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Random responses can be attributed to a series of variables which are not functionally related to the content of the instrument; the effects of such random responses on the testing of substantive hypotheses are investigated. R's were separated into 2 groups (on the basis of an item for which all change was random): stayers, who did not change over time; & movers, who changed randomly. To determine the degree to which relationships between variables at any single point in time could be strengthened by identifying & removing the 'movers', identical analyses were carried out for each group separately. After separating movers & stayers, the corrections between responses to 2 measures of political efficacy were examined for all 3 waves of a panel study. Considerable variability was found in the correlations, but correlations were consistently higher for the stayers. The greatest constraint between the 2 items was shown by those who stayed over all 3 waves (the most stable group). Thus, the relationship between the 2 measures of efficacy was considerably strengthened by removing the movers. The index of political saliency was found to be the most predictive variable for both mover groups & the whole sample; the age of 1st party identification was most closely related to voting punctuality for all 3 stayer groups. The mover-stayer distinction is pertinent in inferring the predictive power of specific independent variables. 2 Tables. H. Dorian.

86 male university students completed an assessment battery regarding their attitudes towards women and beliefs about sexual violence, as well as their own intentions to be sexually violent. They read five vignettes depicting different situations in which women were raped, and answered questions about what they thought happened in the vignettes, i.e. whether the actions depicted were rape. Results showed only one of the constructs, acceptance of sexual violence, predicted men's ability to recognize rape scenarios, whereas hostility towards women, adversarial sexual beliefs, rape myth acceptance and sex role stereotyping were not significant after acceptance of sexual violence was accounted for. Furthermore, men's acceptance of sexual violence mediated the relationship of their perceptions of rape vignettes and their self-reported intentions to be sexually violent. Implications for further research in sexual violence and interventions to prevent acts of aggression towards women are discussed.
Key words: rape, sexual aggression, violence against women.

169 urban elderly Ss were interviewed to study (1) the interrelationships among mobility, health, demographic and factor analytically derived attitudinal variables and (2) the characteristics of users and non-users of an innovative transportation program. Positive correlations were obtained between mobility and each of the following variables: self-assessed health (p < .001); functional ability (p < .001); current income (p < .005); Life Satisfaction (p < .001); and Ego Integrity (p < .001). Current income was positively correlated with Life Satisfaction (p < .001) and Optimism about the Future (p < .005) and negatively correlated with Authoritarianism (p < .005) and Political Powerlessness (p < .005). Life Satisfaction and Ego Integrity were positively correlated with selfassessed health (p < .001 in both cases). Age, income and education did not differentiate between users and non-users, nor did four of the five attitude factors. However, users manifested significantly poorer self-assessed health and functional ability, significantly less mobility and less Ego Integrity than non-users. The findings suggested that further experimental studies be undertaken to investigate whether increased mobility would have an impact on the attitudes with which it was found to be correlated. This was discussed in light of the intervening variable of health and the relationship between psychological and somatic states.

National means were obtained for equivalent age respondents (n = 14 000) in a large sample of countries (n = 53) with respect to personality variables (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism), socio-economic factors (inflation, gross domestic product (GDP), economic growth, labor force, human development index (HDI), cost of living, divorce rate, family size), and work-related attitudes (work ethic, mastery, achievement motivation, competitiveness, achievement/conformity, money beliefs, and attitudes towards savings). In addition, the subjective well-being measure (SWB) from Diener and colleagues (1995) was included. European countries emerged as showing a lower economic growth, but higher GDP, higher cost of living standards, a higher human development index, as well as smaller family sizes compared to non-European countries. Among European countries, GDP correlated negatively with competitiveness. Participants from nations characterized by high subjective well-being scores were less competitive, and attached less importance to money. Well-being was further associated with a greater need for mastery over problems and events, and achievement through conformity. Moreover, while personality variables were unrelated to economic factors, they were predictably associated with several work attitude scales. More specifically, extraversion was significantly positively correlated with achievement motivation, mastery, and savings, while psychoticism was negatively correlated with work ethic, achievement motivation, and mastery. The implications of the findings are discussed.

ObjectivesThis study is aimed at examining energy‐related behavioral intention among Hispanics in the United States. It examines the role of nationality and geographic location, as well as informational and attitudinal factors.MethodThe study used survey data from the University of Texas at Austin Energy Poll. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and regressions analysis.ResultsResults show that Hispanics overall in the West had higher levels of intention to save energy than those in any other region, while there is no clear pattern indicating that intentions to save energy were linked to Hispanics' ethnic groups. Besides information dissemination and various measures of environmental concern, belief and interest were strongly related to energy‐related behavioral intentions.ConclusionsFindings contribute to the understanding of Hispanics' energy behaviors, concluding that environmentalism and information dissemination are important predictors of behavioral intention within the Hispanic population.

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; The financial constraints that exist for SME has received increased attention in recent years. Intervention programmes by governments to improve access to finance for businesses has mainly focused on supply side measures, through seeking to stimulate supply, by creating new financing channels and easing regulatory barriers in the supply of finance. This is based on general assumption that the issue of access to finance is as a result of insufficient supply of external finance for businesses; however, there is increasing recognition that demand side issues also hinder access to finance, and these demand side deficiencies impede the effectiveness of supply side interventions. This study focuses on the demand side perspective, it builds on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and proposes and validates an adapted model that examines the relationship between attitudinal factors and the intention of SMEs to use bank loans in Nigeria. The adapted TPB model used attitudinal variables (perceived trust, attitude, perceived social norm, and perceived behavioural control) to understand SME financial decision (intention use bank loans), and captures various antecedent variables that influence these attitudinal factors. The cross-sectional survey study was conducted in Nigeria. The study used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse the data. PLS SEM was used to test the hypothesized relationships between the antecedents, attitudinal factors, and intention to use bank loans. The findings indicate that attitudinal factors which consist of attitude, perceived behavioural control, perceived social norm, and perceived trust predicts SME intention to use bank loans in Nigeria. The result also showed that key antecedent factors such as financial literacy, perceived risk, normative beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived quality of loan information are antecedents to these attitudinal factors. The study successfully implemented a psychology-based theory in SME financing decision context. It highlights the importance of incorporating psychology theories to gain further understanding on noneconomic factors that impact decision making of SMEs. Traditionally, capital structure research adopts capital structure theories to understand and explain the determinant of SME financial decision making. However, this study argues that psychology based theories provide a more robust understanding of the judgement and behaviours of these actors (SMEs) especially in developing countries, because these theories examine causal influences and explain relationships. The study also makes empirical contribution by providing empirical evidence on the noneconomic determinant to SME financial decision making, demand side perspective, and emerging country context. The implication of the result for practise and policy is that local and international intervention agencies tasked with the responsibility of easing access to finance for small businesses in Nigeria can use these findings to develop more robust and effective intervention programs. In addition, the findings can inform policy direction at government level, government policies can benefit from this study by incorporating the results to inform long term policies that can address the institutional and structural factors that creates barriers SMEs financing in Nigeria. The study can also be used to formulate policies that can assist in modifying the behaviour of discouraged finance seekers and stimulate demand for external finance with the aim of reducing the financing gap and enhancing growth of small businesses in particular and economic growth in general in Nigeria.

The woman who holds a paid job is responding to the social, psychological, & economic factors in her past, present, & future environments. 3 issues considered are: (1) Are attitudinal factors related to F LF participation? (2) Are attitudes more important or less important than a variety of structural factors? & (3) Does the importance of attitudinal & structural factors vary for different subgroups? 592 women drawn from a larger sample & representing the white, married F population of RI, aged 15-64 & having any children comprised the sample. Shifting patterns of association between a woman's attitudes toward the employment of married women & her own likelihood of being employed are revealed. Previous researchers have not considered attitudinal variables to be important in the study of F LF participation. The factor of attitudes was found to be more closely linked to employment status than any structural factor. Among married women of at least moderate income with children, their behavior was found to be most closely associated with their approval levels. Attitudinal variables concerning the more affluent group will need future research. 3 Tables. B. Miller.

REPLYING TO D.T. CUNDY'S ARTICLE IN THE SAME ISSUE, THE AUTHOR ARGUES THAT FOR POLITICAL SCIENTISTS VARIABLES LIKE PARENTAL AFFECT ARE OF LITTLE CONCERN ON 2 SYSTEMS LEVEL. BOTH CUNDY'S AND THE AUTHORS MODELS ARE TESTED WITH THE JENNINGS (1965) SOCIALIZATION DATA