Suchergebnisse

The present volume is a festschrift in honour of Lillian M. Huang, who, in a very few years, became a leading figure in Formosan linguistics after she obtained her PhD degree in 1987. Over the past twenty-eight years, she has been involved in important groundwork, in both academia and indigenous language policies in Taiwan, as we will show below (sections 3 and 4). She has been engaged in the development of both through her pre-eminent role in projects relating to typological studies on Formosan languages in the early 1990s, and on language teaching materials and proficiency tests since the late 1990s and early 2000s. Lillian may retire in a few years. Before she does, we thought it would be most appropriate to honour her by putting together papers by a number of scholars and students who have benefitted from or have been in contact with her in one way or another (e.g. through collaborative work, teaching, supervising, advising etc.). The idea of such a volume was conceived by Elizabeth Zeitoun in the autumn of 2009. Further plans were initially worked out with Stacy F. Teng, soon joined by Joy J. Wu. The three editors have been close to Lillian since the early and mid 1990s. Of the three, Zeitoun, who has been working with her on diverse projects for over twenty years, is her closest collaborator on the academic level. Both Wu and Teng were Lillian's MA supervisees. Through her fieldwork courses, she introduced Wu to Amis and Teng to Puyuma, languages on which they are still working. The title of the present volume, New advances in Formosan linguistics, reflects our pursuit of publishing cutting-edge, provocative, and thoughtful papers that explore new directions and perspectives on Formosan languages and linguistics. It is worth noticing that this is the first collected volume on Formosan languages that has not issued from a workshop or a conference—the papers included in this volume are thus varied in terms of topic coverage—and the first that specifically deals with (and covers nearly all) the Formosan languages, a grouping understood in its broader context, that is, including Yami, a Batanic (Philippine) language spoken on Orchid Island under the political jurisdiction of Taiwan. (Note: first three paragraphs of foreward).

The present volume is a festschrift in honour of Lillian M. Huang, who, in a very few years, became a leading figure in Formosan linguistics after she obtained her PhD degree in 1987. Over the past twenty-eight years, she has been involved in important groundwork, in both academia and indigenous language policies in Taiwan, as we will show below (sections 3 and 4). She has been engaged in the development of both through her pre-eminent role in projects relating to typological studies on Formosan languages in the early 1990s, and on language teaching materials and proficiency tests since the late 1990s and early 2000s. Lillian may retire in a few years. Before she does, we thought it would be most appropriate to honour her by putting together papers by a number of scholars and students who have benefitted from or have been in contact with her in one way or another (e.g. through collaborative work, teaching, supervising, advising etc.). The idea of such a volume was conceived by Elizabeth Zeitoun in the autumn of 2009. Further plans were initially worked out with Stacy F. Teng, soon joined by Joy J. Wu. The three editors have been close to Lillian since the early and mid 1990s. Of the three, Zeitoun, who has been working with her on diverse projects for over twenty years, is her closest collaborator on the academic level. Both Wu and Teng were Lillian's MA supervisees. Through her fieldwork courses, she introduced Wu to Amis and Teng to Puyuma, languages on which they are still working. The title of the present volume, New advances in Formosan linguistics, reflects our pursuit of publishing cutting-edge, provocative, and thoughtful papers that explore new directions and perspectives on Formosan languages and linguistics. It is worth noticing that this is the first collected volume on Formosan languages that has not issued from a workshop or a conference—the papers included in this volume are thus varied in terms of topic coverage—and the first that specifically deals with (and covers nearly all) the Formosan languages, a grouping understood in its broader context, that is, including Yami, a Batanic (Philippine) language spoken on Orchid Island under the political jurisdiction of Taiwan. (Note: first three paragraphs of foreward).

Phonetic studies of bilabial trills in phonemic systems show that they are preceded immediately by an oral stop closure, e.g., /mbʙ, bʙ, pʙ̥/. A plain bilabial trill without a preceding oral stop closure /ʙ/ is not known to occur as an individual phoneme in any language. On the contrary, plain apical /r/ and uvular /ʀ/ trill phonemes that lack a preceding oral stop closure occur in many languages. The nonexistence of /ʙ/ is likely due to the fact that it does not meet the specific aerodynamic conditions necessary for its production (Maddieson 1989). In this paper, I examine a crosslinguistic sample of consonant inventories containing both bilabial and apical trills. I find that these inventories show an implicational tendency: For each phoneme containing a bilabial trill, there is usually a corresponding phoneme containing an apical trill that shares the same values for voicing and prenasalization. These phonemes always include an oral stop closure preceding the trill, and they pattern as obstruents. In addition, these consonant inventories usually include a plain apical trill phoneme (which patterns as a sonorant), but lack a plain bilabial trill phoneme. The most common such inventory (e.g., found extensively in Austronesian) includes three trills /mbʙ, ndr, r/, while larger inventories are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan, e.g., Mangbetu /pʙ̥, bʙ, mbʙ, tr̥, dr, ndr, r/. While a plain bilabial trill does not emerge due to aerodynamic constraints, resulting in a gap in the system, symmetry appears to favor the emergence of bilabial stop-trill phonemes in languages that have corresponding apical stop-trill phonemes.

International audience ; This paper will attempt to illuminate what was meant by Linyi and Champa. If it can be shown that there were polities on the lower middle coast of today's Vietnam before the words 'Cham' or 'Champa' appear in inscriptions and we should be able to clarify the precise birthdate of 'Champa'. We must rely on Chinese texts and archaeological and epigraphic traces. Researching these sources tends to define the Cham area as a mosaic of different territories rather than a unified territory strung along the coast. Thus Linyi and Champapura were distinct territories, among others, which had existed since Austronesians first settled the coastal valleys of Vietnam.

International audience ; This paper will attempt to illuminate what was meant by Linyi and Champa. If it can be shown that there were polities on the lower middle coast of today's Vietnam before the words 'Cham' or 'Champa' appear in inscriptions and we should be able to clarify the precise birthdate of 'Champa'. We must rely on Chinese texts and archaeological and epigraphic traces. Researching these sources tends to define the Cham area as a mosaic of different territories rather than a unified territory strung along the coast. Thus Linyi and Champapura were distinct territories, among others, which had existed since Austronesians first settled the coastal valleys of Vietnam.

The Southeast Asian Linguistics Society - SEALS - was founded at Arizona State University in 1990. SEALS holds an annual conference in diverse locations in Southeast Asia, the United States, and Australia. SEALS features papers on the languages of Southeast Asia, including Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, Tibeto-Burman and Thai-Kadai. Topics have included descriptive, theoretical, or historical linguistics, linguistic anthropology (ethnolinguistics, language attitudes and ideology, discourse and conversational analysis, language and gender, language and politics), language planning, literacy and bilingual education. Before the foundation of the Journal of the South East Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) in 2009, annual proceedings of SEALS conferences were produced. In 1998 and between 2002 and 2006 this was undertaken by the Department of Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific at The Australian National University in Canberra, ACT, Australia.

There is disagreement about whether human political evolution has proceeded through a sequence of incremental increases in complexity, or whether larger, non-sequential increases have occurred. The extent to which societies have decreased in complexity is also unclear. These debates have continued largely in the absence of rigorous, quantitative tests. We evaluated six competing models of political evolution in Austronesian-speaking societies using phylogenetic methods. Here we show that in the best-fitting model political complexity rises and falls in a sequence of small steps. This is closely followed by another model in which increases are sequential but decreases can be either sequential or in bigger drops. The results indicate that large, non-sequential jumps in political complexity have not occurred during the evolutionary history of these societies. This suggests that, despite the numerous contingent pathways of human history, there are regularities in cultural evolution that can be detected using computational phylogenetic methods.

There is disagreement about whether human political evolution has proceeded through a sequence of incremental increases in complexity, or whether larger, non-sequential increases have occurred. The extent to which societies have decreased in complexity is also unclear. These debates have continued largely in the absence of rigorous, quantitative tests. We evaluated six competing models of political evolution in Austronesian-speaking societies using phylogenetic methods. Here we show that in the best-fitting model political complexity rises and falls in a sequence of small steps. This is closely followed by another model in which increases are sequential but decreases can be either sequential or in bigger drops. The results indicate that large, non-sequential jumps in political complexity have not occurred during the evolutionary history of these societies. This suggests that, despite the numerous contingent pathways of human history, there are regularities in cultural evolution that can be detected using computational phylogenetic methods.

This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.

Since the late Neolithic period hill ribes of Austronesian and Austro-Asian origin have almost exclusively peopled the Tay Nguyen Highlands of South Central Vietnam. Although during the last 2,000 years mostly hostile contacts existed between these peoples and the lowland populations, until the 19th century there had never been any real threat to their cultural independence.With the French occupation of Vietnam in the second half of the 19th century, the Christian mission, resettlement schemes and the setting-up of large-scale plantations, Tay Nguyen became more and more infiltrated by Kinh-Vietnamese, a process which continued on a massive scale during and after the Vietnam War.Nowadays the different hill tribes form a minority of about 20 % in their own autochthonous area and their culture is more threatened then ever before.It seems easy to condemn such a development, but it should be emphasized that similar projects were initiated by all colonial powers, and they have been continued by the independent countries of Southeast Asia irrespective of their political systems. As a result we find different degrees of inter-ethnic influences, from dominance to physical destruction of ethnic groups.

Traditional investigations of the evolution of human social and political institutions trace their ancestry back to nineteenth century social scientists such as Herbert Spencer, and have concentrated on the increase in socio-political complexity over time. More recent studies of cultural evolution have been explicitly informed by Darwinian evolutionary theory and focus on the transmission of cultural traits between individuals. These two approaches to investigating cultural change are often seen as incompatible. However, we argue that many of the defining features and assumptions of 'Spencerian' cultural evolutionary theory represent testable hypotheses that can and should be tackled within a broader 'Darwinian' framework. In this paper we apply phylogenetic comparative techniques to data from Austronesian-speaking societies of Island South-East Asia and the Pacific to test hypotheses about the mode and tempo of human socio-political evolution. We find support for three ideas often associated with Spencerian cultural evolutionary theory: (i) political organization has evolved through a regular sequence of forms, (ii) increases in hierarchical political complexity have been more common than decreases, and (iii) political organization has co-evolved with the wider presence of hereditary social stratification.

Cultural heritage is an object or intangible attribute which is an identity of a society inherited from previous generations, which is preserved for generations to come. Cultural heritage contains not only an objects but also an intangible object such as languages, dialects, and rituals. One of Intangible culture is Sindang Beliti dialect which is from South Sumatera Province. Sindang Beliti dialect included in the Austronesian language used by Sindang tribes which is Lembak, Lembak delapan, and Muara Beliti. This study aimed to determine causal factors of sindang beliti dialect was shifted, and find out what were efforts to maintain the dialect. This study used quantitative-method which data collected by distributing questionnaires to 30 respondents included people, linguists, and Musi Rawas district government. Theory used in this study are from Holmes (2001) and Fishman (1972). The results of this study indicated that there were 3 casual factors of sindang beliti dialect was shifted. They were social, demographic, and legal factors. There were also found 5 efforts to maintain sindang beliti dialect included holding regional song competitions in every anniversary celebration of Musi Rawas district, producing radio broadcasts used sindang beliti dialect, building a playground with the name taken from sindang beliti dialect which is "taman beregam", creating Instagram account used sindang beliti dialect in every posts, and using sindang beliti dialect in government slogan such as "payo ke hikak".

Archaeological Sites Potential on Kerinci Region, Jambi: Icon of Austronesia Culture Kerinci region is a location that has a diversity of cultural heritages of the past. Administratively, this area is located in Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province (formerly part of west Sumatra). This area today is still relatively remote due to limited transportation and communication facilities. Geographical conditions and steep mountainous with lakes and tributaries are the main factors driving the agricultural sector (farming, gardening) as the main regional income. Informations about archaeological resources from the early history of the cultural heritage in Jam bi can are very rarely found in school books, leaflet of culture and tourism information, eventhougb local government or related institutional in the central. But there was supporting evidence that the area of Jambi has the potency of cultural heritage since prehistoric (Mesolithic) to the Colonial periods. In one area of Jambi, which is around Kerinci region, until now can still be found evidences of material culture with prehistoric characters. There are remains of archaeological sites in the Lakes Kerinci region from prehistoric times (Mesolithic until Palaeometalic) to indicate the beginning of civilization in communities that already have the technology ( equipment), social organization, beliefs and so on. Therefore, research to express the historical values of cultural origin of Jambi in connection with the Austronesian speakings and culture is important to examine using Archaeological perspectives.

One of the least studied and documented ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines is the Remontado Dumagat group inhabiting the Sierra Madre Mountains in Rizaland Quezon. This tribal group is considered by writers and researchers who mostlyworked on linguistics as a branch of the woolly haired and dark skinned Pygmyaborigines of the Philippines whom the Spaniards called Negritos. Other sourcesclaim that the Remontado Dumagats are but mestizos, offsprings of intermarriagesbetween a branch of the Malays (the dominant race among Austronesians) and theNegritos. But getting in close contact with the Remontado Dumagats, physicallymost of them are noticeably no different from those of the brown skinned andstraight haired Malay Filipinos like the Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Cebuanos, Bicolanos,Ilonggos, Karay-a Waray, etc. except that many of them resemble the physicalfeatures of the people of South Asia (the Indians, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis).They are not short and small like the Negritos; instead, some of them are evenbigger and taller than the average Malay Filipinos. This paper dealt with thereanalysis of the historical existence of the Remontado Dumagats as a group. Itinvestigated who this group of people are and where they came from based on thedifferent explanations why they are called Remontado Dumagats; the dispersal oftheir population; their cultural distinctions and similarities with other indigenouspeople of the Philippines; a discussion of their social and political organization;and, the cultural transformation brought about by industrialization.

Evolutionary thinking can be applied to both cultural microevolution and macroevolution. However, much of the current literature focuses on cultural microevolution. In this article, we argue that the growing availability of large cross-cultural datasets facilitates the use of computational methods derived from evolutionary biology to answer broad-scale questions about the major transitions in human social organization. Biological methods can be extended to human cultural evolution. We illustrate this argument with examples drawn from our recent work on the roles of Big Gods and ritual human sacrifice in the evolution of large, stratified societies. These analyses show that, although the presence of Big Gods is correlated with the evolution of political complexity, in Austronesian cultures at least, they do not play a causal role in ratcheting up political complexity. In contrast, ritual human sacrifice does play a causal role in promoting and sustaining the evolution of stratified societies by maintaining and legitimizing the power of elites. We briefly discuss some common objections to the application of phylogenetic modeling to cultural evolution and argue that the use of these methods does not require a commitment to either gene-like cultural inheritance or to the view that cultures are like vertebrate species. We conclude that the careful application of these methods can substantially enhance the prospects of an evolutionary science of human history. ; This work was supported by John Templeton Foundation Grant 28745; a PhD scholarship from the University of Auckland; and Marsden Fund Grant UOA1104.