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Much has been talked about crisis as an imported term, as well as the products that are consumed internally, habits, violence, clothing, everything, absolutely everything: imported. Regardless of the origin, most speak of the subject as all experts, perhaps ironically because they were born and have lived with the shortages next to them. In any case, a good part of those supposedly understood, associate it with the economic and the exogenous.However, it is integral and has a foundation accumulated in internal causes, which regardless of the errors in government policy, feeds on attitudes of the average citizen, which is what we want to highlight in these tight reflections. ; Mucho se ha hablado de crisis como un término importado, al igual que los productos que se consumen internamente, los hábitos, la violencia, el vestuario, todo, absolutamente todo: importado. Independientemente del origen, la mayoría hablan del tema como todos unos expertos, quizás irónicamente porque nacieron y han vivido con la escasez al lado. En todo caso, buena parte de los supuestamente entendidos, la asocian con lo económico y lo exógeno.No obstante, que es integral y tiene un fundamento acumulado en causas internas, que independientemente de los yerros en la política gubernamental, se alimenta de actitudes del ciudadano promedio, que es lo que se quiere destacar en estas apretadas reflexiones.

Varios estudios han indicado la existencia de actitudes transfóbicas en el sistema educativo. Esto se extiende a la comunidad universitaria, lo que tiene consecuencias psicosociales negativas en las personas trans. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la actitud de los estudiantes universitarios hacia las personas trans. Se utilizó un diseño correlacional transversal con una muestra de 1701 estudiantes universitarios con edades entre 18 y 68 años. Los resultados muestran la presencia de actitudes negativas hacia las personas trans en la comunidad universitaria. También muestra la existencia de una relación entre estas actitudes y otras variables, como la empatía, la autoestima y los estilos parentales. Nuestros resultados indican que las actitudes negativas de los estudiantes universitarios hacia las personas trans podrían estar relacionadas con variables psicológicas y sociales como la empatía, la autoestima y los estilos parentales, lo que apunta a una probable relación entre los estilos parentales y la empatía en los hijos. Dentro de las implicaciones para la práctica se sugiere la importancia de fomentar actitudes inclusivas y de aceptación de la diversidad en la formación escolar y universitaria, con programas centrados en el desarrollo de empatía y autoestima.

This research evaluated the behavior of 343 people (chosen at random) from the citiesof Apizaco and Huamantla (Tlaxcala State, Mexico). Individuals were chosen from1600 families and a total population of 8000 citizens.This study is one component of a broader, in-depth research that links all the resultsof its branches/fields to strengthen them. The aim of this research is to change the waydomestic wastes is handled thanks to various influential strategies and social"persuasion". The first step to devise solutions to wastes' problem is not to createthem initially. This becomes true when citizens separate their wastes for re-use in theproduction process.The study assesses attitudes towards garbage and garbage collection. The pre-testresearch also uses other instruments/tools concerning population's way of life, whichis known as "social frame" of the population. Secondary research (post-test) will beutilized to evaluate change in behaviors after the use of persuasive strategies.The population already has environment-friendly behavior, however these are verybasic (from 0 to 1). We assume that campaigns to protect environment, the position ofthe government and other groups stressed the importance of environment to thepopulation but not enough to be an end in itself. We do not see major/significativedifferences according to population and communities characteristics. This researchevaluated the behavior of 343 people (chosen at random) from the cities of Apizacoand Huamantla (Tlaxcala State, Mexico). Individuals were chosen from 1600 familiesand a total population of 8000 citizens.This study is one component of a broader, in-depth research that links all the resultsof its branches/fields to strengthen them. The aim of this research is to change the waydomestic wastes is handled thanks to various influential strategies and social"persuasion". The first step to devise solutions to wastes' problem is not to createthem initially. This becomes true when citizens separate their wastes for re-use in theproduction process.The ...

Este artículo reporta un análisis del estado del arte sobre las actitudes de los profesores hacia la educación inclusiva de niños con discapacidad. Este artículo analiza una variedad de investigaciones con el propósito de explorar los factores y las razones que pueden incidir en las actitudes de los profesores sobre la enseñanza a niños discapacitados. El análisis fue llevado a cabo para mostrar evidencia de las perspectivas positivas y negativas de los profesores hacía la inclusión. Durante todo el análisis, las actitudes de los profesores resultaron ser influenciadas por su filosofía general de inclusión y la percepción de como debería ser implementado este proceso. Después de discutir los resultados de los estudios analizados, se encontró que las actitudes positivas o negativas dependía de una variedad de factores como el conocimiento de educación inclusiva, tiempo, recursos y desarrollo profesional.Palabras Claves: Inclusión, Politicas, y ActitudesAbstractThis paper reports a review of literature concerning the attitudes of teachers toward inclusive education of children with disabilities. This paper reviews a large body of research-based literature, in order to explore the factors and reasons that might impact teachers' attitudes concerning the teaching of disabled children. The analysis was carried out to show evidence of positive and negative views of teachers towards inclusion. Throughout the analysis, teachers' attitudes were found to be influenced by their general philosophy of inclusion and the way they perceived that inclusion should be implemented. After analyzing the results of various research studies, it was found that teachers' positive or negative attitudes depended on many factors such as knowledge toward inclusive education, time, resources and professional development. Key words: Inclusion, policies and teachers' attitudes

In this study, two questions are analyzed: (1) what theemotions provoked by the Spanish government's declarationof its intention to negotiate a peace process with the terroristgroup ETA are; (2) how these emotions relate to differentattitudes to this negotiation. A questionnaire was appliedto a sample of 263 university students. A confirmatoryfactor analysis was conducted to verify how emotions wereorganized and an ANOVA was subsequently conducted toanalyze the relationship between emotions and attitudesto negotiation. With respect to the first question, theemotions which are linked to the negotiation process areclassified in a three factor model (enthusiasm, anger andanxiety), and with respect to the second, it became clearthat the emotion of anger is associated with subjects whoare against negotiation. At the same time, enthusiasmand anxiety were associated with different attitudes tonegotiation, support and rejection respectively; however,both these emotions were also found to be present amongthose who wanted the different political parties to reachan agreement and face the process of negotiation with acommon policy.

AbstractAs the lingua franca of the moment, English is widely used in Finland. In the first three sections, we offer an overview of the political, linguistic and social situation of English in that country. Despite the widespread use of English, no risk of displacement for Finnish seems to exist, mostly due to a balanced social diglossic configuration aligned with current globalizing forces. Section 5 focuses on the opinions and judgements of 15 randomly selected native Finnish speakers with regards to the use of anglicisms in Finnish, and other cultural-linguistic related issues including technology, social media, research, and health care. These data, collected through surveys and interviews, show divided opinions. Onthe one hand, despite the general accepted use of anglicisms, 3 Finnishparticipants hold negative views towards these borrowings. Specifically, these speakers think that using anglicisms instead of their equivalent native words is a "shame", that their widespread use may bring "social inequality," and that English is "taking over" Finnish. On the other hand, the other 12 speakers think that by being "open and flexible" one can "work its way" through situations where English is not only helpful but also necessary. These opposing stances, however, can be best viewed as points along a continuum of acceptance of English influence on Finnish, whereby even the most reluctant speakers use, sometimes unconsciously, anglicized Finnish speech. Finally, in section 6 we conclude by stating that English seems to hold the status of a second rather than a foreign language in Finland. This is due to the emerging English-Finnish bilingualism between young people and their consideration of English as a "language of identification" (House 2003). What the attitudes and opinions of our participants also show is that living abroad and studying a foreign language may be factors that create a more welcoming and open attitude towards English influence, and by extension, to that of other languages and cultures.ResumenEn Finlandia el uso frecuente del inglés, la lengua franca del momento, es indiscutible. En las tres primeras secciones, hacemos un repaso de la situación política, lingüística y social del inglés en ese país. A pesar de su uso frecuente, no existe riesgo de que el finés sea desbancado ya que existe una situación de diglosia social finés-inglés en consonancia con las tendencias globalizadoras actuales. En el apartado 5 se presentan las opiniones y valoraciones de 15 hablantes nativos finlandeses seleccionados al azar respecto al uso de anglicismos en su lengua, y respecto a otros fenómenos lingüístico-culturales, entre ellos la tecnología, las redes sociales, la investigación y los sistemas de salud públicos. Las opiniones de los participantes, recogidas a través de cuestionarios y entrevistas, son diversas. Por un lado, a pesar de ser generalmente aceptados, tres finlandeses piensan que usar anglicismos en lugar de palabras nativas es una "pena", que su uso frecuente puede causar "desigualdad social" en su país, y que el inglés acabará dominando al finés. Por otro lado, doce hablantes piensan que siendo "abiertos y flexibles" se pueden "sobrellevar" las situaciones en las que el inglés no sólo es útil sino necesario. Estas posturas aparentemente opuestas pueden, sin embargo, concebirse como puntos en una escala de aceptación de la influencia anglosajona en el finés, que muestra que hasta los hablantes más reticentes a dicha influencia usan, inconscientemente, un finés impregnado de inglés. En la sección 6, finalmente, afirmamos que el inglés es más una segunda lengua en Finlandia que una lengua extranjera. Ello se debe a un bilingüalismo finés-inglés emergente entre los jóvenes y a su consideración del inglés como una "lengua de identificación" (House 2003). Las actitudes y opiniones de nuestros participantes también revelan que vivir fuera de su país y estudiar una lengua extranjera pueden ser factores que promuevan una actitud más abierta y receptora hacia la influencia anglosajona, y por extensión, a la de otros países y culturas.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of sports lottery consumer's sports watching behaviors on attitudes and behaviors on this field. Using the self-edited sports watching behavior scale, sports attitude scale and sports behavior scale as research tools. While enhancing sports attitudes, they will also increase their participation behaviors. Sports lottery tickets can increase government taxes and promote sports development; they also can promote the sport lottery consumers to improve their own sports attitudes and their sports behavior after watching sports games, and then achieve the popularization of whole people that pratice sports.RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio es explorar el efecto de los comportamientos de observación de deportes de los consumidores de loterías deportivas sobre las actitudes y los comportamientos en ese campo. Utilizando la escala de comportamiento de observación de deportes autoeditada, además de la escala de actitud deportiva y la escala de comportamiento deportivo como herramientas de investigación. Mientras mejoran las actitudes deportivas, también aumentarán sus comportamientos de participación. Los boletos de lotería deportiva pueden aumentar los impuestos del gobierno y promover el desarrollo en esa área; también pueden promover a los consumidores de lotería deportiva para mejorar sus propias actitudes y comportamientos deportivos después de ver juegos deportivos, y luego lograr la popularización de personas enteras que practican deportes.

The number of positive cases of COVID-19 in office clusters makes the government implement health protocols that are useful to prevent exposure to COVID-19 while working. Health protocols are self-protection measures to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Health protocol measures include washing hands, maintaining distance, and avoiding crowds. This study aimed to identify knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors in office workers about preventing COVID-19.

This article shows some of the results derived from a research project subsidized by the Andalusia Government, whose purpose is to create and offer digital resources for the assessment of gender culture in schools. We present the results of an attitudinal scale, which is valid and reliable, that allows measuring the degree of predisposition of students towards equality and coeducation. In this article, we describe students' attitudes towards gender equality. Results for the attitudes scale for Cronbach coefficient of reliability was 0.91 with an average saturation of 0.525 for the items in the principal component analysis. The random sample included 728 primary and Secondary school students from the province of Seville. The results show the students' positive attitude towards equality, although differences between boys and girls are observed. The data indicate that students display more deficits in the relational dimension. ; Este artículo recoge algunos resultados derivados de un proyecto de excelencia subvencionado por la Junta de Andalucía, cuyo propósito es crear y ofrecer recursos digitales para el diagnóstico de la cultura de género en la escuela. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una escala de actitudes, válida y fiable, que permite medir el grado de predisposición del alumnado hacia la igualdad y la coeducación. Con este artículo pretendemos conocer las actitudes del alumnado hacia la igualdad. La escala de actitudes obtiene un coeficiente de fiabilidad de 0,91 y una saturación media de los ítems en el componente principal de 0,525. Participan en este estudio 728 alumnos y alumnas de Educación Primaria y Secundaria de la provincia de Sevilla. Los resultados muestran actitudes del alumnado favorables hacia la igualdad, aunque se observan diferencias entre chicos y chicas. Los datos indican que el alumnado presenta mayores déficits en el plano relacional.

In this study, using the descriptive-analytical method, we discuss the main factors in the formation of the Yemen crisis, as well as the attitudes of the two Arab states and of the two neighboring countries, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, in the Yemen crisis. It is concluded that this crisis stems not only from the role of local actors, but also from the role of regional and global actors, who played a decisive role in shaping and exacerbating the Yemen crisis. Regional players in the post-2015 crisis include the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, which showed contradictory behavior. Saudi Arabia's targets in its attack on Yemen have a greater military and security dimension. The political and economic objectives of the United Arab Emirates, which is Riyadh's most important ally in this war, have been at a different level from those of Saudi Arabia. This can be seen in Abu Dubai Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed's aspirations to expand his country's influence, to become a major player in the region.

El "compromiso igualitario" es una de las características de la cultura política europea. Este valor igualitarista se ve amenazado por la crisis económica, el desempleo y la intolerancia. El compromiso igualitario como actitud ante la inmigración depende de variables contextuales que son diferentes según los modelos de Bienestar. Por un lado, en los países con mayor gasto en protección social, en pensiones por desempleo y menor riesgo de pobreza, disminuye la competencia por los escasos recursos de empleo y bienestar. Las sociedades más igualitarias generan actitudes más tolerantes hacia la inmigración, lo que se demuestra en el caso de los países del modelo socialdemócrata escandinavo, Alemania y Francia. Por otro lado, en sentido contrario, los países con mayores tasas de desempleo, con mayor riesgo de pobreza y mayores desigualdades generan actitudes de rechazo al reconocimiento de los derechos sociales de los inmigrantes, como es el caso del modelo liberal británico, en Grecia, Chequia y Lituania. Por consiguiente, las políticas de integración de la inmigración están asociadas con la corrección de las desigualdades sociales, con la política de empleo, con las pensiones y los subsidios por desempleo. La sostenibilidad del Estado del Bienestar está asociada a la integración de la inmigración. ; Attitudes of European citizens towards immigrants are restrictive. Restrictive attitudes are related to the unemployment rate and the risk of poverty as well as competition for jobs and welfare resources. National policies of social protection help reduce hostility to immigration because it reduces the risk of poverty and social inequality. However, ethnic and racial heterogeneity hamper "egalitarian commitment" essential for the sustainability of the welfare state. Strong unions and social protection policies contribute to the integration of immigrants (Sweden and Norway). By contrast, weak unions, social inequalities, unemployment, the risk of poverty and weak social protection contribute to the development of negative attitudes towards immigration (Greece, Hungary). The future sustainability of welfare depends on the participation of immigration as a political force.

El objetivo general del trabajo es caracterizar el periodismo político español para comprobar en qué medida se ajusta al modelo del sistema mediático pluralistapolarizado. Se han utilizado dos de los indicadores de paralelismo político destacados por Hallin y Mancini: las orientaciones y prácticas periodísticas y las relaciones entre periodistas y sistema político. Se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad a 14 responsables de la sección de política o nacional. Los resultados permiten afirmar que el periodismo político en España cumple las características básicas del modelo pluralistapolarizado. Los niveles de paralelismo político y politización se mantienen altos. Respecto a las relaciones entre políticos y periodistas, las entrevistas han revelado una actitud de desconfianza y el distanciamiento de los periodistas frente a los políticos. ; The general aim is to characterize Spanish political journalism through the discourse of editors of the political sections, to verify the extent to which it conforms to the model of a polarized pluralist media system. In Spain has had a consolidated advocacy oriented journalism, which either made the journalist part of the party or organization's strategy, or an advocate of a particular ideology. According to Hallin and Mancini we consider two indicators of political parallelism: the journalistic orientation and practices, and the relations between the media and the political system. The data were obtained through indepth interviews with 14 editors. The results suggest that the Spanish political journalism meets two basic features: high levels of political parallelism and polarization. With regard to relations between politicians and journalists, they reveal an attitude of mistrust against politicians.

This article examines on the basis of secondary and primary data to what extent was the electoral success achieved by VOX during the 2018-2019 elections in Spain nurtured by reluctant attitudes towards immigration. Evidence shows that voters in VOX are indeed defending more unfavourable positions on the matter than the electorate of other right-wing parties; however, it is not clear to what extent these were decisive for voting. Moreover, although there are diffuse perceptions of worsening access to public resources and unease about the deterioration in working conditions, these problems do not give rise to anti-immigrant hostility, but are held accountable to political and business classes. These results highlight the importance of nuanced approaches that prevent any reluctance or criticism of the immigratory fact and its impact being equated with denigratory rejection. ; This paper uses primary and secondary data to examine the extent to which the electoral success of VOX in the 2018–2019 Spanish elections may have been fuelled by negative attitudes towards immigration. The data show that VOX voters view this issue less favourably than the voters of other right-wing parties, yet it is unclear how decisively it affected their vote. Perceived grievances about access to public resources and unease about deteriorating working conditions exist, but they scarcely tend to cause anti-immigrant hostility: the political and business classes are blamed. Hence the importance of nuanced approaches that avoid equating qualms about immigration and its impact with scornful rejection. ; This article examines on the basis of secondary and primary data to what extent was the electoral success achieved by VOX during the 2018-2019 elections in Spain nurtured by reluctant attitudes towards immigration. Evidence shows that voters in VOX are indeed defending more unfavourable positions on the matter than the electorate of other right-wing parties; however, it is not clear to what extent these were decisive for voting. Moreover, ...

In this article we aim at studying how speakers mark alignment in discourse. We define alignment as the speaker's point of view or footing in relation to an object (for instance, a topic or issue in conversation or a debate) but also and mainly in relation to the other participants in the interaction. The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic procedures used by speakers to mark alignment, and also to show how in face-to-face interaction the creation of alignment and therefore the (inter)subjective construction of discourse is the result of a process of interpersonal negotiation. With this purpose in mind, we have attempted to identify the procedures used by speakers to mark alignment such as partial repetition, recycling of linguistic material, or personal pronouns and stance markers like pronouns, verbs of cognition and communication and adverbs. ; En este artículo nos proponemos estudiar el modo en que se marca la alineación en el discurso. Se define alineación o posicionamiento como el punto de vista del hablante, tanto en relación a un objeto (por ejemplo un tema o asunto en la conversación o el debate) como, y principalmente, en relación a los otros participantes en la interacción. El objetivo del estudio es identificar los mecanismos lingüísticos que emplean los hablantes para expresar alineación, así como mostrar que la construcción (inter)subjetiva del discurso se conforma como un proceso interpersonal y negociado en la interacción hablada. Para ello se estudian los procedimientos que sirven para marcar la alineación del hablante, como la repetición parcial, las preguntas, las marcas de acuerdo y desacuerdo, o los marcadores de posicionamiento como los pronombres personales y los verbos de cognición o comunicación.