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Review in this Article Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and other Analogous Documents preserved in the Public Record Office. Vol. XV, 1–7: Richard II.R. A. Buchanan. Industrial Archaeology in Britain.Ralph Davis. English Overseas Trade 1500–1700.Robert Latham and William Matthews(Eds.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. A new and complete transcriptionA. F. J. Brown. Essex People, 1750–1900, from their diaries, memoirs and letters.S. D. Chapman. The Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution.Robin M. Reeve. The Industrial Revolution 1750–1850.David J. V. Jones. Before Rebecca. Popular Protests in Wales 1793–1835.Dorothy Marshall. Industrial England 1776–1851.Robert Owen. A New View of Society, or Essays on The Formation of the Human Character Preparatory to the Development of a Plan for gradually ameliorating the Condition of Mankind.Janet Roebuck. The Making of Modern English Society from 1850.E. P. Hennock. Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth Century Urban Government.Michael Sanderson. The Universities and British Industry, 1850–1970.H. V. Emy. Liberals, Radicals and Social Politics 1892–1914.A. R. Bridbury. Historians and the Open Society.Roderick Floud. An Introduction to Quantitative Methods for Historians.David Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.Horst Claus Recktenwald (Ed.). Political Economy. A Historical Perspective.D. E. C. Eversley (Ed.). Third International Conference of Economic History, Munich, 1965.H.J. Habakkuk. Population Growth and Economic Development.Peter Laslett (Ed.) with the assistance of Richard Wall. Household and Family in Past Time.Norman J. G. Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.‐A.D.1330.Pauline Croft (Ed.). The Spanish Company.Phyllis M. Martin. The External Trade of the Loango Coast 1576–1870.A. J. H. Latham. Old Calabar 1600–1891. The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society.M. E. Falkus. The Industrialization of Russia, 1700–1914.Francis E. Hyde. Far Eastern Trade 1860–1914.E. A. Boehm. Prosperity and Depression in Australia 1887–1897.C. Forster (Ed.). Australian Economic Development in the Twentieth Century.E. A. Boehm. Twentieth Century Economic Development in Australia.Patrick Fridenson: Histoires des Usines Renault. I. Naissance de la Grande Entreprise: 1898–1939.Charles P. Kindelberger. The World in Depression 1929–1939.Melchior Palyi. The Twilight of Gold 1914–1935: Myths and Realities.C. F. Delzell (Ed.). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945.E. Wiskemann. Italy since 1945.J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann (Eds.). Britain and the Netherlands.G. Kurgan‐Ph. Moureaux (Ed.). La quantification en histoire.I.J. Roorda. Hetrampjaar 1672.H. Van der Wee. Historische aspecten van de economische groei. Tien studies over de economische ontwikkeling van West‐Europa en van de Nederlanden in het bijzonder (12e–19e eeuw).H. De Vries. Landbouw en bevolking tijdens de agrarische depressie in Friesland (1878–1895).J. A. Faber. Drie eeuwen Friesland. Economische en sociale ontwikkelingen van 1500 tot 1800.Van Beylen. Schepen van de Nederlanden. Van de late Middeleeuwen tot het einde van de 17e eeuw.G. Kurgan‐Van Hentenryk. Leopold II et les groupes financiers beiges en Chine. La politique royale et pesprolongements (1895–1914). Société Générale de Belgique, 1822–1972. R. De Herdt. Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van de veeteelt in Vlaanderen, inzonderheid tot de geschiedenis van de rundveepest, 1769–1785.E.J. Baels. De Generate Keizerlijke en Koninklijke Indische Compagnie gevestigd in de Oosten‐rijkse Nederlanden, genaamd "de Oostendse Compagnie".C. Van Bostraeten. De nederzetting Sloten en de Merowingische begraafplaats te Gent—Port Arthur. Economisch‐ en sociaal‐historisch jaarboek. R. Noel. Les deépôts de pollens fossiles.A. P. Timmermans. Les banques en Belgique, 1946–1968. Contributions à l'histoire économique et sociale. Tome VI: 1970–1971. O. Mus. Inventaris van het archief van de Commissie van Openbare Onderstand, leper: Oud Regime zonder de oorkonden.P. Lebrun, J. Gadisseur, J. Pirard, D. Degreve, C. Desama (Ed.). L'industrialisation en Belgique au XIXe siècle. Première approche et premiers résultats.F. B. M. Tangelder. Nederlandse rekeningen in de pondtolregisters van Elbing, 1585–1602. Finances Publiques d'Ancien Régime—Finances publiques contemporaines: processus de mutation, continuites et ruptures. Collogue International: Spa, 16–19‐IX‐1971. Pro Civitate.C. Verlindenet al. Dokumenten Voor de Geschiedenis van Prijzen en Lonen in Vlaanderen en Brabant (XVIe‐XIXe E.)

Book reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINCalendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous (Chancery) Preserved in the Public Record Office. Vol. vn: 1399‐1422.R. B. Pugh (Ed.). The Victoria History of the Counties of England. General Introduction.Elizabeth CRITTALL (Ed.). The Victoria History of the Counties of England. A History of Wiltshire.Nigel Harvey. A History of Farm Buildings in England and Wales.Roger Burt (Ed.). Industry and Society in the South‐West.Michael Williams. The Draining of the Somerset Levels.Crispin Gill (Ed.). Dartmoor: A New Study.W. Branch Johnson. The Industrial Archaeology of Hertfordshire.George Watkins. The Textile Mill Engine.H. D. Gribbon. The History of Water Power in Ulster.Malcolm I. Thomis. The Luddites‐Machine Breaking in Regency England.Bernard Semmel. The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy and the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism, ij50‐1850.Judith Ryder and Harold Silver. Modern English Society: History and Structure, 1850‐1970.P. W. Kingsford. Victorian Railwaymen. The Emergence and Growth of Railway Labour, 1830‐1870.G. R. Hawke. Railways and Economic Growth in England and Wales, 1840‐1870.Anthony Mason. The General Strike in the North East.D. H. Aldcroft. The Inter‐War Economy: Britain, 1919‐1939.Scientific Research in British Universities and Colleges, 1969‐70. Vol. III: Social Sciences.S. Thernstrom and R. Sennet (Eds.). Nineteenth‐Century Cities: Essays in the Mew Urban History.W. D. Borrie. The Growth and Control of World Population.Carlo M. Cipolla (Ed.). The Economic Decline of Empires.Thomas F. Glick. Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia.Philippe Dollinger. The German Hansa. Translated and edited by D. S. Ault and S. H. Steinberg.L. Genicot, M.‐S. Boughat‐Dupont, B. Delvaux. La Crise Agricole du Bas Moyen Age dans le Mamurois.Madeleine Ly‐Tio‐Fane. Mauritius and the Spice Trade. Vol. n: The Triumph of Jean Nicolas Cere and his Isle Bourbon Collaborators.J. R. Pole (Ed.). The Revolution in America, 1734‐1788. Documents on the Internal Development of America in the Revolutionary Era.Geoffrey Blainey. The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining.Geoffrey Blainey. The Peaks of Lyell.T. A. Goghlan. Labour and Industry in Australia.K. D. Buckley. The Amalgamated Engineers in Australia, 1852‐1920.Allan G. B. Fisher and Humphrey J. Fisher. Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa.M. A. Cook (Ed.). Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day.Jerome Ch'en and Nicholas Tarling (Eds.). Studies in the Social History of China and South‐east Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell.David Herlihy. Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia. The Social History of an Italian Town, 1200‐1430.Carlo Ilarione Petitti di Roreto. Opere scelte. A cura di Gian Mario Bravo.Carlo Cattaneo. Scritti scientifici e tecnici. Vol. 1: 1823‐1848. With Introduction by Carlo G. Lacaita.A.A.V.V. Saggi di Demografia Storica.William M. Bowsky. The Finance of the Commune of Siena, 1287‐1355.Giovanni Rebora. Un manuale di tintoria del Quattrocento.Glaudio Rotelli. L'economia agraria di Chieri attraverso i catasti dei secoli XIV e XVI.Giak Luigi Basini. Zecca e monete a Modem nei secoli XVI e XVII.Gian Luigi Basini. L'uomo e il Pane, Risorse, consumi e carenze alimentari della popolazione modenese nel Cinque e Seicento.Gianfranco Faina. IngegneriaportualegenovesedelSeicento.Manlio Calegari. La societa patria delle arti e manifatture. Iniziativa imprenditoriale e rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del Settecento.Giorgio Porisini, Condizioni monetarie e investimenti nel Bolognese‐La Banco, delle quattro Legazioni.Glaudio Rotelli. I catasti imolesi dei secoli XIX e XX.S. Zaninelli. Storia di Monza e della Brianza. Vita economica e sociale.Bernardino Farolfi. Strumcnti epratiche agrarie in Toscana dall'eta Napoleonica aWUnita.G. Mori. L'industria delferro in Toscana dalla Restaurazione alia fine del Granducato (1851‐1850).A. Fedrigoni. L'industria veneta della carta dalla seconda dominazione austriaca all'unita d'ltalia.Andrea Caizzi. Terra, vigneto e uomini nelle colline novaresi durante Vultimo secolo.Giuliano Friz. Le strade dello Stato Pontificio nel XIXsecolo.Pietro Negri. Leferrovie nello Stato Pontificio (1844‐1870).Gian Mario Bravo. Torino operaia. Mondo del lavoro e idee sociali nelVeta di Carlo Alberto.Giorgio Doria. Investimenti e sviluppo economico a Genova alia vigilia della prima Guerra mondiale. Vol. i: Lepremesse (1815‐1822).V. Castronovo. Economia e societa in Piemonte daWunita al 1914‐ (Milan: Banca Com‐merciale Italiana.

Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are important prognostic and predictive biomarkers in triple-negative (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer. Incorporating sTILs into clinical practice necessitates reproducible assessment. Previously developed standardized scoring guidelines have been widely embraced by the clinical and research communities. We evaluated sources of variability in sTIL assessment by pathologists in three previous sTIL ring studies. We identify common challenges and evaluate impact of discrepancies on outcome estimates in early TNBC using a newly-developed prognostic tool. Discordant sTIL assessment is driven by heterogeneity in lymphocyte distribution. Additional factors include: technical slide-related issues; scoring outside the tumor boundary; tumors with minimal assessable stroma; including lymphocytes associated with other structures; and including other inflammatory cells. Small variations in sTIL assessment modestly alter risk estimation in early TNBC but have the potential to affect treatment selection if cutpoints are employed. Scoring and averaging multiple areas, as well as use of reference images, improve consistency of sTIL evaluation. Moreover, to assist in avoiding the pitfalls identified in this analysis, we developed an educational resource available at www.tilsinbreastcancer.org/pitfalls. ; R.S. is supported by a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF, grant No. 17-194). S.L. is supported by the National Breast Cancer Foundation of Australia Endowed Chair (NBCF-17-001) and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, New York (BCRF-19-102). S.G. is supported by Susan G Komen Foundation (CCR18547966) and a Young investigator Grant from Breast Cancer Alliance. T.O.N. receives funding support from the Canadian Cancer Society. A.M. acknowledges research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers 1U24CA199374-01, R01CA202752-01A1, R01CA208236-01A1, R01 CA216579-01A1, R01 CA220581-01A1, 1U01 CA239055-01, National Center for Research Resources under award number 1 C06 RR12463-01, VA Merit Review Award IBX004121A from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service, the DOD Prostate Cancer Idea Development Award (W81XWH-15-1-0558), the DOD Lung Cancer Investigator-Initiated Translational Research Award (W81XWH-18-1-0440), the DOD Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-16-1-0329), the Ohio Third Frontier Technology Validation Fund and the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation Program in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Clinical and Translational Science Award Program (CTSA) at Case Western Reserve University. J.S. received funding from NCI grants UG3CA225021 and U24CA215109. C.S. is a Royal Society Napier Research Professor; this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute that receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001169, FC001202), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001169, FC001202), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001169, FC001202); C.S. is also funded by Cancer Research UK (TRACERx and CRUK Cancer Immunotherapy Catalyst Network), the CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Stand Up 2 Cancer (SU2C), the Rosetrees Trust, Butterfield and Stoneygate Trusts, NovoNordisk Foundation (ID16584), the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF); the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) Consolidator Grant (FP7-THESEUS-617844), European Commission ITN (FP7-PloidyNet 607722), ERC Advanced Grant (PROTEUS) has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 835297), Chromavision—this project has received funding from the European's Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 665233); support was also provided to C.S. by the National Institute for Health Research, the University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and the Cancer Research UK University College London Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre. R.K. and K.P.-G. acknowledge research leading to or reported in this publication was supported by NCI U10CA180868, -180822, UG1-189867, and U24-196067 the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Genentech.

Temporal stability of ecosystem functioning increases the predictability and reliability of ecosystem services, and understanding the drivers of stability across spatial scales is important for land management and policy decisions. We used species-level abundance data from 62 plant communities across five continents to assess mechanisms of temporal stability across spatial scales. We assessed how asynchrony (i.e. different units responding dissimilarly through time) of species and local communities stabilised metacommunity ecosystem function. Asynchrony of species increased stability of local communities, and asynchrony among local communities enhanced metacommunity stability by a wide range of magnitudes (1–315%); this range was positively correlated with the size of the metacommunity. Additionally, asynchronous responses among local communities were linked with species' populations fluctuating asynchronously across space, perhaps stemming from physical and/or competitive differences among local communities. Accordingly, we suggest spatial heterogeneity should be a major focus for maintaining the stability of ecosystem services at larger spatial scales. ; Fil: Wilcox, Kevin R. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Tredennick, Andrew T. State University of Utah; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Koerner, Sally E. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Grman, Emily. Eastern Michigan University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Hallett, Lauren M. University of Oregon; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Avolio, Meghan L. University Johns Hopkins; Estados Unidos ; Fil: La Pierre, Kimberly J. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Houseman, Gregory R. Wichita State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Forest, Isbell. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Johnson, David Samuel. Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Alatalo, Juha M. Qatar University; Qatar ; Fil: Baldwin, Andrew H. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Bork, Edward W. University of Alberta; Canadá ; Fil: Boughton, Elizabeth H. MacArthur Agroecology Research Center; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Bowman, William D. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Britton, Andrea J. James Hutton Institute; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Cahill, James F. University of Alberta; Canadá ; Fil: Collins, Scott L. University of New Mexico; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Du, Guozhen. Lanzhou University; China ; Fil: Eskelinen, Anu. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. University of Oulu; Finlandia ; Fil: Gough, Laura. Towson University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Jentsch, Anke. University of Bayreuth; Alemania ; Fil: Kern, Christel. United States Forest Service; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Klanderud, Kari. Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Noruega ; Fil: Knapp, Alan K. Colorado State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Kreyling, Juergen. Greifswald University; Alemania ; Fil: Luo, Yiqi. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos. Northern Arizona University; Estados Unidos. Tsinghua University; China ; Fil: McLaren, James E. University of Texas at El Paso; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Megonigal, Patrick. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Onipchenko, Vladimir. Moscow State Lomonosov University; Rusia ; Fil: Prevéy, Janet. Pacific Northwest Research Station; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Price, Jodi N. Charles Sturt University; Australia ; Fil: Robinson, Clare H. University of Manchester; Reino Unido ; Fil: Sala, Osvaldo Esteban. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina ; Fil: Smith, Melinda D. Colorado State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. Leiden University; Países Bajos ; Fil: Souza, Lara. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Tilman, David. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos ; Fil: White, Shannon R. Government of Alberta; Canadá ; Fil: Xu, Zhuwen. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China ; Fil: Yahdjian, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina ; Fil: Yu, Qiang. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China ; Fil: Zhang, Pengfei. Lanzhou University; China ; Fil: Zhang, Yunhai. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China. University Aarhus; Dinamarca

La vinculación entre las Tecnologías de la información y de la Comunicación (TIC), en particular de Internet, y los procesos migratorios conforma una línea de investigación novedosa en la Argentina y en el resto del mundo. Algunos de los referentes en la temática sostienen que las TIC han modificado las formas de migrar tradicionales al permitir un vínculo más fluido y dinámico con el país de origen, sus redes sociales y familiares. De forma general, podemos sostener que el uso que hacen los migrantes de las TIC y sus diferentes aplicaciones han potenciado la construcción de redes transnacionales, han configurado espacios mediáticos diaspóricos y se han constituido en herramientas para la organización y participación política. Por ello, consideramos que analizar el vínculo entre TIC y migraciones constituye un campo que permite problematizar continuidades y rupturas de los procesos migratorios recientes frente a los producidos entre fines del siglo XIX y mediados del XX. Así, este artículo se propone, desde un enfoque interdisciplinario, desarrollar las perspectivas y fundamentos teóricos desde los que las ciencias sociales están comenzando a pensar la relación TIC-migraciones a partir del trabajo de casos referentes a los migrantes latinoamericanos en la Argentina.Palabras clave: tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación, Internet, migraciones latinoamericanas, apropiación y uso.Indexado en: Latindex (Catálogo),CLASE Citas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias Sociales, SciELO Scientific Electronic Library Online, Redalyc Red de revistas científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal, DIALNET y eDialnet Universidad de La Rioja, Library of Congress Online Catalog, EBSCO Fuente Académica, Revencyt Revistas venezolanas de ciencia y tecnología, HAPI Hispanic American Periodical Index,HELA Hemeroteca Latinoamericana (Catálogo,CREDI OEI Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals, FONACIT-VENEZUELA,Ulrich´sThe National Science Digital Library Google Scholar,HINARI Access to Research Initiative, WorldWideScience.org, ICDE International Council for Open and Distance Education, ProQuest (LISA) Library and Information Science Abstracts, InfoBCI Pesquisa Avançada Scirus, IRESIE Índice de Revistas de Educación Superior e Investigación Educativa, Trove National Library of Australia, Imperial College London LibraryAcademic Journals Database, COPAC (National, Academic and Specialist Library Catalogue),REBIUN (Catálogo Colectivo de la Red de Bibliotecas Universitarias de la Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas), Catálogo Colectivo de las Universidades de CatalunyaNew Jour (Electronic Journal & Newsletter), BIBLAT Bibliografía Latinoamericana en revistas de investigación científica y social, REDIB Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico ; The Explore the link between information and communication technologies (TIC), in particular the use of the Internet, with migratory processes constitutes the objective of the article. As a new line of research in Argentina and the rest of the world. The study is carried out from an interdisciplinary approach, qualitative paradigm, which includes work hermeneutic with secondary sources. Was based on perspectives and theoretical foundations of the social sciences, from where you think the relationship TIC-migrations, considered on the basis of the work of cases referred to the Latin American migrants in Argentina. Discusses references on the topic, which expose that TICS have changed the traditional forms of migration to allow for a more fluid and dynamic link with the country of origin through the use of social networks and family. As a result, it is determined that the access to TIC by migrants and their different applications have enhanced the construction of transnational networks, as well as media spaces are also configured diaspóricos, constituted as tools for the organization and political participation. It is concluded, that analyze the link between TIC and migrations is a field that allows problematized continuities and ruptures of migratory processes recent compared to produced between the end of the XIX century and the middle of the 20th. ; Fil: Melella, Cecilia Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina ; Fil: Perret, Gimena. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Note - International Peace Garden Report - Annual Meeting of the International Association of Gardeners held in Toronto on October, 1929. ; AWI Collection ; PEACE GARDEN At the Annual Meeting of the International Association of Gardeners held in Toronto in October, 1929, Mr. Henry J. Ivfoore, in his presidential address, proposed to the outstanding horticulturists and gardeners of the North American continent that there should be a living memorial to commemorate the century of peace that has existed between Canada and the United States. He suggested that it take the form of a garden somev/ here along the International boundary. His unique proposal fired the imagination of his hearers and they pledged themselves to promote its interests. Thus the International Peace Garden, Incorporated, was organized and an international committee formed. Mr. Moore was one of a committee of three chosen to choose a site. From among the many sites viewed by the committee, that of the Turtle Mountains, between Manitoba and North Dakota, was selected. It is only a few miles from the geographical center of the North American Continent. Its scenic beauty is difficult to surpass. Wild Life abounds there, and it is situated on the Canada to Panama highway, said to be the longest north to south highway in the world. The Manitoba lands comprising the Peace Garden were given by the Manitoba Gov­ernment and those in Dakota were purchased by the State and presented. The entire plot of 2,200 acres, 1,300 in Canada and 900 in the United States, is now under the control of the International Peace Garden, Incorporated. On July lit., 1932 thousands of people from both nations witnessed and took part in the dedication ceremony. It was a typical New World event, with many nationalities and creeds represented. The great gathering of £ 0,000 people read aloud, in unison, the inscription on the cairn which was unveiled. On a bronze plaque on the cairn is inscribed the following: " To God in His glory we two nations dedicate this garden and pledge ourselves that as long as man shall live we will not take up arms against one another". Ivhat would it mean if £ 0,000 citizens of all border nations would voluntarilly gather at their borders and declare before God that they would substitute flowers for fortifications and instruments of death? It is this feature of the garden which makes it a symbol of International Friendship and gives to it world significance. It was unfortunate that the depression years fallowed so closely upon the formal opening of the garden, brought restrictions on development. However the unites States government provided a CCC camp to develop the garden, and several hundred men were engaged in activities on the American side throughout that period. Sheltered picnic conveniences were erected and roads and scenic bridges were built* The coming of World War II again was a barrier to development. Annual meetings were held, however, and plans laid for extensive operations to begin at the earliest possible moment. The time for this has now definitely arrived, and work was again begun in 1914- 7 • That the International Peace Garden is destined to become a shrine to international friendship and goodwill is shown by excerpts from the official reports. Holland, Mexico, Australia and Scotland have signified their wish to participate in this unique undertaking, as well as numerous national organizations. • J . - y A- garden'is a lovely, : growing thiag,. just as peace is'a. vital, expanding fo'rcc> jshich must" bo. nurtured and cared for. Peace does not exist of its own accord, but through a conscious effort to develop and maintain understanding and tolerance. This garden to be a real International Peace Garden must be in the hearts and minds of all people. Members must contribute to its creation and maintenance, they must visit it and remember always why it has been established.

Have regional trade agreements led to a new form of economic cooperation by promoting deeper integration in the regulatory structures of participating countries? The answer has profound i m p l ications for the future of multilateral cooperation and international economic relations. Regional trade agreements have led to deeper integration in a number of fields, and recent agreements are generally more effective than the more remote WTO procedures in facilitating t rade and improving transparency. There is no single model for deeper i n t e g ration and each t rade agreement is the result of attempts to achieve very different policy objectives. But Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Economic Integration finds that regional processes and rules have been consistent with the multilateral obligations of each party. WTO rules therefore constitute a floor that underpins additional commitments in the regional agreements.

Two significant institutional developments occurred in the aftermath of the major earthquakes that struck Nepal in 2015: a new national constitution was drafted and promulgated and a National Reconstruction Authority was established. The constitution had been promised for over seven years, and was now completed within just over three months, while it took seven months for a Bill establishing the NRA to be passed in parliament. Many commentators have posited a direct causal relationship between the earthquake and the 'fast-tracking' of what was in certain respects a contentious constitution. Drawing upon conversations and interviews conducted in Nepal over the winter of 2017–18 and a close reading of media discourse and political analysis from 2015, this article will examine and assess the extent of this supposed causality. Given that the most radical and contentious change ushered in by the new constitution was the introduction of a federal structure for the state, particular attention will be paid to the evolution of the debate on this issue.

In this article, I examine the narrative-media nexus as it relates to pandemics. Communications feature in global public health efforts to address the emergence of a pandemic, an event typically marked by the proliferation of news stories. Pandemics are also a perennial subject of film, television, literature and online games and pandemic narratives travel across and blend the genres of science fiction, alien invasion and zombie horror. Underlining this genre-blending, public health communication on pandemics has appropriated the figure of the zombie to encourage interest in preparation for pandemic threats. Drawing on examples from public communications and popular culture in dialogue with interviews and focus groups conducted with health professionals and members of the general public, I advance an account of the transmediated knowledge and meanings of pandemic narrative. I examine how pandemics become objects of knowledge in narrative, the ways in which narrative is appropriated to communicate a pandemic's temporal and affective qualities, and how, in the circumstances of an actual outbreak, publics are invited to consider themselves as the ideal, "alert, but not alarmed" subjects of the pandemic storyworld.

"In the 1970s and 1980s, 70 per cent of uranium deposits extracted worldwide was situated on the land of indigenous populations whose cultures and physical well-being were threatened by the mining activities. Nevertheless, bowing to the need for supply security which had become its primary concern in the wake of the oil crisis, the German government declared nuclear energy to be safe and secure. Under the motto 'Leave uranium in the ground', representatives of the West-German Green Party faction gave a voice to representatives of indigenous populations from various countries. In this article, I will discuss the hypothesis that, although international anti-nuclear and disarmament issues in the 1970s offered the basis for a global and transnational collective activist identity, this identity was more frequently negotiated in the respective national arenas. Rather than building on the involvement of movement activists, cross-border exchange was mostly established by, and often limited to, leading figures, prominent thinkers, institutions and alternative media. Besides these obstacles, a number of channels for transnational exchange, the transfer of information and ideas did in fact exist and the level of communication (albeit not so much cooperation) was significant, considering that the internet and other technical means were not yet available to bring the world more closely together." (author's abstract)

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Informationen zum Inhalt können den Studiennummern ZA5179 CSES Module 1 Full Release, ZA5180 CSES Module 2 Full Release, und ZA5181 CSES Module 3 Full Release entnommen werden.

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Umwelt, Klimawandel und Umweltschutz.

Coastal environments are exposed to anthropogenic activities such as frequent marine traffic and restructuring, i.e., addition, removal or replacing with man-made structures. Although maritime shipping and coastal infrastructures provide socio-economic benefits, they both cause varied perturbations to marine ecosystems. The ports and marinas receiving a high frequency of international vessels, act as 'hot-spots' for marine invasions. The disturbed and modified habitats found in harbours and ports provide opportunities for non-native species to settle due to their competitive traits. Once established, the non-native species may spread to neighbouring habitats, thereby modifying the adjacent natural environment, its biodiversity, ecosystem structure and functioning. Up to 70% of coastlines around the world have now been modified and is expected to rise in future. New bioinvasions are still being reported even with various biosecurity and management approaches across the globe. It is essential to understand the potential factors influencing the bioinvasions to have effective biosecurity measures and management plans. The overall aim of this thesis is to determine the influence of man-made structures on the marine biodiversity and presumptive fitness of native and non-native species on these structures. This thesis investigates ports and harbours as man-made environments, their impacts on marine biodiversity and the species status – native, non-native and cryptogenic, and the factors facilitating the spread of non-native species. Chapter 2 focussed on two large national-scale baseline port surveys; a) Australian Port Survey (APS), and b) New Zealand Port Survey (NZPS). The two datasets were analysed to determine the community structure and species status, i.e., native, non-native and cryptogenic as a function of the surveyed ports, port type (major vs minor ports) (based on the volume of vessels) and latitudinal groups. A) APS: The results for community composition indicated significant effects as a function of surveyed ports, port type and latitudinal group. The community composition was relatively more abundant at major ports than at minor ports. The factor, the latitudinal group indicated significant results, and a distinct separation in community composition was observed between low (15, 20oS) and high (35, 40oS) latitudes. The species status showed a significant and positive relationship between native vs non-native, indicating with an increase in the number of native species there was an increase in the number of non-native species. The species status indicated significant results for the factors; surveyed ports, port type and latitudinal group. The native species were abundant throughout the study. However, the non-native species were relatively abundant at major ports compared to minor ports. Regarding the latitudinal groups, the abundance of non-native species was observed to increase at higher latitudes (latitudinal gradients). B) NZPS: The community composition and species status showed significance among the 27 surveyed ports; however, no significant results were observed for the factor port type (major vs minor). The community composition significantly varied as a function of latitudinal groups, with species at higher latitudes (45oS) being better discriminator explaining the differences. Latitudinal groups, however, highlighted sub-groupings of ports with similar community composition (e.g. Bluff and Dunedin; Nelson, Wellington and Picton; Lyttelton and Timaru; Whangarei, Tauranga and Taranaki; Auckland, Gulf Harbour Marina and Opua Marina). The ports in question are within close proximity of each other (distance). This suggests the possibility of natural dispersal of species between ports on top of the human-mediated dispersal. The responses in Australia were very different from those in New Zealand, which suggests that the responses are regional or country-specific and not global. Chapter 3 describes fieldwork using settlement tile arrays to examine the effects of man-made built structures and natural rocky reefs on marine biological community composition and successional patterns over two years. The work also tests the preference of native and non-native species in terms of habitat type (natural reef vs man-made habitat) and substratum type (PVC vs slate tile). The results showed a rapid increase in species settlement on bare tiles as the available bare space was 30% just after 3 months of submersion. The community composition significantly differed as a function of the interaction of factors, habitat × substratum × sample interval. However, differences between the habitat types and substratum types, respectively, were explained by the difference in abundance of the same suite of species. The species were abundant at marina sites compared to reef sites; however, in terms of substrata, the species were abundant on slate (natural) tiles than on PVC tiles. The succession patterns of species over time (8 sample intervals) showed a similar trend on both the habitat type and substratum type, with differences in the average abundances of each species. The differences in abundances highlight the influence of species dispersal patterns, recruitment patterns and post-settlement processes of species between habitat type and substratum type, respectively. Subsequently, the species status indicated significance as a function of habitat type, substratum type and sample intervals. The cryptogenic species were abundant throughout the study. The cryptogenic species, however, decreased in abundance over time, with an increase in abundance of native and non-native species. Subsequently, the non-native species significantly varied between habitat type, with relatively higher abundance at marina (man-made) sites compared to reef (natural) sites. However, the non-native species did not show significant variation as a function of substratum type (PVC vs slate). The results are discussed in the context of the recruitment of species on a new barren substrate, and the preference of habitat type and substratum type by native, non-native and cryptogenic species. In Chapter 4, the reproduction output (gonadosomatic index, GSI) of the Southern hemisphere, native (SHMg) and Northern hemisphere, non-native (NHMg) lineages of the blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis were measured. The GSI and shell length of NHMg and SHMg were compared between habitat type; reef (natural) vs marina (man-made) sites. This study aimed to identify reproductive patterns (i.e., timing and magnitude of spawning events) and differences in performance (presumptive fitness) of the native and non-native blue mussel lineages at the natural and man-made habitats. The results for shell length indicated significance for habitat type and no significance as a function of lineage. The mussels were relatively bigger mussels at marina sites compared to reef sites; however, the differences were trivial. The GSI values as a function of habitat type, lineage and sampling time showed a significant difference between habitat type, with high GSI values at reef sites than at marina sites. However, this indicates that the blue mussels at marina sites had comparatively higher spawning activity than at reef sites. The temporal variation of GSI of NHMg and SHMg showed a similar reproductive trend (i.e., spawning and gametogenesis) at both habitats. However, significant spawning activity was observed in July and November when compared between reef and marina habitats. The results are discussed in the context of management implications and strategies regarding the establishment and success of non-native M. galloprovincialis lineage and whether their eradication is necessary or even possible. The findings of this research are summarised and discussed in relation to our understanding of biological community composition and diversity on man-made habitats and the subsequent invasion in the neighbouring natural habitats. This study, from an eco-engineering perspective, highlights the importance of complex habitats and surfaces, and not just material type. However, from a biosecurity and management approach, even though Australia and New Zealand have one of the strong international biosecurity country-specific legislation; the continuous arrival of non-native species in these countries indicates that such marine legislation is not sufficiently compelling on its own. This study highlights the interaction of non-native species at proximity ports, and it provides recommendations towards regional-scale management measures concentrating on intra-coastal transfer of invaders through domestic maritime traffic or natural dispersal. The life-history traits, recruitment timing and post-settlement processes, plays an essential role in determining long term patterns. Lastly, this research indicated that native and non-native species with ecologically similar responses lead to limited management options to some extent. Therefore, from a manager's perspective, the eradication of non-native species may not be necessary if it does not cause any negative impacts to the biodiversity or the environment.

Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abello´ A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabe`te Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/ 28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Sante´ TGIR; Contrat de Projets E´tat-Re´gion; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333- 00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kro¨ner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENESFP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EUMASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2- 2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/ 115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fe´de´ration Franc¸aise de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Go¨teborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum Mu¨nchen—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualita`); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Pra¨ventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Sante´; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464- 14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI:10.1038/ncomms14977 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 8:14977 | DOI:10.1038/ncomms14977 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 13 Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6-4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Pa¨ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Socie´te´ Francophone du 358 Diabe`te; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen fo¨r Gamla Tja¨narinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar So¨derberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Va¨stra Go¨taland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjo¨ Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation

In Kiribati, as in all PICs, a robust and high-quality nursing workforce constitutes the backbone to the country's health service. Nurses require broad skills and abilities, as autonomous practitioners serving on the front lines of health provision, and as members of a multi-disciplinary team. Nurse education is provided by the School of Nursing and Health (SONH) at the Kiribati Institute of Technology (KIT), mainly under its core Kiribati Diploma of Nursing program. Midwifery education is also provided by SONH and undertaken by Registered Nurses as an 18 month, postgraduate qualification. The curriculum for the Diploma program currently being taught in Kiribati was imported many years ago from New Zealand, and there is recognition that it needs to be updated and contexualised for unique Kiribati needs. The Government of Kiribati receives assistance from New Zealand to examine the relevance and quality of the Diploma of Nursing curriculum in relation to the specific health challenges, needs, plans, identified gaps and workforce requirements in Kiribati. The vision, health goals and targets for Kiribati's health service delivery are outlined in the Kiribati Ministry of Health Strategic Plan 2016-2019, the Kiribati Development Plan 2016-2019 (KDP) and the Kiribati 20-Year Vision 2020-36 (KV20). This review fits with the Kiribati strategic objective to address gaps in health service delivery and strengthen the pillars of the health system. It also considers opportunities and pathways for Kiribati nurses under the strategic aim of promoting the employability of Kiribati nursing graduates nationally and providing a standard of training that prepares students to enter the international workforce. Wintec was contracted by New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) to carry out the review in 2017. Appropriate supporting documents were made available to provide important contextual information on the special character of Kiribati's situation as a nation, its current health challenges and goals, the healthcare system, the nursing workforce and the current nursing program. During September 2017, a team of three experts from New Zealand and Australia undertook a series of consultative and participatory meetings with relevant people in Kiribati, including from SONH, KIT, Government Ministries, Nursing Council and health sector service providers. A draft report describing their analysis and findings from those meetings was presented to involved stakeholders in Kiribati in November (see Appendix 2 for schedule of meetings), and feedback from those stakeholder meetings has been incorporated into this final version of the report. The reviewers took a holistic approach to the Terms of Reference that went beyond a narrow focus on only the existing Diploma program curriculum to adequately address wider priorities of concern. They identified 28 specific recommendations that are fully detailed in this report; only the most significant findings are outlined in this summary. There is good evidence that the current curriculum prepares graduates with an adequate level of basic nursing skills. However, there are content and teaching and learning process gaps evident, for example in the areas of aged and disability care, critical reflection, legal and ethical reasoning, and evidence informed clinical decision-making. There is evidence of some alignment to the Kiribati Nursing Council (KNC) Competencies for Registered Nursing (RN) Practice within the eleven Clinical Units within the programme. Students currently undertake substantial amounts of clinical placement across a range of clinical settings over the 3 years of the program. These settings include primary health care and community settings, medical, surgical, pediatric and obstetric wards within hospitals, and outer island health centres. Clinical facilitators are used to supervised students and there appear to be links made between student capability across the 3 years and the Standards for nursing practice. Review - KIT Diploma in Nursing Final Report 1 December 2017 4 The KNC has legislative power to set and govern standards of competency for Registered and Enrolled Nurses and to set standards of education for nursing programs and approve education institutions and the nursing curricula they deliver. A necessary and important first step therefore is a review and agreed update of the KNC Competencies for RN Practice. Following on from this a set of education program accreditation standards must be developed, which draw upon relevant available standards for nurse education. These steps need to be undertaken before developing a new curriculum that reflects a contextualized and contemporary graduate profile. Course and subject learning outcomes will be developed throughout the curriculum development process, which would be tightly aligned with a variety of assessment processes to ensure learning outcomes are achieved. A process of external benchmarking of new subjects would enable important feedback to be obtained, and strengthen links with the international and Pacific nurse education communities. The overall aim of the new Diploma curriculum should be to provide a course of study that leads to registration with the KNC and to enable novice nurses to capably function in a broad range of clinical contexts specific to Kiribati needs and priorities. It is important the curriculum incorporates the specific local geographic and demographic elements and reflects the unique i-Kiribati cultural values pertinent to effective local health service delivery. Career extension pathways for specific local health needs, such as midwifery, Public Health and specialized care can be provided as additional local courses, where feasible, or internationally where more appropriate due to budgetary and capability constraints. A stronger focus on Primary Health Care and health promotion is required, which will help address serious concerns over the increasing prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory deseases. To produce a contemporary, locally appropriate curriculum the development must be owned 'in country' and involve all key stakeholders, a process that can be informed and guided by external technical experts and internationally available standards, curricula and resources (such as the WHO global standards for the initial education of professional nurses and midwives). A curriculum review working group with representatives from key stakeholders would lead this process. The international support integrated into this locally owned process would assist program articulation to quality frameworks, such as the Pacific Qualifications Framework (PQF), and ensure any Kiribati Quality or Competency Framework is underpinned by a robust quality assurance system that informs institutional internal quality management systems, accreditation and audits. Doing this will also enhance transfer of credit opportunities to facilitate international opportunities in nursing-related roles elsewhere. This report contains some analysis of nursing workforce trends and potential migrant work opportunities in Fiji, New Zealand and Australia. A refreshed, contemporary curriculum would include maximizing the use of available IT infrastructure to promote blended learning approaches, increase student engagement and improve the student experience. Utilizing practicing RNs as sessional or guest tutors and lecturers would further enhance the relationship between SONH and its clinical partners, provide opportunities for clinicians to share their knowledge and expertise with students, and augment the teaching role of Registered Nurses. The provision by KIT of English language training courses, and re-location of the SONH from its current site to the KIT facility at Betio will realise cost savings through increased usage and consolidation of teaching spaces, administration, IT infrastructure and teaching personnel. Sharing facilities with other KIT programs, developing affordable and sustainable clinical simulation and library facilities and ensuring adequate workforce planning and underpinning support systems are all important processes to consider in association with the Review - KIT Diploma in Nursing Final Report 1 December 2017 5 curriculum review. It is important to note that in 2017, KIT received provisional accreditation from the Educational Quality and Assessment Programme (EQAP) of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and KIT-SONH facility improvement and consolidation will be vital in securing full accreditation with this body. A coordinated approach to achieving these aims is essential, driven by local Kiribati leaders and supported by ongoing technical assistance from donor partners. Improving the quality of health services and the care provided to Kiribati people is at the heart of this review process. The team have listened carefully and sought to accurately capture the voices of the many individuals and groups with whom we have engaged and we trust that this is reflected within this report. We commend this report to you and thank you for the support provided in its development.