Suchergebnisse

Migracije su fenomen koji se proteže kroz cijelu ljudsku povijest; one predstavljaju potrebu i nužnost. Brojni su push and pull uzročni faktori. Suvremene masovne migracije pretežno su obilježene premještanjem ljudi koji, u kombinaciji bijega od ratnih sukoba, disfunkcionalnih sustava upravljanja, klimatskih promjena i neimaštine, nastoje stići do sigurnijih i ekonomski razvijenih zemalja. Premda se većina trenutačne svjetske populacije migranata nalazi u državama Azije i Afrike, najveća pozornost posvećena je situacijama u kojima manje skupine pokušavaju dospjeti do država Europske unije, Australije ili primjerice SAD-a. Premda su ulazne migracije nužnost spomenutih zemalja, one nisu spremne za velike priljeve migranata, već navedeno žele projektirano odraditi kroz duže razdoblje. U tu svrhu razvijaju brojne politike, mjere i mehanizme, koji su predmet analize ovoga rada. Rad se posebno bavi kontekstom stvaranja i usporedbom migracijskih politika i postupaka Europske unije i Australije, njihovim sličnostima i razlikama. ; Migration is a phenomenon present throughout human history, as a need and a necessity. There are numerous push and pull factors which cause it. Modern mass migration is mostly marked as "relocating people who in combination with escape from war, dysfunctional management systems, climate change and poverty try to reach safer and economically developed countries". Although most of the current world population of migrants is located in countries of Asia and Africa, the greatest attention was paid to cases where small groups are trying to reach the European Union countries, Australia or the USA. Though in-migration is a necessity in these countries, they are not ready for large inflows of migrants and they want this process to unwind during a longer period of time. For this purpose, they develop a number of policies, measures and mechanisms, which are also the subject of analysis in this paper. This research is especially focused on the context of creation and comparison of the migration policy and procedures of the European Union and Australia, their similarities and differences.

This paper analyses the political background of the departure of the Croatian Heritage Foundation's (CHF) delegation to Australia in summer 1971, i.e. the political reasons behind it and the purpose of the visit. Believing their influence among the expatriates to be great, the CHF decided to use an opportune moment of political divisions among the expatriates in order to neutralise the influence of the political émigrés among the expatriates while simultaneously attempting to gain the support of most expatriates for building closer ties with the homeland and accepting its socialist social-political system. The political divisions among the expatriates, the so-called differentiation process, was a consequence of political differences among the émigrés themselves, the arrival of new expatriates, and the positive influence of political movements in Croatia during the Croatian Spring. This process was particularly prominent in Australia, which was also seen as a bastion of reactionary expatriates, strongly influenced by Croatian political émigrés. The CHF delegation's journey was planned in agreement with political factors from the Socialist Republic of Croatia. The tenets of the Tenth Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia and the climate of the Croatian Spring—which included a strengthening of Croatian identity at the expense of Yugoslav identity among expatriates—served as their political milestones. The Football Federation of Croatia worked with the CHF in Croatia, while the managements of the football clubs 'Croatia', Croatian associations that split off from Croatian Halls owned by political émigrés, Committees of the Croatian Cancer League, the 'Croatian Youth' organisation, and parts of the clergy and the pro-Yugoslav émigrés who were ready to work with the rest of the Croatian expatriates were all seen as potential collaborators. The Yugoslav diplomatic missions and consular posts were seen as the factors that should spearhead the differentiation process, but were also ...

Jedan od praktično i teorijski najvažnijih problema teritorijalne organizacije lokalne samouprave svodi se na dilemu uspostave jednog stupnja ili više stupnjeva lokalnih samoupravnih jedinica. Stupnjevanjem se odgovara na problem i potrebu integracije sustava lokalne samouprave te na potrebu povezivanja tog sustava sa širom državnom organizacijom. Nakon opće rasprave o prednostima i nedostacima stupnjevanja, opsežno je komparativno analizirano stanje u 39 zemalja, 23 razvijene i 16 tranzicijskih. Ustanovljena su četiri tipa teritorijalnih okvira za integraciju sustava lokalne samouprave, jednostupanjski, mješoviti ili segmentirani, dvostupanjski i trostupanjski. Kao glavni faktori koji uvjetuju izbor jednog od tih okvira u pojedinoj zemlji utvrđeni su: veličina lokalnih jedinica, njihovo monotipsko ili politipsko uređenje, veličina države izražena brojem stanovnika te oblik društvenog uređenja (federacije, unitarne države). ; The dilemma about the establishment of one or more levels of local self-government units is one of the most important problems of territorial organisation of local self-government. Levelling is structural answer to the problem and needs to integrate local self-government system itself and to integrate that system into a wider organisation of a state as a whole. At the beginning, the paper deals with general discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of levelling. The situation in almost forty countries has been analysed, including two groups of countries: developed democracies (Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Island, Italia, Japan, Luxemburg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA) and transition countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Serbia). Four different types of territorial frames for local self-govern mentsystem integration have been identified: one-tier, mixed or segmented, two-tier, and three-tier systems. Decision to select one of them is conditioned by the average size of local units, monotypic or polytypic design of territorial division of a country, the size of a country in terms of the number of inhabitants, and form of political organisation (federation or unitary state).

Autorica je u radu na temelju analize prevladavajuće teme u znanstvenim radovima vodećih nacionalnih časopisa o javnoj upravi pokušala prikazati, a potom i usporediti upravne sustave Hrvatske, SAD-a, Kanade, Indije i Australije. Uvidom u tematsku strukturu časopisa pokušala je utvrditi javlja li se javna uprava u različitim državama kao sasvim različiti fenomen ili je riječ o jednakom fenomenu čija su specifična obilježja samo produkt različitih okolišnih (ekonomskih, socijalnih, povijesnih, geografskih, kulturnih, itd.) čimbenika u kojima su se ti upravni sustavi razvijali i koja su takva da omogućuju razmjenu najboljih ideja i praksi i daljnji razvoj upravnih sustava prema zajedničkom modelu. U radu se najprije opisuje istraživanje sadržaja znanstvenih časopisa o javnoj upravi kao metoda istraživanja u upravnoj znanosti. Autorica zatim izlaže tijek svog istraživanja i dobivene rezultate te konačno tumači rezultate dobivene istraživanjem. ; The paper analyses the thematic structure of scientific papers published in an American, an Australian, an Indian, a Canadian, and a Croatian journal dealing with public administration in the period 1999–2009. Based on this analysis, the administrative systems of the countries of origin are outlined and compared. The initial thesis is that the administrative systems of different countries differ because of various environmental conditions in which they have developed, but these differences are not so huge as to suggest that public administration in different countries is a completely different phenomenon. On the contrary, due to globalisation, uniqueness and divergence of various administrative systems are tending to withdraw, making room for the exchange of ideas and best practices, and to the development of national administrative systems according to a common model. The paper describes the analysis of themes as one of the research methods in administrative science and outlines some of the papers in which this method has been used. The author has analysed the results for each country individually, proceeding with an aggregate overview of thematic structures and administrative systems of the respective countries. The thematic structure of scientific papers as a copy of the studied administrative systems has shown that the USA and Australia are ideologically oriented towards economic values, as the countries of pragmatic culture, while Canada is oriented towards economic and traditional values. India can be considered to use its potentials for further development of the country, while Croatia is a country that is reforming its administrative system in accordance with democratic principles and other traditional values of the European continent. nevertheless, the research has shown that public administration core is the same in each of the analysed countries and that they are moving towards common understanding of what is an optimal organisation of public administration.

U glavnom gradu EU-a, Bruxellesu, pridružili su se i naši proizvođači mlijeka na dan ukidanja kvota za proizvodnju mlijeka akciji proizvođača mlijeka. Zemlje razvijenog mljekarstva očekuju 20 % porasta proizvodnje bez ekonomskih posljedica, no Republika Hrvatska nema takav tržni alat zbog gubitka velikog broja proizvođača, odnosno isporučitelja mlijeka. Kvote ne ugrožavaju Hrvatsku jer odobrena kvota znatno je veća u odnosu na količinu ukupne proizvodnje mlijeka. Prema izvješću Europske komisije iz prosinca 2013., zbog loših klimatskih prilika i visokih troškova stočne hrane proizvodne kvote EU članica nisu ostvarene za oko 6 %. Dobar primjer su Austrija, Cipar, Poljska i Njemačka te Danska koje su proizvele više od svojih kvota. Zajednička agrarna politika daje praktičnu i organizacijsku potporu za Mliječni paket gdje su određena jasna pravila otkupa mlijeka i njegove cijene u pisanim ugovorima između proizvođača i mljekarske industrije. Tijekom djelovanja sustava kvota restrukturiran je mliječni sektor, odnosno godišnje je proizvodnju napuštalo oko 6 % proizvođača. Poboljšanjem u genetici i učinkovitošću hrane dovodi do povećanja prosječnog prinosa po kravi, iako situacija u tom pogledu znatno varira unutar članica EU-a. Specijalizirane farme u EU-15 članicama ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka od 7300 kg/krava za prosječno stado od 54 krave, dok ostale članice EU-a ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka 5700 kg/krava za prosječno stado 19 krava. Zbog strukture stada ne možemo biti konkurentni farmama u SAD-u sa 115 krava, Australiji sa 258 i Novom Zelandu sa 458 krava. ; In the capital city of EU, Bruxelles, there was a rally of milk producers on the day of abolition of milk quotas, which was joined by our own producers. Countries with developed dairy production expect 20% increase in production without economic consequences, however, Croatia has no such market tool because of the loss of a large number of manufacturers, specifically, suppliers of milk. Quotas are not threatening for Croatia because the approved quota is much higher than the amount of the total milk production. According to the European Commission report in December 2013, due to bad climate conditions and the high cost of animal feed, production quota of EU Member States has not been achieved by the lack of about 6%. Good examples are Austria, Cyprus, Poland, Germany, and Denmark which have produced more than their quota. The Common Agricultural Policy provides a practical and organizational support for the Dairy package where there are certain rules for the purchase of milk and its price in the written agreement between producers and dairy industry. During the period of the quota system dairy sector was restructured, that resulted in annual 6% of manufacturers leaving the production. Improving the genetics and efficiency of food leads to an increase in the average yield per cow, although the situation in this regard varies considerably across the EU Member States specialized farms in the EU-15 Member States achieved an average milk yield of 7300 kg/cow for the average herd of 54 cows, while other EU members are eligible for the average milk yield of 5700 kg/cow for the average herd of 19 cows. Due to the structure of the herd we cannot be competitive with farms in the United States which have 115 cows, Australia 258 and New Zealand with 458 cows.

Moderan pristup oblikovanju javnozdravstvenih preporuka temelji se na objedinjavanju preporuka za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i duljinu spavanja, odnosno na optimalnoj kombinaciji trajanja navedenih ponašanja tijekom 24 sata. Cilj ovog rada bio je napraviti sustavni pregled literature radi identificiranja i analize postojećih 24-satnih preporuka za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i spavanje te izraditi prijedlog hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka u skladu s postojećim nalazima. Sustavnim pregledom literature utvrđeno je da postoje 24-satne preporuke Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) i nacionalne 24-satne preporuke za djecu i mlade (0 – 17 g.) u četiri države (Australiji, Južnoafričkoj Republici, Kanadi i Novom Zelandu), dok takve preporuke za odrasle i starije osobe nisu nađene. Sve postojeće 24-satne preporuke za djecu i mlade temelje se na Kanadskim nacionalnim preporukama i stoga su vrlo slične. Naime, kvantitativne su preporuke jednake, a razlike postoje samo u specifičnim primjerima ili opisima pojedinih aktivnosti. S obzirom na to da su prije spomenute preporuke oblikovane prema najboljim znanstvenim dokazima koji su trenutačno raspoloživi, one su upotrijebljene kao temelj za izradu prijedloga hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka za djecu i mlade. Pritom su preporuke prilagođene specifičnostima hrvatskog konteksta. Budući da sustavnim pregledom literature nisu nađene objedinjene 24-satne preporuke za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i spavanje odraslih i starijih osoba, proveden je iscrpan pregled literature. Na temelju preporuka SZO-a i najnovijih nacionalnih preporuka za svaku pojedinu sastavnicu, koje su utemeljene na najboljim znanstvenim dokazima što su trenutačno raspoloživi, napravljen je prijedlog hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka. Predložene hrvatske 24-satne preporuke mogu se iskoristiti za individualno savjetovanje u ambulantama obiteljske medicine, klinikama ili rekreacijskim centrima, za oblikovanje poruka u javnozdravstvenim kampanjama te pri izradi nacionalnih, lokalnih i institucionalnih zdravstvenih politika. ; A modern approach to shaping public health guidelines is to integrate recommendations for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep and to recommend the optimal distribution of time spent in these behaviours in a 24-hour day. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of literature to identify and analyse the available 24-hour guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep, and to propose Croatian 24-hour guidelines in line with the existing findings. The systematic review of literature showed 24-hour guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and national 24-hour guidelines for children and youth (0 – 17 years of age) in four countries (Australia, South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand). No such guidelines were found for adults and seniors. All the available 24-hour guidelines for children and youth are very similar, as they are based on the Canadian national guidelines. The quantitative recommendations are all the same, with differences found only in specific examples and descriptions of activities. Given that the foregoing guidelines were formulated in line with the best available scientific evidence, they were used to inform the development of the proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines for children and youth. The proposed guidelines were tailored to the specific context in Croatia. Since no integrated 24-hour guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep for adults and seniors were found in the systematic review of literature, an additional thorough review of literature was conducted in order to identify the most relevant guidelines for each individual behaviour. The proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines for adults and seniors were based on the WHO guidelines and the most recent and relevant national recommendations from other countries for each of the behaviours. The proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines can be used: (1) to provide individual counselling in general practice clinics, medical clinics, and recreation centres; (2) to help formulate messages in public health campaigns; and (3) to develop national, local, and institutional health policies.

U radu se polazi od shvaćanja da je javno-privatno partnerstvo (JPP) jedan od najznačajnijih instrumenata dobrog upravljanja, pri čemu treba voditi računa o složenosti tog mehanizma, mogućnos tima i opasnostima koje u sebi nosi, posebno ako ga se uzima u njegovoj reduciranoj ulozi – kao instrument privatnog investiranja za zadovoljenje javnih potreba. Upravo takav uski koncept dolazi do izražaja u Smjernicama Vlade Republike Hrvatske donesenim u rujnu 2006., kojima se uvodi isključivo ugovorni oblik JPP-a i koncesije. Rad upozorava na nedovoljnu sustavnost, konzistentnost, jasnoću i cjelovitost pristupa, koja čini upitnom proklamiranu svrhu Smjernica da potencijalnim partnerima pruži informacije, koje sadržavaju dovoljno odgovora kad oni razmišljaju primijeniti li ili ne JPP. Kako bi se došlo do dodatnih informacija, najveći dio rada posvećen e prikazu instituta isključivog ugovornog oblika JPP-a kroz praksu zemalja (prvenstveno V. Britanije i donekle Australije) kojega najviše primjenjuju u posljednjih 10-ak godina, pri čemu je naglasak na problemima transfera rizika. ; The paper is based on the belief that public-private partnership is one of the most important instruments of good governance. However, the complexity, potentials, and dangers of that institute also must be taken into consideration. At the beginning of the paper, the author outlines Guidelines of the Government from September 2006, which introduced the institute of public-private partnership as exclusively contractual relationship. A critical analysis of the Guidelines has shown a number of incomplete and disputable provisions as well as confusion about the principles, objectives, and instruments of public-private partnership. That situation certainly does not provide sufficient information to those who would like to use the instrument of PPP, particularly because they are constantly persuaded that PPP is the best way for satisfying public needs without additional taxation of citizens.969 Perko-[eparovi} Inge: Upitnost transfera rizika u javno-privatnom partnerstvu HRVATSKA JAVNA UPRAVA, god. 7. (2007.), br. 4., str. 943–969 HRVATSKA JAVNA UPRAVA The main part of the paper deals with the practice in Great Britain – the country that has been using that institute most frequently in the past ten years – and Australia – the country that often copies British solutions. Since the legitimation for contractual form of PPP – in Great Britain known as private financial initiative – often seems to be the allocation of risk, i.e. the transfer of risk from the public to the private sector, the main part of the paper deals with these issues: the existence and time of the transfer of risk; public sector constraints that appear after a contract has been signed in the situation of asymmetrical powers; and transaction costs. British and Australian examples are followed by an outline of legal framework for PPP projects. Several options are shown: BOOT, DBFO (the most successful and the most common), and DBO. If we calculate value for money, it is obvious that previous experiences with PPP more than disputable. »Successful projects« have been and still are the result of heavy payments to the private sector. E.g. road construction with private financial initiative: initial construction costs were paid off in only three years, the private sector makes operative profit of 68%cper annum based on the contract valid for thirty years. Previous experience has shown that the state has been enthusiastic in protecting the profit interests of private investors at the expense of its citizens, i.e. in putting the private interest above the common good. The reality of this PPP form is far from perfect. Finally, the author suggests better institutionalisation of PPP processes in Croatia in order to ensure the best of imperfect contractual forms of PPP.

Due to an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, medication use and their cost is rising rapidly. This scenario render chronic patients at an increased risk of experiencing drug therapy problems, subsequently leading to unfavourable clinical and economic outcomes. Thus, to ensure patients' optimal medication use and improve their clinical outcomes, a comprehensive and systematic management of medications is deemed crucial. Hence, Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) services offered by trained pharmacists can fill this gap by decreasing the unnecessary and often harmful use of medicines and consequent resulting complications. Collaborative practice between pharmacists and gen- eral practitioners, together with patients' active participation in the definition of treatment regimens, plays an important role in the effectiveness of CMM services. CMM services is defined as the standard of care that ensures each patient's medications (prescription, non-prescription, alternative, traditional, vitamins, or nutritional supplements) are individ- ually assessed to determine that each medication is appropriate for the patient, effective for the medical condition, safe given the comorbidities and other medications taken, and that the patient is able to take them as intended. It includes an individualized care plan that achieves the intended goals of therapy with appropriate follow-up to determine actual patient outcomes. Apart from the USA, several countries (e.g. Australia, Canada and Brazil) have managed to integrate CMM services into their existing health care system at the primary care level. However, in Europe, in spite of the widespread recog- nition of the need for medication management services, initiation and implementation of CMM services are lagging behind. Hence, for CMM services to become a reality in Europe and elsewhere, numerous prerequisites need to be accomplished, including policies and legal regulations supporting the provision of CMM services on a much larger scale, clearly defined and standardized professional practice and common language shared among the pharmacists, and well trained and experienced practitioners providing full-time, direct patient care. ; Zbog porasta prevalencije kroničnih bolesti, potrošnja lijekova ubrzano raste. Uslijed toga, kronični bolesnici su izloženi povećanom riziku pojave terapijskih problema što dovodi do nepovoljnih kliničkih i ekonomskih ishoda liječenja. Stoga se smatra da je sveobuhvatno i sustavno upravljanje farmakoterapijom ključno za osiguranje optimalne uporabe lijekova kao i za poboljšanje kliničkih ishoda liječenja. Sveobuhvatna usluga upravljanja farmakoterapijom (engl. Comprehensive Med- ication Management Services, CMM services) koju provode posebno educirani ljekarnici može ponuditi rješenje za ovaj problem, smanjujući nepotrebnu, a često i štetnu primjenu lijekova te njene posljedične komplikacije. Kolaborativna prak- sa ljekarnika i liječnika obiteljske medicine, koja uključuje i aktivno sudjelovanje pacijenata u kreiranju terapijskih režima, važan je čimbenik koji doprinosi učinkovitosti CMM usluge. CMM usluga se definira kao standard skrbi koji osigurava da se svakom pacijentu pojedinačno procjenjuju svi lijekovi (u receptnom ili bezreceptnom režimu, biljni, tradicionalni), vitamini ili dodaci prehrani koje uzima, kako bi se za svaki od njih utvrdilo je li prikladan za pacijenta, je li učinkovit za pacijentovo zdravstveno stanje, je li siguran s obzirom na komorbiditete i druge lijekove koje pacijent uzima, te je li pacijent sposoban i u mogućnosti uzimati lijekove kako treba. Usluga sadrži individualizirani plan skrbi kojim se postižu predviđeni ciljevi terapije kao i odgovarajuće praćenje (follow-up) kako bi se utvrdili stvarni ishodi liječenja. Pored SAD-a, nekoliko je drugih zemalja (Australija, Kanada i Brazil) uspjelo integrirati CMM uslugu u svoje postojeće sustave primarne zdravstvene zaštite. Međutim, u Europi, unatoč raširenosti spoznaje o potrebi za upravljanjem farmakoterapijom, razvoj i implementacija CMM usluge zaostaje. Kako bi se CMM usluge realizirale u Europi i ostalim zemljama, potrebno je ispuniti brojne preduvjete, uključujući donošenje politika i zakonskih propisa koji podržavaju pružanje CMM usluga u mnogo većem obimu, ostvarivanje jasno definirane i standardizirane profesionalne prakse i zajedničkog jezika ljekarnika, te stvaranje dobro educiranih i iskusnih ljekarnika koji u punom radnom vremenu pružaju izravnu skrb pacijentima.