Assembly of the union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 – 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Africa is the origin of man, four and a half million years ago and all human beings only lived in Africa until about 100,000 years ago. The last ice-age ended 11,700 years ago. Before that People could not live in many parts of the North of our Globe. Therefore, the European Stock (Europeans, Americans, Canadians, Australians), the Asians, the Arabsetc. are all former Africans
Evaluation programs of research institutions began to be established in Europe in the late 70's, concerning the assessment of science and technology activity. In the geoscientific world this enterprise took place in the 1990's, with the implementation of evaluation processes in some national geological surveys (Australian Geological Survey Organization, Geological Survey of Canada, Council for Geoscience - South Africa, Geological Survey of Finland). Among the results of these evaluation/review processes it has been common to recommend the establishment or strengthening of Advisory Councils or Advisory Committees, made up of representatives from industry, academia and governmental agencies. On the trail of the Geological Surveys evaluation process, partnership national geological mapping programs with regional geological surveys, having customers, universities and industry representatives as advisory has also been stimulated. The National Geoscience Mapping Accord in Australia (1990), the National Geoscience Mapping Program in Canada (1991), and National Cooperative Geological Mapping Program in United States (1992) are examples of the government policies in wake of evaluation process. Nevertheless, it is important to say that institutional staff has not accepted evaluation with tranquillity or understood it as an instrument of management. This recent trend of management - making a connection to the customers/users/stakeholders - has been introduced into the Geological Surveys by initiative of government or agencies at high level hierarchy, i. e., from top to bottom, from outside to inside the corporation. ; Evaluation programs of research institutions began to be established in Europe in the late 70's, concerning the assessment of science and technology activity. In the geoscientific world this enterprise took place in the 1990's, with the implementation of evaluation processes in some national geological surveys (Australian Geological Survey Organization, Geological Survey of Canada, Council for Geoscience - South Africa, Geological Survey of Finland). Among the results of these evaluation/review processes it has been common to recommend the establishment or strengthening of Advisory Councils or Advisory Committees, made up of representatives from industry, academia and governmental agencies. On the trail of the Geological Surveys evaluation process, partnership national geological mapping programs with regional geological surveys, having customers, universities and industry representatives as advisory has also been stimulated. The National Geoscience Mapping Accord in Australia (1990), the National Geoscience Mapping Program in Canada (1991), and National Cooperative Geological Mapping Program in United States (1992) are examples of the government policies in wake of evaluation process. Nevertheless, it is important to say that institutional staff has not accepted evaluation with tranquillity or understood it as an instrument of management. This recent trend of management - making a connection to the customers/users/stakeholders - has been introduced into the Geological Surveys by initiative of government or agencies at high level hierarchy, i. e., from top to bottom, from outside to inside the corporation.
Introduction: Biovigilance presents a new opportunity for growth and improvement of the donation-transplantation process. Biovigilance is defined as the monitoring and control of procedures involving human cells, tissues and organs, from donation to the clinical evolution of the recipient and the living donor, in order to obtain and provide information on risks and adverse events, and to prevent its occurrence or recurrence. Objective: Describe biovigilance and transplant models and initiatives in Brazil and worldwide. Method: Narrative review of national and international literature on biovigilance and transplantation models in Brazil and worldwide. Results: The risk is present in all stages involving the donation-transplantation process, and implies continuous surveillance. Bio-surveillance initiatives around the world involve institutions such as the World Health Organization and Italy's National Transplant Centre, which support the sharing of surveillance information published for teaching purposes and for greater public transparency and which, together with Member States of the European Union, aim to support the development and strengthening of the capacity to monitor and control quality, safety and effectiveness in this area. The Australian Government has an initiative that collects information on serious adverse events and reactions related to organ donation and transplantation, but it does not yet have an integrated surveillance system. Brazil, through its National Sanitary Vigilance Agency, has been monitoring the adverse events analysis, but that database needs to be integrated with that of the National Transplantation System. Conclusions: Having National efforts to address international initiatives with the World Health Organization is urgent, thus incorporating measures to implement a culture of quality and safety in the donor-transplant process, with innovative care modelling. It is also necessary to return back to society the high investments done in an efficient and effective manner. ; Introdução: A biovigilância apresenta nova oportunidade de melhoria e segurança do processo doação-transplante. A biovigilância é definida como o monitoramento e o controle durante os procedimentos que envolvem células, tecidos e órgãos humanos desde a doação até a evolução clínica do receptor e do doador vivo, com o objetivo de obter e disponibilizar informações sobre riscos e eventos adversos, a fim de prevenir sua ocorrência ou recorrência. Objetivo: Descrever acerca de modelos e iniciativas de biovigilância e transplante no Brasil e no mundo. Método: Revisão narrativa da literatura nacional e internacional. Resultados: O risco está presente em todas as etapas que envolvem a doação-transplante, e implica vigilância contínua. As iniciativas de biovigilância no mundo envolvem instituições como a Organização Mundial da Saúde e o Centro Nacional de Transplantes da Itália, que apoiam o compartilhamento de informações de vigilância publicadas para fins de ensino e para maior transparência pública e que, em conjunto com Estados-membros da União Europeia, têm o objetivo de apoiar o desenvolvimento e ofortalecimento da capacidade de monitorar e controlar a qualidade, a segurança e a eficácia nessa área. O governo australiano possui uma iniciativa que coleta informações sobre eventos adversos graves e reações relacionadas à doação e ao transplante de órgãos, mas ainda não possui um sistema de vigilância integrado. O Brasil, por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, possui acompanhamento da análise eventos adversos, mas os seus bancos de dados, precisam ser integrados àqueles do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes. Conclusões: É premente realizar esforço nacional para atender as inciativas internacionais com a Organização Mundial de Saúde e, assim, incorporar medidas para implementar uma cultura de qualidade e segurança no processo doação-transplante com uma modelagem assistencial inovadora, e devolver à sociedade o alto investimento realizado de modo eficiente e eficaz.
In recent decades, criminal justice and mental health legislation across the globe has sought to manage and prevent the problem of repeat sexual violence. Perhaps some of the most restrictive measures have been those aimed at the preventive detention of those sex offenders thought to pose an elevated risk of re-offense. This paper examines Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) legislation, deemed constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kansas v. Hendricks (1997), and compares this post-sentence civil commitment scheme with preventive detention statutes targeted at, or otherwise applicable to, sexual offenders in several of the Commonwealth nations. Specifically, this paper examines the Australian Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act (2003), which was upheld in Attorney- General (QLD) v. Fardon (2004) and which, similar to SVP legislation in the U.S., allows for the post-sentence preventive detention of sex offenders deemed to be at high risk of serious sexual recidivism. Moreover, this paper reviews the Dangerous Offender legislation in Canada, which allows for indeterminate detention of offenders at sentencing, as well as the Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) designation in England, which authorizes transfer to secure commitment facilities those offenders thought to pose a serious risk of harm to others. A brief discussion of these alternative schemes concludes the paper. ; En décadas recientes, la justicia penal y la legislación de salud mental en todo el mundo ha buscado manejar y prevenir el problema de se reiterada violencia sexual. Tal vez algunas de las medidas más restrictivas han sido aquellas dirigidas a la detención de aquellos abusadores sexuales que se supone son de un riesgo elevado de reincidencia. Este documento examina la Legislación del Depredador Sexual Violento (SVP) considerada constitucional por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en Kansas contra Hendricks (1997), y compara este plan de compromiso civil post sentencia con los estatutos de la detención preventiva dirigidos a, o en otros casos aplicados a, los abusadores sexuales en varias de las naciones de la Commonwealth. Este documento examina, precisamente, a los delincuentes peligrosos (abusadores sexuales) de Australia Acto (2003), el cual fue ratificado por la Fiscalía General (QLD) contra. Fardon (2004) y el cual, al igual que la legislación SVP en Los Estados Unidos, permite la detención preventiva post sentencia de los delincuentes sexuales que se consideren de alto riesgo de reincidencia sexual. Más aun, este documento revisa la legislación canadiense sobre Delincuentes Peligrosos que permite la detención indeterminada de delincuentes condenados, así como la designación inglesa de Peligrosos y Severos Desórdenes de Personalidad (DSPD) que autoriza transferir a sitios seguros a quienes se supone representan un alto riesgo de hacer daño a otros. Una breve discusión de estas ideas alternativas, concluye el documento. ; En décadas recientes, la justicia penal y la legislación de salud mental en todo el mundo ha buscado manejar y prevenir el problema de se reiterada violencia sexual. Tal vez algunas de las medidas más restrictivas han sido aquellas dirigidas a la detención de aquellos abusadores sexuales que se supone son de un riesgo elevado de reincidencia. Este documento examina la Legislación del Depredador Sexual Violento (SVP) considerada constitucional por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en Kansas contra Hendricks (1997), y compara este plan de compromiso civil post sentencia con los estatutos de la detención preventiva dirigidos a, o en otros casos aplicados a, los abusadores sexuales en varias de las naciones de la Commonwealth. Este documento examina, precisamente, a los delincuentes peligrosos (abusadores sexuales) de Australia Acto (2003), el cual fue ratificado por la Fiscalía General (QLD) contra. Fardon (2004) y el cual, al igual que la legislación SVP en Los Estados Unidos, permite la detención preventiva post sentencia de los delincuentes sexuales que se consideren de alto riesgo de reincidencia sexual. Más aun, este documento revisa la legislación canadiense sobre Delincuentes Peligrosos que permite la detención indeterminada de delincuentes condenados, así como la designación inglesa de Peligrosos y Severos Desórdenes de Personalidad (DSPD) que autoriza transferir a sitios seguros a quienes se supone representan un alto riesgo de hacer daño a otros. Una breve discusión de estas ideas alternativas, concluye el documento.
