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Introduction. As a social group with its specific features and motivation, students have been long characterized by their active involvement in social and political unrest. However, the behavioral analysis of students in different historical situations has become an independent research topic as late as in the 1960s. Numerous nuances of student activity remain for that reason unexplored. That is true of the process of student politicization and nationalization in the multi-ethnic Austrian empire during the tumultuous year of 1848. In literature, this issue is either pushed aside or based on an image of a radical "Austrian" student helping proletarians to fight against the regime on barricades. The latter is not relevant in view of the diversity of student sentiments and ideas that were present in the vast Habsburg hereditary lands. Methods and materials. This article analyzes students' sympathies and actual participation in the rebellious events of 1848 considering the cases of two universities - that of the capital city of Vienna and the university of provincial Innsbruck. The study is based on students' memoires, pamphlets, letters and newspapers of that time, as well as official documents and appeals by the government. Analysis. The analysis shows that Viennese students had an effective voice in revolutionary events, but their demands were of relatively moderate liberal character, while they largely remained loyal to the emperor. The revolutionary activity of provincial students was much more modest and peaceful than in Vienna. In case of Innsbruck, in particular, an image of a patriotic student fighting with arms for his emperor and fatherland replaced the image of a student fighting for political freedoms. Results. The participation of students in the revolutionary events of 1848 resulted in politicization of the "Austrian" student body and its consolidation as an independent social group. © 2020 Volgograd State University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 19-59-23005 ; The reported study was funded by RFBR according to research project no. 19-59-23005 "The Habsburg 0onarchy: New Directions in the Study of the Economic, Socio-Political and National Development of the Composite State of Central Europe".

The literary heritage of an influential German writer and academical
literary critic of the late twentieth century W.G. Sebald (1944–2001) is considered in
relation to the essential features of Austrian literature (as a special phenomenon)
identified by N.S. Pavlova, and in the context of its important topics. The article
traces Sebald's rise as an outstanding prose writer in parallel with how his interest
as an academic Germanist was focusing on the work of Austrian writers (from
Adalbert Stift er, 1805–1868, to Peter Handke, b. 1942), how he was familiarizing
himself with fundamentals of their worldview (distrust of reality; lack of confidence
in the state, homeland and the language; deep intimacy with 'things'; dominance of
sensation over judgment) and acute topics (physical and mental pain, illness, homelessness, isolation).
Some pieces of Sebald's prose are compared here to the work of the Austrian
writers (Franz Kafka and Th omas Bernhard in particular) to study his extremely
mobile and multi-layered perspective of narration, which is characteristic for all his
texts and lies at the core of the specifics of his literary style. The article aims not only
to show some important features of Sebald's prose (the multilevel mediation of
perspective, 'network structures' within the text) in their connection to Austrian
literature of the last two centuries, but also to demonstrate that they were formed
largely due to his deep understanding of this literature.

This paper was presented at the Inaugural INCU Global Conference "Trade Facilitation Post-Bali: Putting Policy into Practice" 21–23 May 2014 in Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan. The author considers the Taxation and Customs Union Directorate-General (European Commission)(TAXUD) Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Database supplemented with company data to make a census of AEO certifications per company size (in terms of employees and revenue) and export/import quotas in the case of Austria 2008-2013 in order to find out who takes most benefitfrom AEO certification. Most of Austrian AEO certified companies from the manufacturing industry can be classified as small and medium enterprises in the EU sense but being heavily export-orientated at the same time they are in need of an AEO certificate to smooth their export/import operations. Transport and logistics service providers also take benefit from AEO certification, but they are being pushed to apply for certification by their customers. Some background is provided about the AEO certification on the EU-level and its implementation in Austria before results of an explorative data analysis of companies listed in theTAXUD AEO Database are presented and discussed. ; Эта статья была презентована на 1-о1 Глобальной конференции Международной сети таможенных университетов 21 – 23 мая 2014, Баку, Республика Азербайджан. Автор изучает базу данных Генерального директората по налоговым вопросам и таможенномусоюзу (Европейская комиссия), а также данные компаний с целью статистического учета свидетельств Уполномоченного экономического оператора (УЭО) на одну компанию(исходя из количества сотрудников и объема дохода), а также экспортных/импортных квот на примере Австрии 2008-2013 годов. В статье изучается вопрос о том, ктоизвлекает максимальную выгоду из статуса УЭО. Большинство австрийских компаний со статусом УЭО занимаются обрабатывающей промышленностью и относятся к малым и средним предприятиям, и, будучи в основном ориентируемыми на экспорт, они нуждаются в статусе УЭО для облегчения экспортных/импортных операций. Компании, предоставляющие транспортные и логистические услуги, также извлекают выгоду из статуса УЭО, но подают заявку для получения статуса при поддержке своих клиентов. В статье показан опыт Австрии в имплементации статуса УЭО на уровне Европейского Союза до того момента, как были представлены и обсуждены полученные результаты анализа данных компаний, перечисленных в базе данных Генерального директората по налогообложению и таможенному союзу УЭО.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье рассматриваются основные периоды в истории австрийского радикализма. На примере Австрийской партии свободы раскрыты основные причины роста радикальных настроений среди электората этой страны, а также радикализации идеологии ее партии. Особый акцент сделан на анализе политических концепций новых партий, образованных в конце XX – начале XXI в. Отмечается рост их популярности и успехи радикальных партий на парламентских выборах 2013 г. Подчеркивается роль председателя АПС Й. Хайдера как одного из наиболее популярных лидеров австрийского радикализма. = The main periods of the history of Austrian radicalism are analyzed in the article. By the example of the Austrian Party the author reveals the core reasons of the radical sentiments' increase among the electorate of this country as well as of the radicalization of the parties' ideology. Special focus was made on the analysis of new parties' political concepts that were established at the end of 20th – beginning of the 21st century. The author underlines the increase of their popularity and successes of radical parties during the parliamentary elections in 2013. The role of J. Heider as one of the most popular Austrian radical leader is stressed.

Introduction. The article considers the problem of solving the Austrian issue by consolidating the country's neutrality in 1955 in the context of a possible modeling of the situation on the German issue. The consolidation of a neutral non-aligned status with Austria was the result of a broad domestic and foreign policy compromise. At the same time, the main features of the Austrian path to the neutrality of 1945–1955 are highlighted, making this one of the most well-known compromise precedents of the Cold War possible.

Methods and materials. The research of the model character of the "Austrian solution" of 1955 is possible only with regard to the intertwining historical contexts in which the development of the German and Austrian issues took place from 1945 to 1949. The author uses the comparative historical method in the article while comparing historical features of the development of the German and Austrian issues between 1945 and 1955 and comparing different views and concepts of historians. The information base of the article consists of narrative and documentary sources, as well as a wide range of scientific research works of Austrian, German and Russian researchers.

Analysis. The main internal reasons for the successful resolution of the Austrian issue are the existence of the pro-Western government elected in 1945, the unity of the main political forces of Austria in the matter of restoring sovereignty, and the personal role of Chancellor Julius Raab. The main international reasons are the change in the course of the USSR within the framework of the peaceful coexistence policy, as well as the reciprocal cooperation policy of the Western Allies. The author considers the problem both in historical and in historiographical perspectives.

Results. The possibility of applying the "Austrian solution" to the situation with the divided Germany became the subject of a sharp historiographical dispute, which was called "Model Debate" in Austria. Two famous historians, Rolf Steininger and Michael Gehler, developed a concept confirming the model character of the Austrian solution to the situation with Germany. Most of Austrian historians tend to view the successful resolution of the Austrian issue as a single precedent, or phenomenon, of the Cold War. When comparing the situation with Germany and the attempts to model the Austrian version of it, they point to the different potential and significance of the countries for the Western Allies and the USSR, different goals of foreign policy of victorious powers in the German and Austrian issues.

A characteristic phenomenon for russian public opinion of the XIX century was the appeal to the experience of European countries in the form of discussion of management models and public institutions. This is also characteristic for the discussion of interethnic relations in a polyethnic country, and for discussing the model of managing national suburbs. For the governments of Austria and Germany, Russia, who at the end of the eighteenth century divided Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Polish issue was extremely acute. The Russian authorities studied the policies of these two countries on the Polish lands and its consequences. In turn, these problems were reflected in domestic journalism. References to the policy of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the parts of Poland that were withdrawing to them were an integral part of those recommendations that the publicists, as spokesmen of public sentiments, addressed the government. As an example of public discussion, the article compares the views of B.N. Chicherin and N.K. Rennenkampf on the situation in the Polish lands of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia. It is analyzed their arguments in favor of this or that model of management of the Polish territories. It is described the correspondence of the views of the publicists with the real state of affairs in Galicia, Poznan and the Kingdom of Poland. A working hypothesis has been proved about Chicherin's use as a means of propagating his liberal views of the experience of the parliamentary activity of the Poles in the Austro-Hungarian and German empires. Copyright © 2019 by International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research Copyright © 2019 by Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o.

Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; В статье рассматриваются основные подходы к регулированию трудовой миграции в Австрии. Автор исследует эволюцию иммиграционной политики Австрии от страны, принимающей низкоквалифицированную рабочую силу (гастарбайтеров), до избирательной политики, где приоритет предоставляется высококвалифицированным рабочим, а также работникам тех профессий, дефицит которых присутствует на национальном рынке труда. = The article is devoted to the consideration of the main approaches towards the regulation of labour migration in Austria. The author analyses the Austrian immigration policy in its evolution starting from the country receiving low-skilled labour force (guest workers) and ending up with the electoral policy where the main priority is given to high-qualified workers as well as employees in those professions which are in deficit on the national labour market.

The article analyzes the factors and patterns that explain the entry of some societies and the non-entry of others into the European revolutionary wave of 1848-1849, examines the causes of the various results of the revolutions. The article implements the theoretical and historical approach in macro-sociology, including shuttle movements between the General hypotheses and the systematic comparison of cases for their verifi cation and correction. In the «Spring of Nations» as a vast wave of European revolutions of 1848-1849 the imperial center (Vienna) and ethnic provinces of the Austrian Empire (Venice-Lombardy, Hungary and the Czech Republic) were taken for analysis. The factors of creating a revolutionary situation are clarifi ed and the hypothesis of «fi lling » the missing factors due to the external infl uence of revolutions in neighboring and/or highly preferred societies‒ due to the effect of the revolutionary wave is confirmed. ; В исследовании проводится сравнение роли «Группы семи», «Г В статье анализируются факторы и закономерности, объясняющие вступление одних обществ и невступление других в европейскую революционную волну 1848-1849 гг., исследуются причины различных итогов революций. В статье реализован теоретико-исторический подход в макросоциологии, включающий челночные движения между выдвижением общих гипотез и систематическим сравнением случаев для их проверки и коррекции. В «Весне народов» как обширной волне европейских революций 1848-1849 гг. для анализа взяты только центр (Вена) и этнические провинции Австрийской империи (Венеция-Ломбардия, Венгрия и Чехия). Уточнены факторы создания революционной ситуации и подтверждена гипотеза «восполнения» недостающих факторов благодаря внешнему влиянию революций в соседних и/или высокореферентных обществах ‒ благодаря эффекту революционной волны.

Беларуская дзяржаўнасць і беларускі соцыўм у навейшы перыяд гісторыі ; Австрийская Республика и Республика Беларусь имеют длинную историю в развитии двусторонних взаимоотношений в экономической, политической, культурной, научной сферах. После провозглашения государственного суверенитета Республики Беларусь, Австрия одна из первых признала ее независимость и подписала ряд соглашений о сотрудничестве. Сегодня активное сотрудничество двух государств продолжается и имеет положительные результаты. ; Аўстрыйская Рэспубліка і Рэспубліка Беларусь маюць доўгую гісторыю ў развіцці двухбаковых узаемаадносін у эканамічнай, палітычнай, культурнай, навуковай сферах. Пасля абвяшчэння дзяржаўнага суверэнітэту Рэспублікі Беларусь, Аўстрыя адна з першых прызнала яе незалежнасць і падпісала шэраг пагадненняў аб супрацоўніцтве. Сёння актыўнае супрацоўніцтва дзвюх дзяржаў працягваецца і мае станоўчыя вынікі = The Republic of Austria and the Republic of Belarus have a long history in the development of bilateral relations in the economic, political, cultural, scientific fields. After the proclamation of state sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus, Austria was one of the first who recognize its independence and signed a number of cooperation agreements. Today, active cooperation between the two states continues and has positive results.

Поступила в редакцию: 15.12.2019. Принята к печати: 23.06.2021. ; Submitted: 15.12.2019. Accepted: 23.06.2021. ; В статье освещается одна из попыток формирования имперской идентичности в Австрии начала XIX в. путем конструирования исторической памяти. Реинтерпретация прошлого в интересах укрепления династического патриотизма наиболее ярко проявилась в «Австрийском Плутархе» Йозефа фон Хормайра. Сочинение, которое преследовало цель создать «Общеавстрийский Пантеон», внесло существенный вклад в мобилизацию народов империи для борьбы с Наполеоном. Данный труд Хормайра и его роль в формировании исторической памяти и наднациональной идентичности империи Габсбургов 1804–1815 гг. до сих пор не получили достаточного освещения в отечественной историографии. Обратившись к этому сочинению, автор статьи попытался проанализировать представленную в нем концепцию истории Австрии как многонационального государства. Кроме того, оценивается влияние этого труда на политический дискурс монархии Габсбургов данного периода. Особое внимание уделено проблеме формирования идентичности с опорой на историческую память, а также методам интеграции образа наднационального государства в исторический контекст. В результате исследования установлено, что нарратив Хормайра стал средством конструирования наднациональной идентичности в монархии Габсбургов и основой для складывания австрийского консерватизма и романтизма. «Австрийский Плутарх» Хормайра — важная веха в формировании общей исторической памяти для всех народов монархии Габсбургов. Его концепция нашла применение в консервативной пропаганде империи, образ которой как «семьи народов» был представлен исторически обусловленным и наиболее эффективным для противостояния внешним угрозам. Данный труд сохранил соответствующее значение и после того, как изменились взгляды самого Хормайра. ; This paper considers an attempt at forming imperial identity in Austria in the early nineteenth century by means of constructing historical memory. The re-interpretation of the past for the sake of promoting dynastic patriotism can be most clearly seen in Joseph Hormayr's Österreichischer Plutarch, a work which was aimed at creating an "All-Austrian Pantheon" and contributed a lot to mobilising the peoples of the empire to fight against Napoleon. Österreichischer Plutarch and its role in forming the historical memory and supranational identity of the Habsburg Empire between 1804 and 1815 have not been studied closely in Russian historiography. The author of the paper attempts to analyse the concept of Austrian history as a multinational state provided in the work. Besides, he assesses the influence of the work on the political discourse of the Habsburg monarchy paying close attention to the formation of identity by means of historical memory, and the methods for multinational state image integration into historical context. The analysis helps establish that Hormayr's narrative became a means of constructing the supranational identity in the Habsburg monarchy, and the basis for the formation of conservatism and romanticism in Austria. Österreichischer Plutarch became a turning point for common historical memory touching upon the identity of all peoples living in the Habsburg monarchy. The concept found its place in conservative propaganda and education in the Empire. The image of Austria as a "family of peoples" found in the work is presented as historically motivated, having its own logic and the purpose to counter external threats. These results retained the same meaning even after Hormayr changed his political views.

This paper considers an attempt at forming imperial identity in Austria in the early nineteenth century by means of constructing historical memory. The re-interpretation of the past for the sake of promoting dynastic patriotism can be most clearly seen in Joseph Hormayr's Österreichischer Plutarch, a work which was aimed at creating an "All-Austrian Pantheon" and contributed a lot to mobilising the peoples of the empire to fight against Napoleon.Цsterreichischer Plutarch and its role in forming the historical memory and supranational identity of the Habsburg Empire between 1804 and 1815 have not been studied closely in Russian historiography. The author of the paper attempts to analyse the concept of Austrian history as a multinational state provided in the work. Besides, he assesses the influence of the work on the political discourse of the Habsburg monarchy paying close attention to the formation of identity by means of historical memory, and the methods for multinational state image integration into historical context.The analysis helps establish that Hormayr's narrative became a means of constructing the supranational identity in the Habsburg monarchy, and the basis for the formation of conservatism and romanticism in Austria. Österreichischer Plutarch became a turning point for common historical memory touching upon the identity of all peoples living in the Habsburg monarchy. The concept found its place in conservative propaganda and education in the Empire. The image of Austria as a "family of peoples" found in the work is presented as historically motivated, having its own logic and the purpose to counter external threats. These results retained the same meaning even after Hormayr changed his political views. ; В статье освещается одна из попыток формирования имперской идентичности в Австрии начала XIX в. путем конструирования исторической памяти. Реинтерпретация прошлого в интересах укрепления династического патриотизма наиболее ярко проявилась в «Австрийском Плутархе» Йозефа фон Хормайра. Сочинение, которое преследовало цель создать «Общеавстрийский Пантеон», внесло существенный вклад в мобилизацию народов империи для борьбы с Наполеоном.Данный труд Хормайра и его роль в формировании исторической памяти и наднациональной идентичности империи Габсбургов 1804–1815 гг. до сих пор не получили достаточного освещения в отечественной историографии. Обратившись к этому сочинению, автор статьи попытался проанализировать представленную в нем концепцию истории Австрии как многонационального государства. Кроме того, оценивается влияние этого труда на политический дискурс монархии Габсбургов данного периода. Особое внимание уделено проблеме формирования идентичности с опорой на историческую память, а также методам интеграции образа наднационального государства в исторический контекст.В результате исследования установлено, что нарратив Хормайра стал средством конструирования наднациональной идентичности в монархии Габсбургов и основой для складывания австрийского консерватизма и романтизма. «Австрийский Плутарх» Хормайра — важная веха в формировании общей исторической памяти для всех народов монархии Габсбургов. Его концепция нашла применение в консервативной пропаганде империи, образ которой как «семьи народов» был представлен исторически обусловленным и наиболее эффективным для противостояния внешним угрозам. Данный труд сохранил соответствующее значение и после того, как изменились взгляды самого Хормайра.

The author studies the policy of Habsburg government in the sphere of national identity formation in the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary's population which was – among others – carried out through the system of elementary and secondary education system controlled by the Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment. The research is based on the library funds of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Art and Culture. The analysis of the most wide-spread textbooks of the period in question helps reveal the main means of all-Austrian identity propagation through teaching geography and history. ; Рассматривается политика габсбургского правительства по формированию наднациональной идентичности у населения австрийской половины Австро-Венгерской монархии, осуществляемая в том числе через контролируемую Министерством культуры и просвещения систему начального и среднего образования. Исследование базируется на материалах библиотечных фондов австрийского федерального Министерства образования, искусства и культуры. Анализ наиболее распространенных в исследуемый период учебников по истории позволяет выявить основные способы трансляции «общеавстрийской» идентичности через преподавание в школах предмета «География и история».

The author discusses the reasons for Austria's favorable attitude towards Kosovo's independence. This attitude is analyzed in the overall context of the Austrian foreign policy and history of its relations with Kosovo. Austrian foreign policy is demonstrated to stem from its national identity and political culture.Keywords: Austria, foreign policy, national identity, Kosovo's independence. ; В статье объясняются причины положительного решения Австрии по вопросу суверенитета Косово. Это решение рассматривается в контексте внешнеполитической стратегии Австрии и истории ее взаимоотношений с Косово. Показаны истоки внешнеполитической стратегии Австрии в контексте ее национальной идентичности и культуры.Ключевые слова: Австрия, внешняя политика, национальная идентичность, независимость Косово.

Ключевые слова: Австрия; Австрийская народная партия (АНП); парламентские выборы; правящая коалиция; популизм и правый радикализм; электоральные тенденции. = Key words: Austria; Austrian People's Party (ANP); parliamentary elections; ruling coalition; populism and right-wing radicalism; electoral trends. ; В статье рассматриваются итоги досрочных выборов в парламент Австрийской Республики, которые состоялись 29 сентября 2019 г. и привели к убедительной победе консервативной Австрийской народной партии (АНП) во главе с канцлером С. Курцем. Автор выявил наиболее значимые предпосылки победы АНП в русле трансформации партийной системы Австрии в конце ХХ – начале ХХI в., обозначив важнейшие ее тенденции в контексте усиления праворадикальных и популистских настроений во всех европейских государствах. В заключение представлен прогноз относительно состава новой правящей коалиции Австрийской Республики. Проведенное исследование представляет также особый интерес в контексте изучения общеевропейских тенденций в эволюции партийной структуры, которая сложилась во второй половине ХХ в. и предусматривала, как правило, борьбу за власть двух основных политических партий или блоков. На примере Австрии автор показал, что двухпартийная модель постепенно сменяется многопартийной, которая подразумевает конкуренцию нескольких крупных партий. Одним из свидетельств этого процесса является участие в формировании нового правительства австрийской «Зеленых» – партии, которая приходит на смену социал-демократам и другим традиционным левым силам Австрии. ; The article discusses the results of the early parliamentary elections in the Austrian Republic, which took place on September 29, 2019 and led to a convincing victory for the conservative Austrian People's Party (ANP), headed by Chancellor S. Kurtz. The author identified the most significant prerequisites for the victory of the ANP in line with the transformation of the Austrian party system in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, outlining its most important trends in the context of strengthening right wing and populist moods in all European states. In conclusion, a forecast is presented on the configuration of the new ruling coalition of the Republic of Austria. This research is also of particular interest in the context of the study of pan-European trends in the evolution of party structure, which took shape in the second half of the XX century. It provided as a rule a struggle for power of two main political parties or blocs. On the example of Austria, the author showed that a multi partisan model, which implies the competition of several large parties, replaces gradually the former bipartisan model. One of the evidence of this process is a participation of the Greens – a party that is replacing the Social Democrats and other traditional leftist forces of Austria in the formation of the new Austrian government.