interregional linkage indicators ' , Journal of Cleaner Production , vol. 235 , pp. 337-347 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.293 ; ISSN:0959-6526
Air pollution presents a serious public health risk globally, particularly in fast industrializing countries such as China. Effectiveness of local air pollution control measures is influenced by external forces such as atmospheric emission transport and interprovincial trade. However, there is lack of research on comparison of these two indicators and local indicators (e.g. per capita income and emissions) determines the responsibility allocation in pollution control. In this paper, cross-provincial air pollution is stimulated via atmospheric transport (atmospheric linkage indicator) based on Weather Research and Forecasting/Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (WRF/CAMx) model. The air pollutants embodied in interprovincial trade (trade linkage indicator) was studied by using the latest multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. This study revealed the significant influence of atmospheric transport on neighboring provinces. However, transport of trade-induced embodied emissions affects both neighboring areas and larger areas. According to aggregation analysis of these two indicators, in most provinces of China, direction of atmospheric transport contradicts to that of the trade-induced transport. These findings are used to analyze the rationality of regional differences in environmental tax rate in the new environmental protection tax law of China. By comparing the local and interregional linkage indicators, we found the current environment tax for air pollutants was mainly affected by per capita income whereas other environment and linkage indicators show little correlation. Therefore, we integrated environment and linkage indicators to propose adjusted provincial environment tax rates plan for air pollutants as a cost sharing mechanism. The results of this paper provide novel perspective for central government to adjust fairness environmental responsibility between provinces of China by tax policy. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Farm size plays a critical role in agricultural sustainability. This may have far-reaching consequences for the economic and environmental performance of agricultural production, resulting, for instance, in an excessive use of mineral fertilizers. However, the magnitude of such effects and their main causes are not well understood, while being essential for effective policy development, especially for countries like China where the agricultural sector is still largely dominated by smallholder farms. In this paper, we review the current understanding of how farm size affects agricultural sustainability using China's crop farming as an example from economic, environment and social aspects. We analyze impacts from both a Chinese and a global perspective to identify intervention points to improve agricultural performance. We found that increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmer's net profit, as well as economic, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients 0.005, 0.02 and 2.25 in economic performance, respectively. Nevertheless, the relationships between farm size and overall productivity, total factor productivity and allocative efficiency are still not well understood and therefore require more research. Meanwhile, increase in farm size is associated with statistically significant decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection. In line with the experiences documented for the evolution of agricultural practices in developed countries, the expansion of large-scale farming is a critical path for modernizing agricultural production and ensuring sustainable food production from the social perspective. Measures concerning farm size should be implemented in an interaction between farmers and the government to promote the green development of agriculture.
For many years, improving air quality has been great attention of the whole world. It has been recognized that air pollution as a hypothetically hazardous type of environmental pollution and polluted air directly affects the human health. In Asian countries, it has converged less attention of ever growing most alarming and hazardous issue of air pollution. This paper presents a case study of Lahore city of Pakistan for the prediction of Air Quality Index (AQI) using hybrid approach of Neuro Fuzzy (NF) inference system. The ambient air data of Lahore was taken from the Environmental Protection | department (EPD) working under government of the Punjab. For results evaluation, data was recorded at different station in the period from April 2007 to May 2015. The fuzzy rules have been generated according to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PAK-EPA) standard of AQI. The NF Inference Model took the air pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) as inputs and predicted the air quality index as good, moderate, or unhealthy air. The results showed that NF based AQI prediction model classifies the AQI proficiently, robustly, and accurately as compared to conventional method.
The article deals with the legal technique of legislative acts adopted in Ukraine in the period from 1992–2006 years, related to the protection of the nature reserve fund, land, air, flora and fauna. The features of legal technique are investigated by analyzing the compliance of environmental laws with the requirements of legal technology, such as legality, systemic, logical consistency, clarity, accessibility, clarity and certainty. It is established that the legal technique of the considered legislative acts in general corresponds to the general requirements of this sphere. At the same time, some normative legal acts have shortcomings in legal technique, for example, there is no preamble in the Law of Ukraine «On flora», there is no terminological apparatus in the Law of Ukraine «On fauna» and «On the nature reserve fund», presented in the form of a separate specific article. It has been found out that some of the considered laws do not fully respond the requirement of systemic, because they do not contain provisions on monitoring, state accounting and cadaster and there is no requirement for certification and standardization.On the basis of the methodology of quantitative assessment of normative - legal shows that in environmental laws there is a wide range of fluctuations in the number of sections, articles and the number of signs in the articles. It is proved that the common feature of all the considered legislative acts is the uneven distribution of material, which is the largest in the Law of Ukraine «On protection of atmospheric air». It has been established that the largest number of signs belongs to the Law «On the nature reserve fund» - 89358, the smallest on the Law of Ukraine «On fauna»- 33166. ; Рассматривается юридическая техника законодательных актов, принятых в Украине в 1992-2006 гг., связанных с охраной природно-заповедного фонда, земли, атмосферного воздуха, животного и растительного мира. Исследованы ее особенности путем анализа соответствия природоохранных законов таким требованиям юридической техники, как законность, системность, логическая последовательность, ясность, доступность, четкость и определенность. Доказано наличие в отдельных законодательных актах недостатков юридической техники, среди которых отсутствие преамбулы, терминологии и системности изложения материала. ; Розглянуто юридичну техніку законодавчих актів, прийнятих в України у 1992-2006 рр., пов'язаних з охороною природно-заповідного фонду, землі, атмосферного повітря, тваринного та рослинного світу. Досліджено її особливості шляхом аналізу відповідності природоохоронних законів таким вимогам юридичної техніки, як законність, системність, логічна послідовність, ясність, доступність, чіткість і визначеність. Доведено наявність в окремих законодавчих актах недоліків юридичної техніки, серед яких відсутність преамбули, термінології та системності викладення матеріалу.
