This article presents a brief overview of Australian history. First, it stresses the time-old presence of the Aborigines so as to recall that the history of the continent-island did not start with the arrival of Captain Cook in 1770. Then, it considers the formation, in the 19th century, of a British settlers' colony and its transformation, in the 20th century, into an English-speaking nation state. It also criticizes a certain historiographical trend that tends to relegate the Aborigine people to the pre-colonial past. Adapted from the source document.
Accessible en ligne: http://erea.revues.org/2815 ; International audience ; The official Australian national history leaves little room for Aboriginal people. Convicts, settlers, gold-diggers, bushrangers and white soldiers are the protagonists of this national history and the Aborigines' presence is mentioned to emphasize these heroes' patriotism, "mateship", bravery, tenacity and initiative. These omissions, both intentional and unintentional, draw a veil over the disturbing histories that challenge the glorious and federative values around which the Australian nation builds itself. The dispossession, massacre, oppression and exploitation of Aboriginal peoples are thus silenced. Nevertheless, collective forgetting cannot permanently stifle subversive voices. In recent decades, many historians and anthropologists have dedicated their research to such repressed histories, provoking virulent reactions among conservative scholars and politicians opposed to a rewriting of history which questions the Australian national narrative and identity. This re-visitation of history is of vital interest to Aboriginal peoples, among them voices who are endeavouring to reclaim Australian history. I propose to illustrate their efforts through a study of The Forgotten, an Aboriginal short film dedicated to the recognition of the Aboriginal soldiers who fought for Australia, only to be forgotten. ; L'histoire officielle de la nation australienne se consacre peu aux Aborigènes. Les prisonniers, les colons, les chercheurs d'or, les bushrangers, les soldats blancs sont les protagonistes de cette histoire nationale et la présence des Aborigènes sert souvent de faire valoir au patriotisme, à la camaraderie, la bravoure, la ténacité ou encore l'esprit d'initiative de ces héros. Ces oublis, à la fois volontaires et involontaires, permettent d'occulter les histoires qui dérangent et viennent contredire ces valeurs glorieuses et fédératrices autour desquelles se construit la nation australienne. La dépossession, le massacre, l'oppression ...
International audience ; Sport is a global social fact. Its supply and practice have expanded in every country in the world. The objective of this paper is tostudy and to compare sportsmen's characteristics and the way they practice. Indeed, we make the hypothesis that even with adistinct history and distinct relationship to sports, sportsmen from different countries have similar social characteristics for a similarsport. In order to do so, we surveyed, through questionnaires, 1011 surfers, golf and rugby players in two countries: Australia andFrance. Our results indicate that there is certainly a fading of cultural specificities: whether they are Australian or French, they havevery close social characteristics. However, surfers, golf and rugby players as a whole (Australian and French) have distinct features.Lastly, despite the smoothing of cultural specificities, practice characteristics seem to be preserved: Australian and French sportsmen neither practice the same way, nor for the same reasons. ; Le sport est un fait social mondial. Son offre et sa pratique se sont massifiées dans les pays du monde entier. L'objectif de cet articleest de déterminer et de comparer les caractéristiques des pratiquants sportifs ainsi que les modalités de leur pratique. En effet, nousémettons l'hypothèse que malgré une histoire et un rapport au sport distincts, les sportifs de pays différents ont les mêmescaractéristiques sociales pour une pratique sportive identique. Pour ce faire, nous avons interrogé, par l'intermédiaire dequestionnaires, 1011 pratiquants de golf, rugby et surf dans deux pays : l'Australie et la France. Nos résultats montrent qu'il existebien un gommage des spécificités culturelles : ainsi les golfeurs, surfeurs ou joueurs de rugby, ont des caractéristiques sociales trèsproches, qu'ils soient Australiens ou Français. En revanche, pris séparément, les Français (ou les Australiens) qui pratiquent le golf, lerugby ou le surf présentent des caractéristiques sociales distinctes en fonction des sports choisis. ...
International audience ; Sport is a global social fact. Its supply and practice have expanded in every country in the world. The objective of this paper is tostudy and to compare sportsmen's characteristics and the way they practice. Indeed, we make the hypothesis that even with adistinct history and distinct relationship to sports, sportsmen from different countries have similar social characteristics for a similarsport. In order to do so, we surveyed, through questionnaires, 1011 surfers, golf and rugby players in two countries: Australia andFrance. Our results indicate that there is certainly a fading of cultural specificities: whether they are Australian or French, they havevery close social characteristics. However, surfers, golf and rugby players as a whole (Australian and French) have distinct features.Lastly, despite the smoothing of cultural specificities, practice characteristics seem to be preserved: Australian and French sportsmen neither practice the same way, nor for the same reasons. ; Le sport est un fait social mondial. Son offre et sa pratique se sont massifiées dans les pays du monde entier. L'objectif de cet articleest de déterminer et de comparer les caractéristiques des pratiquants sportifs ainsi que les modalités de leur pratique. En effet, nousémettons l'hypothèse que malgré une histoire et un rapport au sport distincts, les sportifs de pays différents ont les mêmescaractéristiques sociales pour une pratique sportive identique. Pour ce faire, nous avons interrogé, par l'intermédiaire dequestionnaires, 1011 pratiquants de golf, rugby et surf dans deux pays : l'Australie et la France. Nos résultats montrent qu'il existebien un gommage des spécificités culturelles : ainsi les golfeurs, surfeurs ou joueurs de rugby, ont des caractéristiques sociales trèsproches, qu'ils soient Australiens ou Français. En revanche, pris séparément, les Français (ou les Australiens) qui pratiquent le golf, lerugby ou le surf présentent des caractéristiques sociales distinctes en fonction des sports choisis. ...
O. Iu. Artemova, Traditional society of Australian Aborigines in Soviet anthropology. Data on Australian traditional Aboriginal culture were and still are frequently used in Soviet anthropology as one of the main sources for reconstruction of early stages of human history (prehistory). In the early 1920's-carly 1950's, the research tradition traceable back to the nineteenth century centered mostly on such issues as systems of kinship, kin groups, family and marriage patterns. The 1930's and 1940's were the years of decline in the Soviet Australian Aboriginal studies mostly because of the dogmatic approach to L.H. Morgan's scheme of early social evolution. The early 1970's saw a renewal of scholarly interest in kinship systems and in uni lineal kin structures with the resultant discussion of the so-called Australian "controversy." In 1970's-1980's the themes of Soviet Australian Aboriginal studies grew more varied; they included Aboriginal religion, arts and folklore, as well as the role of personality, the correlation between individual behavior and traditional normative system. Today, the picture of traditional social life of Australian Aborigines as reflected in Soviet anthropology appears to be much more complicated than in the previous years. In particular the concept of primitive egalitarianism is replaced by the recognition of some forms of status differentiation (group and individual) and status hierarchy as well as certain forms of individual specialization.
Australian foreign policy is an essential element of the identity of a country caught between Western history and Asian geography. Canberra has accompanied the regional transformations in Asia and the Pacific while maintaining the centrality of the alliance with the United States, which is a defining feature of Australia's international identity. However, the ambition and assertion of power, omnipresent in the speeches of Australian leaders, focus increasingly on the neighbouring countries and the region as a whole. As part of an increasingly coherent and structured regional system, which is imposing its economic, political, strategic and institutional priorities, Australia is developing its influence through a number of roles: Washington's privileged ally, the policeman of the Pacific, a major player in South- East Asia, the sponsor of Asian regionalism or energetic superpower in order to preserve its prosperity and security, which has been the country's priority since its origin. Adapted from the source document.
The campaign leading up to the August 21st legislative elections in Australia was described as both one of the most boring in the country's history... and one of the most extraordinary. These contradictory opinions clearly reflected the confusion seizing Australian voters at the ballot, resulting in an even more confusing outcome. No party achieved an absolute majority -- something unheard of at the federal level since 1940. The country was plunged into uncertainty for two long weeks until Julia Gillard, who was handling day-to-day business, was finally confirmed as prime minister. But first she had to deal with various low blows & controversies within the Labor Party around such sensitive issues as immigration & taxation. One thing is sure: Julia Gillard, whose majority hinges on the support of three independent members of parliament, will have to show a level of skill & nerve worthy of a tightrope walker. Adapted from the source document.
International audience ; The work of Australian filmmaker Dennis O'Rourke (1945- 2013) covers the colonial and postcolonial history of the Pacific. From Papua New Guinea's Declaration of Independence, for which he produced a document of prime importance for the country's film history (Yumi Yet, 1976), to the emergence of the new forms of symbolic domination constituting (neo)coloniality, the work of Dennis O'Rourke is remarkably constant. Through his concern to describe the subjugation and the experience of "dominated populations" (indigenous peoples, marginalized groups of the rural world), and its documentation of the visuality – "as cultural and political representation" (Mirzoeff, 2011) in Oceania, Dennis O'Rourke gives a careful observation of the interplay between forms of domination through image making and economic and political power relations. ; L'œuvre du cinéaste australien Dennis O'Rourke (1945-2013) parcourt l'histoire coloniale et postcoloniale du Pacifique. De la déclaration d'indépendance de la Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée, dont il produit un document de première importance pour l'histoire cinématographique du pays (Yumi Yet, 1976), jusqu'à l'émergence des nouvelles formes de domination symbolique constitutives de la (néo)colonialité, Dennis O'Rourke fait preuve d'une remarquable constance. Par son souci de décrire l'assujettissement et l'expérience des « populations dominées » (peuples autochtones, marginaux du monde rural), et sa documentation de la visualité – « comme représentation culturelle et politique » (Mirzoeff, 2011) en Océanie, Dennis O'Rourke livre une observation minutieuse de l'intrication entre des formes de domination par l'image et des rapports de pouvoirs économiques et politiques.
International audience ; The work of Australian filmmaker Dennis O'Rourke (1945- 2013) covers the colonial and postcolonial history of the Pacific. From Papua New Guinea's Declaration of Independence, for which he produced a document of prime importance for the country's film history (Yumi Yet, 1976), to the emergence of the new forms of symbolic domination constituting (neo)coloniality, the work of Dennis O'Rourke is remarkably constant. Through his concern to describe the subjugation and the experience of "dominated populations" (indigenous peoples, marginalized groups of the rural world), and its documentation of the visuality – "as cultural and political representation" (Mirzoeff, 2011) in Oceania, Dennis O'Rourke gives a careful observation of the interplay between forms of domination through image making and economic and political power relations. ; L'œuvre du cinéaste australien Dennis O'Rourke (1945-2013) parcourt l'histoire coloniale et postcoloniale du Pacifique. De la déclaration d'indépendance de la Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée, dont il produit un document de première importance pour l'histoire cinématographique du pays (Yumi Yet, 1976), jusqu'à l'émergence des nouvelles formes de domination symbolique constitutives de la (néo)colonialité, Dennis O'Rourke fait preuve d'une remarquable constance. Par son souci de décrire l'assujettissement et l'expérience des « populations dominées » (peuples autochtones, marginaux du monde rural), et sa documentation de la visualité – « comme représentation culturelle et politique » (Mirzoeff, 2011) en Océanie, Dennis O'Rourke livre une observation minutieuse de l'intrication entre des formes de domination par l'image et des rapports de pouvoirs économiques et politiques.
International audience ; The work of Australian filmmaker Dennis O'Rourke (1945- 2013) covers the colonial and postcolonial history of the Pacific. From Papua New Guinea's Declaration of Independence, for which he produced a document of prime importance for the country's film history (Yumi Yet, 1976), to the emergence of the new forms of symbolic domination constituting (neo)coloniality, the work of Dennis O'Rourke is remarkably constant. Through his concern to describe the subjugation and the experience of "dominated populations" (indigenous peoples, marginalized groups of the rural world), and its documentation of the visuality – "as cultural and political representation" (Mirzoeff, 2011) in Oceania, Dennis O'Rourke gives a careful observation of the interplay between forms of domination through image making and economic and political power relations. ; L'œuvre du cinéaste australien Dennis O'Rourke (1945-2013) parcourt l'histoire coloniale et postcoloniale du Pacifique. De la déclaration d'indépendance de la Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée, dont il produit un document de première importance pour l'histoire cinématographique du pays (Yumi Yet, 1976), jusqu'à l'émergence des nouvelles formes de domination symbolique constitutives de la (néo)colonialité, Dennis O'Rourke fait preuve d'une remarquable constance. Par son souci de décrire l'assujettissement et l'expérience des « populations dominées » (peuples autochtones, marginaux du monde rural), et sa documentation de la visualité – « comme représentation culturelle et politique » (Mirzoeff, 2011) en Océanie, Dennis O'Rourke livre une observation minutieuse de l'intrication entre des formes de domination par l'image et des rapports de pouvoirs économiques et politiques.
International audience ; Formerly distant penal colony of the British Empire, the State of the Western Australia is not any more an isolated province, rural and provincial province since its entrance to the Australian Federation in 1901. The contemporary evolution of this territory and that of its urban centres of Perth and Fremantle is unmistakably connected to its oceanic facade. With hindsight, the Indian Ocean was during a century the interface with the rest of the world, the vector of the development that it is trade, industrial developments, seaside tourism, defence policy or other aspects affecting the human exchanges in a widely desert State. To present a century of considerable changes, a century of progressive opening on the Indian Ocean, such is the leitmotiv of this historic study on Western Australia in the XXth century. ; Jadis lointaine colonie pénitentiaire de l'Empire Britannique, l'État de l'Australie Occidentale n'est plus tout à fait une province isolée, rurale et provinciale depuis son entrée dans la Fédération australienne en 1901. La mutation contemporaine de ce territoire et celle de ses pôles urbains de Perth et Fremantle, est incontestablement liée à sa façade océanique. Avec le recul, l'océan Indien a été pendant un siècle l'interface avec le reste du monde, le vecteur du développement qu'il s'agisse des échanges commerciaux, des développements industriels, du tourisme balnéaire, de la politique de défense ou d'autres aspects touchant les échanges humains dans un Etat largement désertique. Retracer un siècle de changements considérables, un siècle d'ouverture progressive sur l'océan Indien, tel est le leitmotiv de cette étude historique sur l'Australie Occidentale au XXe siècle.
International audience ; Formerly distant penal colony of the British Empire, the State of the Western Australia is not any more an isolated province, rural and provincial province since its entrance to the Australian Federation in 1901. The contemporary evolution of this territory and that of its urban centres of Perth and Fremantle is unmistakably connected to its oceanic facade. With hindsight, the Indian Ocean was during a century the interface with the rest of the world, the vector of the development that it is trade, industrial developments, seaside tourism, defence policy or other aspects affecting the human exchanges in a widely desert State. To present a century of considerable changes, a century of progressive opening on the Indian Ocean, such is the leitmotiv of this historic study on Western Australia in the XXth century. ; Jadis lointaine colonie pénitentiaire de l'Empire Britannique, l'État de l'Australie Occidentale n'est plus tout à fait une province isolée, rurale et provinciale depuis son entrée dans la Fédération australienne en 1901. La mutation contemporaine de ce territoire et celle de ses pôles urbains de Perth et Fremantle, est incontestablement liée à sa façade océanique. Avec le recul, l'océan Indien a été pendant un siècle l'interface avec le reste du monde, le vecteur du développement qu'il s'agisse des échanges commerciaux, des développements industriels, du tourisme balnéaire, de la politique de défense ou d'autres aspects touchant les échanges humains dans un Etat largement désertique. Retracer un siècle de changements considérables, un siècle d'ouverture progressive sur l'océan Indien, tel est le leitmotiv de cette étude historique sur l'Australie Occidentale au XXe siècle.
