Suchergebnisse

In modern political science and social sciences, interest in cross-cultural research in the framework of various scientific methodologies is growing. The article is devoted to the study of one of the most pressing problems of our time, which is of great interest to Azerbaijan and Greece. This article describes in detail the historical situation in which the Greeks were forced to settle in the Caucasus. The article discusses the main reasons for the creation of the first Greek settlements in Azerbaijan. The author in a broad context considers the activities of the Greeks in Azerbaijan. The article analyzes the main reasons for the unification of the Greeks of Azerbaijan, and the creation of the Greek Philanthropic (charity) society. Moreover, the article focuses on the activities of the theater group "Evripidis", operating in this society. It should be noted that the football team "Embros" (Forward) was a source of pride for the Greeks living in Baku. The article also mentions the repression and mass arrests of the "Father of the Nations" against the Greeks. At the same time, it is emphasized that, as a result of Stalin's policy, the Greeks living in Baku were resettled in the deserts of Kazakhstan in difficult conditions. The article analyzes the political motives of the resettlement of Greeks from Azerbaijan. At the same time, a large place in the article is devoted to the recollections of Azerbaijani Greeks forced to resettle in inhuman conditions. Documents and their photographs from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History and from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History on the resettlement of the Greeks, and according to the NKVD Directive No. 50215 of December 11, 1937, protocols No. 46, 61, 91 of the sentences of the Greeks living in the Azerbaijan SSR were first presented the scientific community of our country. The article also analyzes the integration of the Greeks into Azerbaijani society and their contacts with the multicultural environment of Azerbaijan. The article also discusses the activities of the Greek community "ARGO", created by the Greeks living in the country after the restoration of independence of Azerbaijan. ; В современной политологии и общественных науках возрастает интерес к кросскультурным исследованиям в рамках различной научной методологии. Статья посвящена исследованию одной из самых актуальных проблем современности, которая представляет большой интерес для Азербайджана и Греции. В данной статье подробно описывается историческая ситуация, в которой греки были вынуждены поселиться на Кавказ. В статье рассматриваются основные причины создания первых греческих поселений в Азербайджане. Автор в широком контексте рассматривает деятельность греков в Азербайджане. В статье анализируются основные причины объединения греков Азербайджана, и создания Греческого филантропического (благотворительного) общества. При этом в статье особое внимание уделяется деятельности театральной группы «Эврипидис», действующей при этом обществе. Следует отметить, что футбольная команда «Эмброс» (Вперед) была источником гордости греков, проживающих в Баку. В статье также упоминается о репрессиях и массовых арестах «Отца народов» против греков. В то же время подчеркивается, что в результате сталинской политики греки, проживающие в Баку, были переселены в пустыни Казахстана в тяжелых условиях. В статье анализируются политические мотивы переселения греков из Азербайджана. В то же время большое место в статье отведено воспоминаниям азербайджанских греков, вынужденных переселяться в бесчеловечных условиях. Документы и их фотографии из Российского государственного архива новейшей истории и из Российского государственного архива социально-политической истории о переселении греков, и согласно директивы НКВД СССР № 50215 от 11 декабря 1937 года протоколы № 46, 61, 91 приговоров греков, проживающих в Азербайджанской ССР, впервые представлены научному сообществу нашей страны. В статье также анализируется интеграция греков в азербайджанское общество и их контакты с мультикультурной средой Азербайджана. В статье также рассматривается деятельность греческой общины «АРГО», созданной греками, проживающими в стране после восстановления независимости Азербайджана. ; У сучасній політології та суспільних науках зростає інтерес до кросскультурних досліджень у межах різної наукової методології. Стаття присвячена дослідженню однієї з найактуальніших проблем сучасності, яка представляє великий інтерес для Азербайджану і Греції. У цій статті докладно описується історична ситуація, в якій греки були змушені оселитися на Кавказ. У статті розглядаються основні причини створення перших грецьких поселень в Азербайджані. Автор в широкому контексті розглядає діяльність греків в Азербайджані. У статті аналізується основні причин об'єднання греків Азербайджану і створення Грецького філантропічного (благодійного) суспільства. При цьому в статті особлива увага приділяється діяльності театральної групи «Евріпідіс», що діє при цьому суспільстві. Слід зазначити, що футбольна команда «Емброс» (Уперед) була джерелом гордості греків, які проживають в Баку. У статті також згадується про репресії і масові арешти «Батька народів» проти греків. У той же час підкреслюється, що в результаті сталінської політики греки, що проживають в Баку, були переселені в пустелі Казахстану у важких умовах. У статті аналізуються політичні мотиви переселення греків з Азербайджану. У той же час велике місце в статті відведено спогадам азербайджанських греків, вимушених переселятися в нелюдських умовах. Документи та їх фотографії з Російського державного архіву новітньої історії і з Російського державного архіву соціально-політичної історії про переселення греків, і відповідно до директиви НКВС СРСР № 50215 від 11 грудня 1937 року протоколи № 46, 61, 91 вироків греків, що проживають в Азербайджанській РСР вперше представлені науковому співтовариству нашої країни. У статті також аналізується інтеграція греків в азербайджанське суспільство й їх контакти з мультикультурної середовищем Азербайджану. У статті також розглядається діяльність грецької громади «АРГО», створеної греками, що проживають в країні після відновлення незалежності Азербайджану.

The periphery of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) can unlock important information regarding galaxy formation and evolution in interacting systems. Here, we present a detailed study of the extended stellar structure of the SMC using deep colour-magnitude diagrams, obtained as part of the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH). Special care was taken in the decontamination of our data from Milky Way (MW) foreground stars, including from foreground globular clusters NGC 362 and 47 Tuc. We derived the SMC surface brightness using a `conservative' approach from which we calculated the general parameters of the SMC, finding a staggered surface brightness profile. We also traced the fainter outskirts by constructing a stellar density profile. This approach, based on stellar counts of the oldest main-sequence turn-off stars, uncovered a tidally disrupted stellar feature that reaches as far out as 12 deg from the SMC centre. We also serendipitously found a faint feature of unknown origin located at similar to 14 deg from the centre of the SMC and that we tentatively associated with a more distant structure. We compared our results to in-house simulations of a 1 x 10(9) M-circle dot SMC, finding that its elliptical shape can be explained by its tidal disruption under the combined presence of the MW and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Finally, we found that the older stellar populations show a smooth profile while the younger component presents a jump in the density followed by a flat profile, confirming the heavily disturbed nature of the SMC. © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society ; SRM acknowledges funding from grant AST-1909497 from the National Science Foundation. AM acknowledges support from Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT) Regular grant 1181797 and funding from the Max Planck Society through a Partner Group grant. NFM gratefully acknowledge support from the French National Research Agency (ANR) funded project 'Pristine' (ANR-18-CE31-0017) along with funding from INSU,CNRS through the Programme National Galaxies et Cosmologie. M-RC and CPMB acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 682115). RRM acknowledges partial support from project BASAL AFB-170002 as well as FONDECYT project N. 1170364. CG, TRL, and MMacknowledge financial support through the grants (AEI/FEDER, UE) AYA2017-89076-P and AYA2015-63810-P, as well as by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MCIU), through the State Budget and by the Consejeria de Economia, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community, through the Regional Budget (including IAC project, TRACES). TRL is also supported by grant AYA2016-77237-C3-1-P (RAVET project) and a MCIU Juan de la Cierva - Formacion grant (FJCI-2016-30342). DMDacknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the 'Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa' award for the Instituto de Astrof ' isica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab Prop. ID: 2013A-0411 and 2013B-0440; PI: Nidever), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaborating institutions: Argonne National Lab, University of California Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH-Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Institut de Ci`encies de l'Espai, Institut de F ' isica d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, University of Michigan, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Funding for DES, including DECam, has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Spain), Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Higher Education Funding Council for England (England), National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico and the Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia (Brazil), the German Research Foundation-sponsored cluster of excellence `Origin and Structure of the Universe' and the DES collaborating institutions. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. ; Peer reviewed

We present a map of the total intrinsic reddening across similar or equal to 34 deg(2) of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) derived using optical (ugriz) and near-infrared (IR; YJK(s)) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of background galaxies. The reddening map is created using a subsample of 29 274 galaxies with low levels of intrinsic reddening based on the LEPHARE chi(2) minimization SED-fitting routine. We find statistically significant enhanced levels of reddening associated with the main body of the SMC compared with regions in the outskirts [Delta E(B - V) similar or equal to 0.3 mag]. A comparison with literature reddening maps of the SMC shows that, after correcting for differences in the volume of the SMC sampled, there is good agreement between our results and maps created using young stars. In contrast, we find significant discrepancies between our results and maps created using old stars or based on longer wavelength far-IR dust emission that could stem from biased samples in the former and uncertainties in the far-IR emissivity and the optical properties of the dust grains in the latter. This study represents one of the first large-scale categorizations of extragalactic sources behind the SMC and as such we provide the LEPHARE outputs for our full sample of similar to 500 000 sources. © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society ; This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 682115). SR acknowledges support from the ERC consolidator grant project STARKEY(grant agreement no. 615604). YC acknowledges support from NSF grant AST 1655677. DMDacknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities and FEDER funds through grant AYA2016-81065-C2-2, the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the 'Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa' award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and from grant PGC2018-095049B-C21. RRM acknowledges partial support from project BASAL AFB-170002 as well as FONDECYT project no. 1170364. SS acknowledges support from the Science and Engineering Research Board, India through a Ramanujan Fellowship. The authors would like to thank the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) and theWide Field Astronomy Unit (WFAU) in Edinburgh for providing the necessary data products under the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in theU.K. The authorswould also like to thank K. Gordon and J. Roman-Duval for discussions related to the use of the HERITAGE dust maps. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the referee, Geoff Clayton, who provided several comments that improved the manuscript. This study was based on observations made with VISTA at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 179.B-2003. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the STFC, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo 'a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico and the Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Fermi NationalAccelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois atUrbanaChampaign, the Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID: 2013A-0411 and 2013B-0440; PI: Nidever), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Finally, this project has made extensive use of the Tool for OPerations on Catalogues And Tables (TOPCAT) software package (Taylor 2005) as well as the following open-source PYTHON packages: Astropy (The Astropy Collaboration 2018), MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007), NUMPY (Oliphant 2015), PANDAS (McKinney 2010), and SCIPY (Virtanen et al. 2020). ; Peer reviewed

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit befasst sich mit den Romanen Theodor Fontanes "Frau Jenny Treibel" (1892) und "Die Poggenpuhls" (1896). Das Ziel ist die Gesellschaft des Preußen-Deutschlands im 19. Jh. am Beispiel dieser Romane zu analysieren. Die Elemente des Realismus kommen besonders zum Ausdruck, indem auf die realen Umstände dieser Zeit, bzw. auf die preußische Wirklichkeit des 19. Jhs. referiert wird. Dabei wird der Schwerpunkt auf die sozialen und politischen Veränderungen gelegt und Fontanes Einstellungen den unterschiedlichen sozialen Schichten gegenüber werden besonders berücksichtigt. Mit der Analyse sollen die Romane im Kontext der Zeit, in der die Handlung spielt, verstanden werden, was auch gleichzeitig die Frage der Gesellschaftskritik bzw. was und warum Fontane kritisiert beantworten sollte. Mit dem Roman "Frau Jenny Treibel" thematisiert Fontane den Aufstieg der Bourgeoisie, sowie den Konflikt zwischen Bildung und Besitz. Als die Vertreterin der Bourgeois-Gesellschaft verkörpert die Titelheldin Jenny Treibel die Haupteigenschaften ihres Standes. Mit einer satirischen Darstellung kritisiert der Autor eigentlich den Egoismus, den Geiz und den Mangel an Empathie dieser neuerlich entstandenen sozialen Schicht. Ein Gegenbild dazu stellt 'die Welt der Bildung' dar mit Idealen, wie Disziplin, Authentizität und kritische Denkweise. Zu den Vertretern gehören Jennys Jugendfreund, der Professor Schmidt mit seinem Freundeskreis sowie seine Tochter Corinna. Als Figuren symbolisieren sie Fortschritt und Vernunft. Damit zeigen sie nicht nur die notwendigen Grundlagen einer gesunden Gesellschaft, sondern geben auch eine hoffnungsvolle Perspektive auf die Zukunft. "Die Poggepuhls" ist auch ein politischer Roman, der sich mit dem Niedergang des Adels befasst. Im Mittelpunkt der Geschichte steht die verarmte adlige Familie Poggenpuhl, deren Vater bei Gravelotte gefallen ist. Mit finanziellen Schwierigkeiten konfrontiert, erleben alle sechs Mitglieder der Familie die politischen und sozialen Veränderungen ihrer Zeit auf verschiedene Art und Weise. Ein weiter Teil der Forschung vertritt die Meinung, dass die Romanhandlung in einer Epochenwende spielt und dementsprechend zeigt der Roman auch den Konflikt zwischen Modernität und Tradition. Trotz Mitgefühl für die verarmten adligen Familien seiner Zeit, zeigt Fontane am Beispiel der Poggenpuhls, dass die neue soziale Ordnung vor allem Anpassungsfähigkeit und Flexibilität fördert. ; Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se romanima "Frau Jenny Treibel" (1892) i "Die Poggenpuhls" (1896) Theodora Fontanea. Na primjeru ovih dvaju romana, rad ima za cilj analizu društva Pruske Njemačke u 19. st. Karakteristike realizma posebice dolaze do izražaja u osvrtanjima na stvarne prilike toga vremena, odnosno na Prusko-Njemačku stvarnost 19. st. Pritom je naglasak na društvenim i političkim promjenama, te Fontaneovim stavovima po pitanju različitih društvenih slojeva. Analizom se želi postići razumijevanje romana u kontekstu vremena u kojem je radnja smještena, čime bi se istodobno trebalo razjasniti pitanje kritike društva u ovim djelima, odnosno što Fontane kritizira i iz kojeg razloga. U romanu "Frau Jenny Treibel" Fontane tematizira društveni uspon buržoazije, te konflikt između obrazovanja i materijalnog bogatstva. Kao predstavnica buržoaskog društva naslovna junakinja Jenny Treibel utjelovljuje glavna obilježja staleža kojemu pripada. Satiričnim prikazom autor kritizira egoizam, pohlepu i nedostatak empatije ovog novonastalog društvenog sloja. Tomu prkosi 'svijet obrazovanja' s idealima poput discipline, autentičnosti i kritičkog razmišljanja. U predstavnike se ubraja Jennyn prijatelj iz mladosti profesor Schmidt zajedno sa svojim krugom prijatelja, te njegova kćer Corinna. Kao književni likovi oni su simbol napretka i razuma, čime pokazuju temelje jednog zdravog društva i pružaju nadu u bolju budućnost. "Die Poggenpuhls" je politički roman koji se bavi padom plemstva. U središtu je osiromašena obitelj Poggenpuhl. Otac u obitelji je poginuo u bitci kod Gravelotte. Suočeni s financijskim poteškoćama, svaki od šestoro članova obitelji doživljava političke i društvene promjene na sebi svojstven i drugačiji način. Mnogi književni kritičari su mišljenja da se radnja djela odvija na prekretnici jedne epohe, zbog čega roman predstavlja i konflikt između modernog i tradicionalnog. Unatoč suosjećanju i empatiji prema osiromašenim plemićkim obiteljima svoga vremena, Fontane prikazuje na primjeru obitelji Poggenpuhl da novi društveni ustroj zahtijeva i drugačije osobine, a prije svega prilagodljivost i fleksibilnost. ; This final paper deals with "Frau Jenny Treibel" (1892) and "Die Poggenpuhls" (1896) by Theodor Fontane. The aim of the analysis is to explore the Prussian-Germany society of the 19th century on the example of these novels. Characteristics of Realism are reflected in the references to the actual state of affairs, that is, in referring to PrussianGermany reality of the 19th century. Moreover, the emphasis is on social and political changes, as well as on Fontane's attitudes with regard to different social classes. The analysis aims to read the novels in the context of the time they are set in. However, this should also shed light on the question of criticism, that is to say, what Fontane criticises and why. In the novel "Frau Jenny Treibel" Fontane depicts the rise of the Bourgeoisie, as well as the conflict between education and possession. As a representative of the Bourgeois- society embodies the heroine of the novel Jenny Treibel the most prominent characteristics of her class. In fact, the author uses this kind of representation to criticise in a satirical way the selfishness, greed and lack of empathy of this recently emerged social class. In contrast, 'the world of education' represents ideals like discipline, authenticity and critical thinking. Among the main representatives is a friend from Jenny's youth, Professor Schmidt along with his circle of friends, as well as his daughter Corinna. As the main figures in the novel, they symbolise progress and reason. Therefore, they not only indicate the necessary foundation of a healthy society, but also provide a bright perspective with regard to the future. "Die Poggenpuhls" is also a political novel that deals with the decline of the nobility. The plot revolves around an impoverished noble family Poggenpuhl, whereby the father died in the Gravelotte battle. Confronted with financial difficulties, all six members of the family experience the political and social changes in a different way. Many critics agree that the time of the epochal change, in which the novel is set, also depicts the conflict between modernity and tradition. Despite the sympathy for the impoverished noble families of his time, Fontane demonstrates on the example of Poggenpuhls that the new social order, above all, encourages flexibility and the ability to adapt.

The objective of the article is to investigate the commemorative practices related to the tragedy in Bazar in the context of the anti-Bolshevik insurgency and Ukrainian emigration of the 1920s–1930s. The methodology of the scientific research is based on the general scientific and special historical methods, taking into account the basic principles of historical world perception: historicism, scientific character, objectivity, systematic approach. The principles of historicism and scientific character have made it possible to reproduce the peculiarities of the commemorative practices associated with the tragedy in Bazar in all its complexity and diversity, interrelation and interdependence with the events of the time. The principle of objectivity is a helpful way to analyze the outlined problem with a critical survey of reference data. The principle of the systematic approach has enabled us to form a coherent picture of the manifestations of the commemorative practices in memory of the victims of the tragedy during the outlined period. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it examines the events of November 1921 from the standpoint of the historical memory schools for the first time. A great variety of reference data has made it possible to examine the commemorative practices in the memory of the victims of the tragedy in Bazar in a short chronological period from the 1920s and during the 1930s. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the first attempts to commemorate the victims at their burial sites occurred in the early 1920s. The preservation of the memory of the tragedy in Bazar fostered the spread of anti-Bolshevik insurgencies in Zhytomyr region. As the Soviet authorities aimed to destroy the historical memory of the victims of the November 1921 execution, the attempts to preserve it through various commemorative practices were connected with the Ukrainian political emigration abroad (Poland, France, and Czechoslovakia) because the former Ukrainian military as well as the emigration government structures of the UNR were situated there. In the interwar period the commemoration of the tragedy in Bazar was embodied and reflected in the works of fine art. Furthermore, memoirs on both the Second Winter Campaign of the UNR Army and the tragedy in Bazar were published during this time ; Метою статті є дослідження комеморативних практик, пов'язаних з Базарською трагедією, у середовищі антибільшовицького повстанського руху та української еміграції 1920-х–1930-х рр. Методологія наукового дослідження ґрунтується на основі загальнонаукових і спеціальних історичних методів з урахуванням базових принципів історичного пізнання: історизму, науковості, об'єктивності, системності. Принципи історизму та науковості дозволили відтворити комеморативні практики, пов'язані з Базарською трагедією, в усій складності та багатоманітності, у взаємозв'язку і взаємозумовленості з тогочасними подіями. Принцип об'єктивності допоміг підійти до розгляду окресленої проблематики з урахуванням об'єктивних історичних закономірностей, з критичним аналізом літературно-джерельної бази. Принцип системності дозволив сформувати цілісну картину відповідних комеморативних практик. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що тут уперше на основі широкої джерельної бази розглянуто Базарську трагедію в комеморативних практиках 1920-х–1930-х рр. У результаті автор приходить до висновку, що перші спроби вшанування пам'яті загиблих на місцях їх поховання відбулися на початку 1920-х рр. При цьому пам'ять про Базарську трагедію сприяла поширенню антибільшовицьких повстанських рухів на Житомирщині. Оскільки радянська влада спрямувала зусилля на знищення історичної пам'яті про жертв розстрілу листопада 1921 р., відповідні комеморативні практики проявилися переважно у середовищі української політичної еміграції за кордоном (у Польщі, Франції, Чехословаччині). Адже тут разом з перебуванням частини колишніх українських військових розміщувалися структури еміграційного Уряду УНР. У міжвоєнний період комеморативні практики про Базар відобразилися в образотворчому мистецтві. Також в цей час були опубліковані спогади, присвячені як Другому зимовому походу Армії УНР, так і Базарській трагедії. ; Celem artykułu jest zbadanie praktyk pamiątkowych związanych z tragedią pod Bazarem w środowisku powstań antybolszewickich i emigracji ukraińskiej w latach 1920–1930. Metodogolia naukowego badania opiera się na ogólnonaukowych i specjalnych metodach historycznych, biorąc do uwagi podstawowe zasady poznania historycznego, czyli historyzmu, naukowości, obiektywizmu, systematyczności. Zasady historyzmu i naukowości umożliwiły odtworzenie osobliwości praktyk pamiątkowych związanych z tragedią pod Bazarem, w całej swojej komplikacji i różnorodności, w związku i współzależności z wydarzeniami tamtych czasów. Zasada obiektywności pomogła zbliżyć się do przedstawionych problemów za pomocą krytycznej analizy źródeł literackich. Zasada systematyczności pozwoliła nam stworzyć całościowy obraz praktyk pamiątkowych przy uhonorowaniu ofiar tragedii w tamtym czasie. Orygilnością naukową pracy jest to, że po raz pierwszy zbadano wydarzenia z listopada 1921 r. przez optykę studii pamięci. Na podstawie szerokiej bazy źródłowej zostały zbadane praktyki pamiątkowe uhonorowania ofiar tragedii pod Bazarem w krótkim okresie chronologicznym, w latach 1920–1930.W wyniku badań autor stwierdza, że pierwsze próby uhonorowania pamięci ofiar w miejscach ich pochówku były już na początku lat 20. XX wieku. Jednocześnie przechowywanie pamięci o tragedii pod Bazarem przyczyniło rozprzestrzenianie antybolszewickich ruchów powstańczych na Żytomierszczyźnie. Ponieważ, władze radzieckie przekierowali swoje wysiłki do zniszczenia pamięci historycznej o ofiarach rozstrzelania w listopadzie 1921 r., próby jej przechowywania za pomocą różnych praktyk pamiątkowych wiązano ze środowiskiem ukraińskiej emigracji politycznej za granicę (w Polsce, Francji i Czechosłowacji). W końcu wraz z pobytem tutaj części byłego ukraińskiego wojska mieściły się struktury rządu emigracyjnego UNR. W okresie międzywojennym pamięć o Bazarze została wcielona i odzwierciedlona w dziełach sztuki. Również w tym czasie zostały opublikowane wspomnienia dotyczące zarówno drugiej zimowej kampanii armii UNR, jak i tragedii pod Bazarem

This paper will first define the words and terms applicable to the topic of light infantry that appear in eighteenth-century literature so that there is an understanding of how an eighteenth-century soldier conceived of warfare. After establishing this connection, this paper will follow a chronological chain of events that focuses on the creation of regular light infantry in European armies in Europe and North America from the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) until the beginning of the Revolutionary War (1740-1775), how those events influenced Washington, the first use of light troops during the Revolutionary War, and how the Continental light infantry developed through the war. This paper will not delve into the intricacies of battles because historians have well-examined the few notable battles involving the Continental light infantry. However, this paper will draw from battles the tactics that highlight the regular and irregular methods used by the light infantry and highlight details from campaigns and battles that depict how Washington and other leaders employed the light infantry. This paper argues that Washington recognized that trained, properly equipped, and competently led light infantry was more effective against regular and irregular enemies, rather than other American irregular light troops that often proved ineffective against those same enemies. Washington based his decision first, by drawing from his military experiences on the North American frontier, and second from European theory and practical application of regular light infantry forces in European armies. ; Master of Arts in Military History ; "The Picked Corps of the American Army": The Light Infantry of the Continental ArmyBrian K. GerringA paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theMaster of Arts in Military HistoryNorwich UniversityMH 562D Capstone PaperDr. John RocheAugust 23, 2020 Gerring 1This position is only twenty miles from New York island; and was accordingly occupied by the van guard, consisting of light infantry; that is to say, the picked corps of the American army.—Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North-AmericaThe history of the War of American Independence is replete with studies of military campaigns, leaders, weapons, and tactics. Historians frequently focus on particularmilitary units that have becomeingrained into American folklore concerning the war, such as the minutemenmilitia or Daniel Morgan's riflemen. Even the broadtopicof the Continental Army receives an adequate amount of scholarly consideration. However, one element within the army's structure that does not receive significant attention is the light infantry. Writing in 1900, Henry Johnston noted this absence of research concerning the Continental light infantry, concluding that "our books contain little about them."1In 1926, John Wrightsimilarly noted that the Continental light infantry suffered from scholarly neglect.2There has been minimal scholarly research into the Continental light infantry nearly a century later. When scholars do mention the Continental light infantry, they relegate those forces to a paragraph or two containing some form of exposition.This paper will begin to fill that scholarly voidby providing abroad overview of the history of the Continental light infantry.The inattention from historians towards theContinental light infantry likely stems from the seemingly insignificant role these forces played in the Revolutionary War's overall outcome.While onlybriefly touching on that topic, this paper arguesthat the Continental light infantry did fulfill a unique role for the army during the war. The Continental light infantry wasso unique that John Wright assessed them asthe first elite unit created within the regular American army 1Henry P. Johnston, The Storming of Stony Point (New York: James T. White, 1900), 68.2John W. Wright, "The Corps of Light Infantry in the Continental Army," The American Historical Review31, no. 3 (1926): 461. Gerring 52perception proved that the regular light infantry wassuddenly the preeminentelite force within the Continental Army.Wayne also advocated for a distinct uniform for the light infantry, which again indicatestheir status as elite troops. Contemporary troops considered as elite wore something unique, either headgear or uniforms—the most notable examples were the tall grenadier caps covered in bear fur and leather helmets of the British dragoons and light infantry.252Wayne wrote to Washington,expressing that as the commander of the corps, he should "have it in our power to Introduce Uniformity among the Light Corps belonging to the Respective States, andInfuse a Laudable pride and Emulation into the Whole."253He further concluded that the light infantry should have:an Elegant Uniform & Soldierly appearance—so much so that I would much rather risque my life and Reputation at the Head of the same men in an attack Clothed & Appointed as I could wish, with a Single Charge of Amunition—than to take them as they appear in Common with Sixty Rounds of Cartridges.254However, Washington opposed the outfitting of the light infantry with distinctive uniforms, noting that "the Light Infantry being only considered as detachments from the line ought to bear the uniform of the Regiments from which they are taken."255Despite this, Wayne did order the light infantry under his command to adorn their caps with hair, which was not a regular standard for the army's headgear.256252Cuthbertson's suggestion that light infantry should wear "jackets made from old coats . . . and snug little caps composed from old hats, and the pairing of the coat skirts" is evident in the British light infantry uniforms during the Revolutionary War. Bennett Cuthbertson, Cuthbertson's System for Management for the Complete Interior of a Battalion of Infantry, rev. ed. (Bristol: Rouths and Nelson, 1776), 190-191.253"From Brigadier General Anthony Wayne," July 4, 1779, Fort Montgomery, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-21-02-0289[accessed 28 Jun 2020].254Ibid. 255"To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne," September 14, 1779, West Point, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-22-02-0353[accessed 28 Jun 2020].256Robert Gamble, "The Orderly Book of Captain Robert Gamble[. . .]," in Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society[. . .] (Richmond: T. W. White, 1833), 256. Gerring 53Congruent with the light infantry under Wayne in the main army was the light infantry operating with MajorGeneral John Sullivan. Washington tasked Sullivan to engage and destroy most of the Indians of the Six Nations, including any Tory allies and any British troops,in western New Yorkin late spring of 1779. Washington originally devised that a quarter of the troops participating in this campaign would "harrass and distract the enemy, and create diversions, in favor of the principal operation," which are known aspects of lapetite guerre.257However, Washington's later conception of the campaign involved Sullivan operating in the irregular tactics of the Indians, coupled with regular tactics. Washington suggested to Sullivan:as general rules ought to govern your operations—to make rather than receive attacks attended with as much impetuosity, shouting and noise as possible, and to make the troops act in a loose and dispersed a way as is consistent with a proper degree of government concert and mutual support—It should be previously impressed on the upon the minds of the men when ever they have an opportunity, to rush on with the warhoop and fixed bayonet—Nothing will disconcert the Indians more than this.258This reflects that Washington relied on his experiences because he understood howto engage and defeat Indians using proven combat-tested methods. Sullivan began his campaign on June 18, 1779 after months of extensive preparations. During Sullivan's Expedition, there was a designated light corps composed of various troops under the command of BrigadierGeneral Edward Hand.259Some of these troops were regular light infantry companies. Captain Leonard Bleeker—the Major of the Brigade for BrigadierGeneral James Clinton—records that each of the four regular regiments in Clinton's brigadehad 257"To Major General Horatio Gates," March 6, 1779, Middlebrook, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-19-02-0391[accessed 07Jun 2020].258"To Major General John Sullivan," May 31, 1779, Middlebrook, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-20-02-0661[accessed 07Jun 2020].259Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,164; Adam Hubley to Hand, June 22, 1779, Sunbury, in Linn and Egle, Pennsylvania in the War, 2:11. Gerring 54light infantry companies.260Bleeker notes that these light infantry companies operated in conjunction with riflemen under Hand.261Therefore, these light infantry soldiers operated more in-line with the light troops at Saratoga, which were a combination of riflemen and designated light infantry troops. It is unlikely these light infantry troops receivedthe same training as Wayne's troops because the two bodies of troops were separate from each otherand Wayne was actively conducting operationsduring Sullivan's Expedition. Despite this, Hand's corps did containsome troops with experiencein light operations, such as some remnants of Morgan's Regiment.262During movement, Hand's light corps acted as the forward element, staying a mile in front of Sullivan's troops.263If attacked on the move, the light corps acted as a maneuver element to either surround the enemy or move through the regular troop formation to form a rear-guard.264The light corps routinely operated well in advance and detached from the main force.265Due to their ability to move quickly, Hand's light corps also operated as a quick reaction force.266On one occasion after Sullivan's troops repelled an ambush, the light infantry chased the fleeing Indians three miles.267On August 13, Hand led a portion of the light infantry in advance of the armyoutside the village of Chemung; Indians ambushed this force, and the light 260Leonard Bleeker, The Order Book of Captain Leonard Bleeker, Major of Brigade[. . .] (New York: Joseph Sabin, 1865), 104-105, 128. The Major of the Brigade was the Brigade Inspector, which operated under the auspice of the Continental Army's Inspector General, see Bleeker, Order Book,11-12. The four regiments under Clinton were the 3rd, 4th, 5th New York, and the 7th Massachusetts, see Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,165n28. 261Bleeker, Order Book, 128.262Richard B. LaCrosse, Revolutionary Rangers: Daniel Morgan's Riflemen and Their Role on the Northern Frontier, 1778-1783(Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2007), 46-48, 119.263Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,165.264Ibid., 166-168.265Linn and Egle, Pennsylvania in the War, 2:17.266Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,186; Adam Hubley, "Journal of Lieutenant-Colonel Adam Hubley," in Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan, ed. Frederick Cook (Auburn, NY: Knapp, Peck, Thomson, 1887), 150.267Ibid., 178. Gerring 75Martin, James Kirby and Mark Edward Lender. 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Levosimendan was first approved for clinical use in 2000, when authorization was granted by Swedish regulatory authorities for the hemodynamic stabilization of patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure (HF). In the ensuing 20 years, this distinctive inodilator, which enhances cardiac contractility through calcium sensitization and promotes vasodilatation through the opening of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells, has been approved in more than 60 jurisdictions, including most of the countries of the European Union and Latin America. Areas of clinical application have expanded considerably and now include cardiogenic shock, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, advanced HF, right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac surgery, critical care, and emergency medicine. Levosimendan is currently in active clinical evaluation in the United States. Levosimendan in IV formulation is being used as a research tool in the exploration of a wide range of cardiac and noncardiac disease states. A levosimendan oral form is at present under evaluation in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To mark the 20 years since the advent of levosimendan in clinical use, 51 experts from 23 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine) contributed to this essay, which evaluates one of the relatively few drugs to have been successfully introduced into the acute HF arena in recent times and charts a possible development trajectory for the next 20 years.

The First International Conference in Systems and Network Medicine gathered together 200 global thought leaders, scientists, clinicians, academicians, industry and government experts, medical and graduate students, postdoctoral scholars and policymakers. Held at Georgetown University Conference Center in Washington D.C. on September 11-13, 2019, the event featured a day of pre-conference lectures and hands-on bioinformatic computational workshops followed by two days of deep and diverse scientific talks, panel discussions with eminent thought leaders, and scientific poster presentations. Topics ranged from: Systems and Network Medicine in Clinical Practice; the role of -omics technologies in Health Care; the role of Education and Ethics in Clinical Practice, Systems Thinking, and Rare Diseases; and the role of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. The conference served as a unique nexus for interdisciplinary discovery and dialogue and fostered formation of new insights and possibilities for health care systems advances.

Croatia has been facing a population decline, mainly due to a low birth rate and the emigration of young and qualified workers. Considering the historical and dynamic aspects of emigration (Draženović, Kunovac and Pripužić, 2018), leading to depopulation, it is necessary to investigate all contributing factors in Croatia and explore potential models and measures to mitigate these unfavourable processes. Apart from Germany, Croatian citizens have emigrated mostly to Ireland and Austria since the country acceded to the EU (Pokos, 2017). Research confirms that the number of Croatian citizens who immigrated to Germany, Ireland and Austria in 2016 was, on average, 62% higher than the official data reported by the Republic of Croatia (Jerić, 2019). The increasingly intensive emigration of the young and able-bodied population additionally contributes to a rapidly ageing population, exerting strong pressure on the sustainability of the pension system (Družić, Beg and Raguž Krištić, 2016) and underscores the importance of investigating the reasons for emigration and the factors essential for return. Migration is also an important area of interest for the European Union due to its exceptional impact on all aspects of society. Increased opportunities for mobility, advances in technology that provide access to information sources, and societal changes strongly suggest the need for policymakers to examine the micro, meso, and macro drivers that influence migration or potentially influence a person's decision not to migrate or remigrate. Governments require migration analysis to create informed migration policies, including citizen participation in the policy development process. The perspectives of migrants and their behaviour should be taken into account when creating policies to better understand the key success factors needed for the desired outcomes of migrants (European Commission, 2020). According to Fargues (2017), migration is a complex process that is constantly changing as a result of various local, international, and global situations, highlighting the need for con¬tinual investigation and repeated surveying of the population. Within the current demographic climate, the World Youth Alliance Croatia (SSMH) launched the project "Network 2050 – Demography, From Challenges to Answers", co-financed by the European Social Fund. The project is based on intersectoral cooperation, identified as necessary for improving collaborative efforts to address the effects of negative demographic trends on the social and economic development of Croatia and develop measures for demographic revitalisation. This paper will present the data and analysis of the empirical results of the research conducted by the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. The study focuses on emigrants' opinions and perspectives regarding the factors that influenced their decision to migrate. This includes their own perceptions of the situation in Croatia, as well as abroad in their host country, which played a role in their decision-making process and continues to potentially impact them. Additionally, the paper explores the emigrants' perception of their current life circumstances. The target group comprised Croats currently living as expatriates in European countries. A total of 497 respondents, Croats currently living abroad, most of whom left Croatia between 2016 and 2021, took part in the survey. Three main research questions guided the investigation: 1) What are the key drivers of migration at the micro, meso, and macro levels that influence the decision to emigrate or stay, according to the perception of emigrants from Croatia?; 2) What factors influence the decision of Croats to stay abroad?; and, 3) What are the key factors that influence the decision to return to Croatia? For the purposes of this paper, the general results related to research questions 1 and 2 will be presented. The instrument used for data collection was an online questionnaire that respondents filled out independently. The questionnaire consisted of 62 questions, mostly closed-ended, with only a few open-ended questions to accommodate additional information if participants chose to elaborate on their perceptions. Including this option also allowed for the possibility of results that were not expected by the research team. The questions were divided into five thematic chapters: sociodemographic data, migration status, socioeconomic status, returnee motivational status, and identity and value system. The questionnaire was administered with special attention to the time of completion, clarity, and appropriateness of the questions. The data collection process included advertising the research project and posting calls for participation on various social media networks across platforms managed by members of various Croatian dias¬pora groups. Additionally, advertising was conducted through social groups and institutions, as well as using the snowball method. Data was collected during the period from July to October 2021. At the beginning, the purpose of the questionnaire was explained, and respondents were informed that their participation was voluntary with the possibility to withdraw at any time. Consistency in the questionnaire administration was achieved by exclusively offering it online. A total of 500 responses were received, of which 497 were valid, while three questionnaires were partially filled. Only key socio-demographic information was collected and, together with the respondents' personal perceptions, it was examined in relation to the key drivers of emigration. Their perception is the key feedback that can help state authorities and policymakers in designing measures aimed at retaining the population and attract¬ing potential returnees. Their perception was viewed as potentially showing indica¬tors of migration drivers, push and pull factors, as well as demonstrating public perception around key issues and policies, and the type of information (including its accuracy) used to inform migration. Respecting the perception of the general public when creating policies is in line with the concepts promoted by the EU Parliament (2020), which encourages the participation of citizens in decision-making. According to the obtained sociodemographic data, 208 respondents (41.9%) were female, and 289 respondents (58.1%) were male. The most represented age category (39%) was 30–39 years old. Additionally, 24% of respondents were between 40 and 49 years old, 22% were between 18 and 29 years old 9.5 % were between 50 and 59 years old, 3.2% were 60–69 years old and 2% were between 70 and 81 years old. This indicates that the majority of respondents who leave are younger than 40, i.e. in the reproductive age group. The results obtained support the relevance of the research by Družić, Beg and Raguž Krištić (2016), who warn about the loss of the young population in Croatia, which results in population ageing. The majority (78.3%) were born in Croatia, and the next significant group (13.1%) was born in Bosnia and Herzego¬vina. The largest group of respondents, at the time of the questionnaire, lived in Germany, followed by the numerically significant groups in Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden. The trend shown by the majority of respondents coming from Germany is in line with the large wave of migration to Germany since 2013 when Croatia entered the EU, and since July 2015 when the labour market in Germany was opened to Croatia. Jurić (2022) and Pokos (2017) describe Germany as still the most desirable country for Croatian emigration. The results showed that macro-level factors related to working conditions and employment rates influence micro-level factors, such as socioeconomic status. Work opportunities and the working environment were perceived as somewhat important because respondents believe that these aspects affect their personal quality of life. An interesting result is that the number of respondents who stated that they were married or in a partnership doubled after moving. It is worth mentioning that Jang, Cast¬erline and Snyder (2014) warn that the longer the time spent abroad, the stronger the ties made, potentially leading to the establishment of family life connected to the host country. This could negatively affect the potential decision to return. The influence of this factor at the micro level requires further research to show the possible impact of marriages abroad on the mobility of new families and their possible return to Croatia, especially if Croatia's goal is to encourage the return of its emigrants. The results of this study, as well as the recommendations of researchers such as Kis, Ozdemir and Ward (2015) on the importance of improving working conditions and wages as a means of improving living conditions, are useful for formulating strategies for population retention. Additionally, certain political restrictions can negatively affect the achievement of the country's migration goals (Boswell, 2002), which, in the case of Croatia, involves return migration and population retention.

The impact of migration on fertility is becoming an increasingly common research theme within the framework of population studies. Numerous demographic and geographical studies have found lower fertility in urban than in rural areas, both in developing and developed countries. Structural and contextual factors most often explain this difference. Structural factors refer to people of dissimilar socio-economic characteristics living in different areas, while contextual factors cover the current living conditions in the broadest sense. However, when explaining the urban–rural fertility differences, the selectivity of migration should also be considered, as people who (currently) have no fertility plans prefer to move to large cities. Most studies that measured fertility levels by migrant characteristics have relied on period fertility rates, while only a few have investigated cohort fertility. This study explores the cohort fertility of females by migrant status in the City of Zagreb, the largest urban centre in Croatia. Therefore, the aim is to better understand the relationship between completed fertility and migration in an urban context. Within a country, areas with the lowest fertility are often capital cities with highly educated and highly mobile populations. Although the fertility of international mi¬grants attracts more attention than internal migration, studying the association between fertility and both types of migration is especially important in a capital city with relatively high rates of inward migration. How much is known about the repro¬ductive behaviour of inward migrants in Zagreb? Are there significant differences between their fertility patterns and the patterns of native women? This paper fills this gap in the Croatian demographic literature by comparing fertility differences by migrant status across cohorts. The analysis is based on the 2011 Census data for the City of Zagreb. The Central Bureau of Statistics created a multidimensional table based on the data from this census, which includes the following variables for the female population of the City of Zagreb aged 15 or over: year of birth, number of liveborn children, highest completed education and place of birth. For analytical purposes, the data were aggre¬gated into eight five-year cohorts, with the oldest cohort born in 1930–1934 and the youngest in 1965–1969. Fertility is measured as the completed number of liveborn children per woman, which corresponds to the cohort fertility rate (CFR). The calculations are based on the standard analytical procedures used in cohort fertility analysis with census data or reproductive histories from surveys. Women are classified into four categories by migrant type: born in the City of Zagreb (native population), born in another city or another municipality in the Republic of Croatia (internal migrants), born in Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – B&H), born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – others). The 2011 census data on the number of live births are retrospective and based on the census question asking for the number of children a woman has ever had, including children who were no longer alive at the time of the census. The analysis is restricted to women born from 1930 (aged 80–81 at the time of the census) to 1969 (aged 41–42 at the time of the census), as younger women may have (more) children, while the fertility of women over 80 may be biased due to mortality and non-reporting of de¬ceased children. The analysis has shown significant differences in cohort fertility in the City of Zagreb by women's place of birth. In all cohorts, the lowest completed fertility was achieved by women who were born in the City of Zagreb and (most likely) had no migration experience. In older cohorts, the highest fertility was recorded among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In younger cohorts, fertility was highest for women born in other countries abroad. The substantial difference in completed fertility between older cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those born in the City of Zagreb is not surprising, given that considerable differences in cohort fertility were observed between the equivalent cohorts in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The comparison between cohort fertility rates in the City of Zagreb and Croatia shows that the cohort fertility rate in the City of Zagreb is about 0.25 (in younger co¬horts) and about 0.5 (in older cohorts) lower than in Croatia as a whole. The completed fertility of Zagreb-born women and those born elsewhere in Croatia slowly grew from older to younger cohorts (except for the youngest one). A similar trend, with some fluctuations, was observed for cohort fertility of women born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, completed fertility for the cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows the opposite intercohort trend, with a notice¬able decline from the oldest to the youngest cohorts. Nevertheless, the overall cohort fertility trend is equal to that for the cohorts born in the City of Zagreb and the cohort of in-migrants from other cities/municipalities in Croatia. The share of childless women in the analysed City of Zagreb cohorts ranged from 11% to 15%, except for the youngest cohort (19%). The proportion of women who had only one child decreased from a relatively high 38% in the oldest cohort to 22– 23% in the cohorts born during the 1960s. The share of women of low parity (parities 0 and 1) decreased over time. While they represented a clear majority in the cohorts born in the 1930s, they account for below 40% in those born from 1945 to 1964. In these cohorts, in the City of Zagreb, the model of two-children families was prevalent, which is not surprising as in most post-socialist countries, having two children was a standard at the time. Women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina had lower childlessness rates than the other three categories. Women from the native cohort, especially older ones, have a rela¬tively high proportion of parity 1, while among women born in Bosnia and Herze¬govina, parity 1 is relatively low. There were no major differences in parity 2 among the analysed cohorts, with a slightly higher proportion of the two-children norm among women born in Croatia and somewhat lower in cohorts born abroad. This is expected because approximately half of the women born in the City of Zagreb in older cohorts no longer participated in reproduction after the first birth. On the other hand, women with higher parities (3 and 4+) dominate among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina in older cohorts and among women born elsewhere abroad in the youngest cohorts. This is due to their relatively high progression to the third child (parity progression ratio 2→3 rose from 0.45 to 0.6). Interestingly, younger cohorts of women born in the City of Zagreb and the rest of Croatia are more represented in higher parities than the older cohorts. A possible explanation lies in the potentially disproportionately more significant impact of the second generation of the immigrant population whose parents were born abroad, but we should not ig¬nore numerous other economic, institutional and cultural factors of migrant fertility. In the City of Zagreb, the number and share of women with primary education has decreased, while the number and share of women with secondary and higher levels of education has increased. However, cohort fertility for all three educational groups has increased over time, with a slight decline in the youngest cohort among women with medium and high education. Probably due to the previous selectivity among the highly educated, the oldest cohort recorded a very low rate of completed fertility (about 1.1). The analysis has shown that the reproductive behaviour of in-migrants in the City of Zagreb differs from that of the native female population, depending on the place of origin. The difference between internal migrant women is minor – on average less than 0.1 children, with a convergence in the cohort fertility of younger cohorts. At the same time, the cohort fertility of women born abroad is significantly higher than of women born in Zagreb, on average by one child in older cohorts of women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by 0.5 children in younger cohorts born in other countries. Moving to the largest city in the country is apparently associated with lower fertility due to adaptation to high competition in the sphere of economic life on the one hand, and low urban reproductive norms on the other. The role of selective migration and the fact that individuals and couples who do not plan to have children disproportionately move to the largest urban centres should not be ignored either.

La pandemia causada por el virus COVID-19 causó sentimientos de miedo, ansiedad y depresión en el personal de salud, expuestos mayormente al riesgo de contraer esta enfermedad. El presente trabajo se centró en determinar el sentimiento de miedo, ansiedad y depresión, experimentado por los profesionales de la salud por el COVID-19. La metodología aplicada se basó en un estudio descriptivo–correlacional, de corte transversal, no experimental. La muestra está constituida por 152 profesionales. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron los instrumentos para el miedo (FCV-19S), Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo (STAI), y Depresión Estado – Rasgo (IDER). Posterior, se realizó una prueba de normalidad K-S y una prueba de correlación Spearman utilizando el programa estadístico Infostat y SPSS 21 para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados revelan que los profesionales de salud presentan niveles de altos de miedo y ansiedad como consecuencia del COVID-19; sin embargo, no presentaron tener niveles altos de depresión. Palabras Clave: COVID-19, miedo, ansiedad, personal de salud. Referencias ; The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus caused feelings of fear, anxiety and depression in health personnel, who were exposed to the risk of contracting this disease. The present study focused on determining the feelings of fear, anxiety and depression experienced by health professionals due to COVID-19. The methodology applied was based on a descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional, non-experimental study. The sample consisted of 152 professionals. For data collection, the instruments for fear (FCV-19S), State-Trait Anxiety (STAI), and State-Trait Depression (IDER) were applied. Subsequently, a K-S normality test and a Spearman correlation test were performed using the statistical program Infostat and SPSS 21 for statistical analysis. The results reveal that health professionals present high levels of fear and anxiety as a consequence of COVID-19; however, they did not present high levels of depression. Keywords: COVID-19, fear, anxiety, health personnel. References [1]A. Rodríguez-Quiroga, C. Buiza, y J. Quintero, "Update on COVID-19 and mental health," Rev Med, vol. 13, no. 23, pp.1285–96, 2020. [2]I. Ramonet. (2020, Abril 25). La pandemia y el sistema mundo [Online]. Disponible: https://mondiplo.com/la-pandemia-y-el-sistema-mundo. [3]Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020, Abril 17). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) [Online]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses. [4]T. Caycho-Rodríguez, J. Ventura-León, y M. Barboza-Palomino, "Design and validation of a scale to measure worry for contagion of the COVID-19 (PRE-COVID-19)," Enferm Clin, vol. 19, pp. 1-9, 2020. [5] University of Hopkins. (2021). Estadísticas de enfermedad por coronavirus [Online]. Disponible: www.universidaddehopkins.com [6]O. Sarasty, C.E. Carpio, D. Hudson, y P.A. Guerrero-Ochoa, I. Borja, "The demand for a COVID-19 vaccine in Ecuador," Vaccione, vol. 38, no. 5, pp.8090–8, 2020. [7]El Universo. (2020, Abril 12). Fallecidos en época de coronavirus en Guayaquil [Online]. Disponible: www.eluniverso.com [8]J. Huarcaya-Victoria, "Consideraciones sobre la salud mental en la pandemia de COVID-19," Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica, vol. 37, no. 2, pp.327–34, 2020. [9]C.R. Mejia, J. Rodriguez-Alarcon, L. Garay-Rios, M. Enriquez-Anco, A. Moreno, K. 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Fink, et al, "Phenotyping mental health: Age, community size, and depression differently modulate COVID-19-related fear and generalized anxiety," Compr Psychiatry, vol. 104, pp.1-9, 2021. [19]T.P. Velavan y C.G. Meyer, "The COVID-19 epidemic," Trop Med Int Heal, no. 3, pp.278–80, 2020. [20]University of Hopkins. (2020). Coronavirus, minuto a minuto: la Universidad Johns Hopkins registra cerca de 150.000 muertes en el planeta [Online]. Disponible: https://www.dw.com/es/coronavirus-minuto-a-minuto-la-universidad-johns-hopkins-registra-cerca-de-150000-muertes-en-el-planeta/a-53156111. [21]D.K. Ahorsu, C.Y. Lin, V. Imani, M. Saffari, M.D. Griffiths, y A.H. Pakpour, "The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation," Int J Ment Health Addict, pp.1-9, 2020. [22]R.D. Spielberger, R.L Gorsuch, R.E. Lushene, "STAI Cuestionario de ANSIEDAD Estado-Rasgo," IEEE Trans Commun, vol. 23, no. 7, pp.3–14, 2015. [23]C.D. Spielberger, G. Buela-Casal, D. 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Picaza, "Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en una muestra de profesionales sanitarios españoles,"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, vol. 8, no. 20, pp. 3-4, 2020. [29]S. De Pietri y C. Chiorri, "Early impact of COVID-19 quarantine on the perceived change of anxiety symptoms in a non-clinical, non-infected Italian sample," J Affect Disord Reports. 2021 [30]J. Lai, S. Ma, Y. Wang, Z. Cai, J. Hu, N. Wei, et al, "Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019," JAMA Network Open, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.10, 2020. [31]J. Hernández Rodríguez, "Impacto de la COVID-19 sobre la salud mental de las personas," Medicentro Electrónica, vol. 24, no. 3, pp.578–94, 2020. [32]O. Febre Córdova, "Propiedades Psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión Estado – Rasgo en Estudiantes de una Universidad Privada de Piura," Tesis, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad César Vallejo, Perú, 2018. [33]A. 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Hace 23 años comenzó el peregrinar de Juan Carlos Skewes, antropólogo, por los bosques templados de la ecorregión valdiviana, por las lógicas de habitar de sus comunidades humanas, pero también por los conflictos ambientales que en ellas se producían, por el choque con este capitalismo a veces o siempre duro e impenetrable, al cual alude en La regeneración de la vida en los tiempos del capitalismo. Otras huellas en los bosques nativos del centro y sur de Chile (2019); libro que esperábamos, porque la reflexión de su autor sobre los bosques ha sido constante. En su calidad de antropólogo, se ha posicionado en los espacios humanos analizados de la mano de esa fiel etnografía, que siempre le acompaña y se ve reflejada en este libro, permitiéndole dialogar con el ecosistema, del cual son parte los hombres, mujeres y niños que llenan su relato. También hay que agregar que este texto registra su claro respeto y reciprocidad hacia los humanos que va encontrando en su peregrinar por las huellas de esos territorios.
Regenerar, dice la RAE, significa dar nuevo ser a algo que degeneró, restablecerlo o mejorarlo. A la vez, la regeneración alude a la reconstrucción que hace un organismo vivo por sí mismo de sus partes perdidas o dañadas. Humanos y árboles tienen esa posibilidad. Los humanos, a través de nuevas y/o ancestrales formas de habitar, establecer y repensar sus relaciones y cuidado con el entorno. El bosque, por su parte, lo hace siguiendo lógicas propias, que los antropólogos vamos poco a poco tratando de comprender, y en las que están involucradas raíces, sol, tierra, lluvia, junto a todos los otros factores bióticos y abióticos que difícilmente tomamos en cuenta, pero que están recogidos en este libro.
¿Podemos hablar entonces —en estos momentos— de la existencia de soluciones para una regeneración de la vida, como lo hace Skewes? Si consideramos esta posibilidad, ¿quiénes serían los encargados de producir este cambio? Claramente en el libro se propone a diferentes interlocutores para efectuarlo, describiendo la tarea de cada uno de ellos, pero relevando lo que el autor llama "ese acervo cultural predominantemente indígena" (p. 22).
Skewes alude al ecosistema del sur de Chile como un espacio integrado y de reciprocidad entre humanos y no humanos, en el cual todos sus actores son "felices culpables" de solventar esa vida, esa nueva vida que en nuestros tiempos se asoma desde diferentes convicciones; algunas, como las originarias sustentadas en 18.000 y más años de conocimiento y de sabiduría; otras, desde una compartimentada ciencia que necesita de esas tradiciones indígenas, y a la vez de la sabiduría popular donde buscar respuestas. Respuestas que deben necesariamente consensuar los conocimientos académicos con los locales, vinculando esa ciencia con la memoria de sus habitantes. Esta nueva vida demanda que ninguno de esos saberes sea considerado subalterno, conformando todos ellos un palimpsesto de significados que aportan a la memoria del territorio y reflejan la identidad ecosistémica de quienes lo habitan.
Lo interesante y novedoso es cómo Skewes logra reunir todas esas voces para tratar de comprender —antes de octubre de 2019— un paradigma neoliberal en crisis y lo que premonitoriamente en la conclusión nos adelanta: "... que todo es transitorio (...) también lo es el neoliberalismo. No sé lo que viene después, pero hay quienes porfiadamente hacen posible un después. Y no son, obviamente, las grandes empresas ni los grandes capitales que todo lo abandonan cuando deja de haber lucro en ello" (p. 234).
En paralelo al lanzamiento de su libro, Skewes escribe una columna de opinión en cooperativa.cl (noviembre 2019), donde señala: "los grafitis se rebelan, inundan la ciudad, rompen con la estética del mercado y de sus productos y personajes. Se toman los muros para encarnar la vida negada, para denunciar o para ironizar".
Pero, ¿qué papel desempeñan los árboles en estas reivindicaciones? Desgraciadamente de manera muy tangencial en estos días, en que se raya, se proclama y se los invisibiliza en una estratigrafía formada por capas de otras urgencias o momentos en blanco de negación y pintura. En este universo, los árboles están ausentes. Algo cercano es la demanda por la libertad del agua, la necesidad de su nueva ley, pero no así la libertad de los árboles. Celco-Arauco pasó de moda, quizá porque los monocultivos entendidos como "Bosques para Chile" han calado hondo. Al fin y al cabo, para muchos, es verde, es el sur y... son árboles.
En ese sentido, quizá podamos ilusamente pensar que, para algunos, son los árboles duros y apellinados como el roble, imputrescibles como el alerce, de cortezas con exacerbados taninos como ulmos y lingues, los que son históricamente culpables, pues estaban y aún están allí. Por tanto, se les acusa de ser las llamadas materias primas, añoradas en tiempos de colonización, asociadas a explotación, búsqueda de riquezas, pero de la mano de la pobreza y de las desigualdades que ello produjo.
Cuán mal le han hecho al bosque algunas categorizaciones, construidas a través del uso indiscriminado de palabras que han ido mutando y adicionándose, como "recurso natural" o "materia prima" o lo falsamente "prístino", insertas en las proclamas moderno-turístico-romántico-capitalistas que promueven la conservación del incalculable valor de una naturaleza no humana, pero que no están cercanas necesariamente a la percepción de la comunidad originaria en la que se insertan y que se encuentran reiteradas en el libro.
Más allá de cómo la estacionalidad ordena los ciclos de nuestra vida y de la naturaleza no humana, hay dos conceptos asociados a los árboles que pueden servir para entender la dinámica entre bosques y humanos: tocones y renovales. De los primeros, testimonios de una explotación muchas veces desmedida, emergen —a veces, solo a veces— los segundos, la vida a la cual alude Skewes. Pero ellos son posibles, en parte, por la acción y el permiso "de los propios seres humanos quienes, sin siquiera pensar en ello, han colaborado a la resurgencia del bosque" (p. 61). Resurgencia es una fascinante y profunda palabra, que nos lleva a recordar un símil presente en otras historias profundizadas por Skewes: los paisajes del agua y, dentro de ellos, los menocos, surgencias o manantiales originados por la aparición de agua subterránea, a la manera de fértiles raíces.
Skewes reflexiona en su libro acerca de diversos conceptos que paulatinamente va articulando Un ejemplo se da en el capítulo 4, en el que reúne categorías como monte y ruka, lo que le posibilita revisitar algunos conceptos que vienen desde lo forestal y la ecología, incorporándolos a una discusión más amplia. En este sentido, la reflexión que efectúa Skewes (pp. 125–154) se aproxima a otro concepto venido desde lo forestal: el de mosaico, que facilita transitar entre las ciencias naturales y la antropología, entre otras disciplinas sociales. Esa categoría puede ser entendida "a partir de la descripción e interpretación histórica de los patrones de ocupación del territorio de los pueblos originarios (...). Se trata de una categoría formada por parches de tamaño variable dominados por praderas, matorrales, áreas agrícolas, y asentamientos humanos resultantes de la eliminación del bosque" (Lara, Solari, Prieto & Peña, 2012, p. 14). En este sentido, se trata de la alternancia de bosques templados de la ecorregión valdiviana con tierras despejadas, descritas muy tempranamente, desde el siglo XVI, por autores como Camus (2002).
A partir de los relatos de sus habitantes, probablemente Skewes pediría ampliar el concepto de mosaico, dando cuenta de "una dialéctica entre el monte, la persona y la habitación" (p. 148), que permite que un monte descrito como apropiado, visitado, transitado y recolectado por las comunidades, sea incorporado a las tierras sin bosques densos históricamente habitadas, correspondientes a lo que llama una fase germinal. Es en este espacio mayormente domesticado, conformado por la vivienda (ruka), los cultivos (chacra), ganadería menor, la quinta, junto con los bosquetes o renovales cercanos como ecosistemas de recolección, donde se producen dinamismos interesantes a los cuales son traídas y atraídas paulatinamente especies arbóreas lejanas, volviendo a relacionar el bosque con la unidad residencial, en una fase madura del asentamiento (Figura 12, p. 150).
En definitiva, con su escritura, Skewes logra conformar felizmente un ecotono transdisciplinario, entendido como espacio fértil, abundante y ético, donde están reunidos conceptos y reflexiones que vienen desde los saberes locales de quienes han logrado "regenerar la vida en los tiempos del capitalismo", a los que se suman las "huellas" que marcan las ciencias sociales junto a las ciencias naturales, todos en igualdad de condiciones.

Background: Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in children and young adults. Children are at increased risk of fatalities and serious injury due to the differences in their body segment proportions affecting their body kinetics in a vehicle accident. Serious injury and death can be reduced by the appropriate use of car restraint systems (CRS). Children with special health care needs (CSHCN), particularly children with poor postural control, may need adaptive seating to improve postural support and sitting ability within the vehicle due to their additional physical needs. Standard CRS might be unsafe or inappropriate for children with physical disabilities. Research Aims: The thesis aimed to understand the current CRS usage as well as the parents' experiences and perspectives of transportation of CSHCN in the Western Cape, and to determine the postural support needs of CSHCN and the suitability of different CRS designs to meet these needs during transportation. This was achieved through a survey study, followed by a cross-sectional study. Assessing the use of car restraint systems in children with special health care needs; a Western Cape based survey study Objectives: To determine the modes of transport and the prevalence of the use of postural support systems by CSHCN. Along with describing the current use of seatbelts, standard or specialised CRS and exploring the challenges faced by parents of CSHCN during transportation. Methods: A descriptive quantitative survey was performed amongst a convenience sample of all parents of CSHCN between the age of 4 – 18 years enrolled at three special needs schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. Parents had to be able to read and understand English or Afrikaans to be eligible for enrolment in the study. Focus group discussions were conducted to validate the self-designed questionnaire. Results: Parents of 268 children were enrolled in the study (median (IQR) age 11.52 (14.63- 8.86) years; 58.96% male). The most common diagnosis was cerebral palsy (CP) (29.10%), and most children were transported to school with public transport, including school bus (73.13%). The mode of transport was linked to the distance travelled and affordability, and each had its own challenges. The main challenges of parents using private transport were transporting the wheelchair (10.82%) and the unavailability of demarcated disability parking bays (7.46%). When using public transport parents identified their child's poor sitting balance (6.34%) and lack of space within the vehicle (5.60%) as the greatest challenges. The majority of children (58.96%) came from low-to-middle income households (0.700, p0.879). This tool was used to identify CSHCN who had difficulty sitting independently on different types of seats. These participants underwent a standardised sitting balance assessment, using the Level of Sitting Scale (LSS), to identify eligible participants with postural support needs. Participants were excluded if they recently had surgery or had an unstable health condition which could alter their sitting balance. The ability of two standard CRS (Car Seat and Booster seat), two Specialised CRS (one locally and one internationally produced), and Seatbelt only to provide adequate postural support was investigated. Head and trunk postures were analysed and categorised, by deviation from the midline, by photographs taken from different viewpoints. Results: There were 78 CSHCN enrolled in the study (mean (SD) age 11.50 (3.70) years; 65.75% male), the most common diagnosis was CP (63.48%), the majority of participants did not require any support to maintain sitting balance and were categorised as levels 5-8 of the LSS (78.08%). According to the World Health Organisation anthropometric guidelines 54.79% (n=40) of the participants should still use a CRS, either a Booster Seat (42.47%, n=31) or a Car Seat (12.33%, n=9). The head or torso fully supported and between the side supports of the CRS was the most common posture in all the viewpoints of the different CRS except for the lateral head viewpoint of the CRS Car Seat (50.00%; n=4), the Booster Seat (60.00%; n=18), and the International Specialised CRS (60.61%; n=20), as well as the anterior torso viewpoint of the Seatbelt only (50.75%; n=34). The CRS that resulted in the largest proportion of unacceptable posture deviations from the standard position were the Seatbelt only (20.90%, n=56) and the Booster Seat (18.33%, n=22). Out of position (OOP) postures were observed in all the devices for the anterior and lateral head positions (3.03% - 20.00%). The Booster Seat, the Local Specialised CRS and the Seatbelt only devices had participants with OOP postures in all four viewpoints. A key observation in the current study is the lack of torso support for the majority of CSHCN in the anterior torso viewpoint of the Seatbelt Only CRS (55.22%, n=37), indicating that the use of a Seatbelt only does not provide adequate postural support for all CSHCN despite them meeting WHO anthropometric requirements. No significant association was found between the pre- and post-test postural analysis scores of the Seatbelt only (X2=2.14, p=0.144) which could be as a result of the large postural deviations pre-testing (41.79%, n=28) remained post-testing. However, there was a significant association between the preand post-test scores of the anterior head viewpoint of the Booster seat (X2= 7.94, p=0.005), indicating lateral head deviation. The post-test postural analysis score of the Booster Seat anterior head viewpoint was significantly associated with a deviated posture (X2= 7.94, p=0.005). Other OOP observations included postures that could not be categorised by head and trunk deviation from the midline including head or torso rotation, abnormal limb placement, body extension and slouching. Overall performance scores are a sum of the number of viewpoints where the CSHCN posture worsens post-test. an indication of the number of CSHCN whose posture worsened post-test in each of the viewpoints of the CRS. Although there was no correlation between the LSS score and the overall performance score of any CRS device which would indicate if the CSHCN balance influences CRS performance, the Booster Seat (80.00%, n=24) and the Seatbelt only (55.23%, n=37) devices had the greatest number of participants with a poor overall performance. The viewpoints which had the worst performance scores were the anterior and lateral head of the Booster Seat (46.67%, n=14 and 43.33%, n=13 respectively) and both viewpoints had majority of participants worsen their scores. All CRS performed adequately in the lateral torso viewpoint, indicating sufficient support of the torso in the sagittal plane. Conclusions: The postural support needs of CHSCN are unique and depend on the child's anthropometry and the severity of their disability. The currently available CRS designs may not provide the postural support needed for many CSHCN. Postural deviations of the head, torso and limbs were observed which could be dangerous in the event of an accident. This study was not able to determine specific characteristics of CSHCN that require specialised CRS, as there was no association between the LSS and the overall performance score for any of the CRS devices. However, devices that offer less head and torso lateral support, or do not offer additional harness support such as the Seatbelt Only and the Booster Seat showed the largest proportion of OOP postures in CSHCN. Thesis Conclusion: This thesis highlights the complex transportation needs of CSHCN in South Africa and how the different CRS can influence posture. Additional observational research is required to determine the CRS usage in the CSHCN population to compare to the prevalence of CRS usage found in this survey study. Future research could incorporate other specialised CRS designs, particularly ones that are suitable for CSHCN beyond standard CRS weight and height limits or those with severe physical limitations that could not be tested during this study's simulated course. Practitioners prescribing and advising parents on CRS devices for the safe transportation of CSHCN should integrate thorough patient assessment and knowledge of manufacturer CRS design specifications to promote CRS usage. Policies should consider and accommodate for the challenges faced by CSHCN and their families in accessing, affording and utilising transport services. Advocacy and education programs should be combined with legislation enforcement to support improved implementation of CRS usage amongst all children, regardless of their disability status. For effective implementation for CSHCN, CRS should be affordable, accessible, functional and accommodate growth and postural support needs.

Il presente lavoro di tesi verte sull'analisi della teoria del programma, come strumento di valutazione, negli interventi di cosviluppo promossi dalla Regione Toscana. Il cosviluppo è stato identificato, in sintesi come il nesso che lega la migrazione allo sviluppo ovvero una pratica in cui vi è la partecipazione, nei progetti di sviluppo, del migrante come attore e protagonista dello sviluppo del proprio Paese di origine, mediatore tra i contesti locali del Paese di origine e quello d'immigrazione. Nel primo capitolo l'attenzione è stata posta, inizialmente, sulla relazione che intercorre tra migrazione e sviluppo analizzando la nascita del discorso ufficiale su migrazione e sviluppo in EU e in ambito UN, con particolare riferimento all'Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile dove, per la prima volta, la migrazione è stata inserita nella programmazione strategica delle politiche di sviluppo globale ed è stata riconosciuta come contributo allo sviluppo sostenibile, se adeguatamente gestita. In seguito, si è proceduto ad analizzare i concetti che sono stati ritenuti maggiormente significativi a favorire la comprensione del tema della migrazione e sviluppo e di conseguenza del cosviluppo, ovvero quelli di Cooperazione Internazionale allo sviluppo, Cooperazione Decentrata, transnazionalismo, agency dei migranti e ruolo delle diaspore. La migrazione, che è stata una costante nella storia del genere umano, è uno dei grandi temi del nostro tempo che ha effetti demografici, antropologici, sociali, economici e politici significativi sia sui paesi di partenza che su quelli d'arrivo del migrante. Negli ultimi sessant'anni il fenomeno della mobilità umana è notevolmente aumentato, anche in connessione ai processi di globalizzazione e transnazionalizzazione. Nell'era della globalizzazione le migrazioni hanno assunto nuove caratteristiche, in primis sono divenute globali poiché implicano quasi tutti i paesi del mondo e devono pertanto essere analizzate come un fenomeno sociale globale, inerente tutti gli ambiti della vita sociale e individuale che coinvolge tanto gli emigrati, le società di partenza quanto quelle di arrivo. Da qui il concetto di migrazione circolare. La Commissione Europea, dagli anni 2000, ha iniziato a produrre una serie di documenti in cui sono stati messi in relazione fra loro i concetti di migrazione temporanea e circolare, migrazione e sviluppo nonché di controllo delle migrazioni irregolari nel territorio dell'Unione. Con il documento COM (2007) 248, è stata elaborata una definizione di migrazione circolare: "una forma di migrazione gestita in modo tale da consentire un certo grado di mobilità legale di andata e di ritorno tra due paesi", ponendo quindi l'accento sulla caratteristica della circolarità, cioè del ritorno nel paese di origine del migrante. Grazie a periodi di permanenza all'estero, e di successivo rientro nel contesto di origine, il migrante avrebbe la possibilità di interagire con due diverse tipologie di contesti, quello di origine e quello ospitante. Nel Paese di destinazione ha la possibilità di contribuire allo sviluppo dell'economia mettendo a disposizione conoscenza, manodopera e capacità. In quello di origine, una volta tornato e re-inseritosi, può mettere in campo e spendere le esperienze e le abilità implementate o acquisite ex novo. Studio e lavoro possono implementare l'acquisizione di capacità che, in un futuro prossimo, possono avere ripercussioni positive nella sfera economica, e in quella socio-politica, del Paese di partenza. Il cosviluppo è stato poi analizzato, inizialmente, con riferimento al livello internazionale, europeo e nazionale e infine regionale toscano. Per ciò che concerne il cosviluppo nel contesto internazionale si è fatto riferimento al Progetto Messicano Tres Por Uno Inciativa Ciudadana, mentre in quello europeo sono state passate in rassegna alcune esperienze comparate di cosviluppo in Francia, in Catalogna e in Belgio. Rispetto al cosviluppo nel contesto nazionale, l'attenzione è stata focalizzata al Sistema italiano della Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, alla Legge n.125 del 2014 con la quale i flussi migratori sono stati individuati come i processi che possono sostenere e facilitare lo sviluppo e le relazioni con i paesi d'origine, all'OIM (Organizzazione Internazionale per le migrazioni) di cui l'Italia è uno dei paesi fondatori. Il lavoro dell'OIM si basa sull'idea che tutte le migrazioni organizzate in condizioni umane, siano un beneficio sia per i migranti sia per la società di partenza che di arrivo, pertanto le migrazioni sono state ricomprese nel quadro dello sviluppo economico e sociale di un Paese. L'analisi del cosviluppo in Toscana si è sviluppata, dapprima, attraverso la descrizione del contesto normativo di riferimento in particolare della Legge n. 26 del 22 maggio 2009 "Disciplina delle attività europee e di rilievo internazionale della Regione Toscana" e della Legge n. 29 del 9 giugno 2009 "Norme per l'accoglienza, l'integrazione partecipe e la tutela dei cittadini stranieri nella Regione Toscana", in seguito attraverso la descrizione di alcuni bandi regionali per proposte progettuali di cosviluppo tra cui il "Bando per micro progetti per il cosviluppo e il progetto "Senza Frontiere. Associazioni di migranti protagoniste di una nuova dimensione della cooperazione internazionale Toscana". Prima di giungere all'analisi della teoria del programma negli interventi di cosviluppo promossi dalla Regione Toscana, nello specifico sui cinque progetti vincitori del suddetto bando, nel quarto capitolo tale teoria è stata analizzata negli interventi di cosviluppo in Francia (il GRDR: Groupe de recherche et de realisations pour le dèveloppement rural- Francia / Regione del bacino del fiume Senegal), in Catalogna (il Fons català de Cooperaciò al Desenvolupament- Cataluna/ Spagna) e in Belgio (il CIRE'asbl: Coordination et Initiatives pour et avec les Rè fugiès et Etrangers- Belgio). Tale scelta è derivata dalla volontà di far emergere convergenze e divergenze nei progetti/programmi di cosviluppo nei differenti paesi. La teoria del programma, di cui la teoria del cambiamento ne costituisce uno sviluppo (ToC), costituisce uno strumento sia di programmazione/progettazione che di valutazione dei programmi/progetti, è un insieme di approcci teorici che si caratterizzano, come ha affermato Weiss (1997), "per innescare una riflessione circa il perché dell'esistenza di alcune catene causali che permettono ai beneficiari di un programma o una politica di trasformare, o di non trasformare, le risorse che una politica mette loro a disposizione in vista della produzione di un cambiamento". Esistono molteplici definizioni della teoria del programma ma tutte convergono nell'identificarla come un insieme di assunzioni relative ai risultati che un determinato programma prevede di produrre e alle strategie, tattiche adottate dal programma stesso per raggiungere i suoi obiettivi. La Toc consiste, quindi, in una serie di assunti volti a spiegare come, e attraverso quali meccanismi, un programma può avere successo in determinate condizioni ovvero si esplicitano i requisiti necessari per ottenere i risultati attesi ovvero il meccanismo che collega input a output. Il cambiamento è prodotto dalla risposta che la sequenza di input genera nei beneficiari e nell'ambiente ( meccanismi). L'ultimo capitolo del presente elaborato è stato dedicato interamente all'analisi della ToC negli interventi di cosviluppo promossi dalla Regione Toscana e nello specifico nei cinque progetti vincitori del progetto "Senza Frontiere. Associazioni di migranti protagoniste di una nuova dimensione della cooperazione internazionale Toscana": "JOKKO: Migranti, reti territoriali, cosviluppo. Un ponte con il Senegal", "Italia–Bangladesh, un ponte per l'ambiente, la sostenibilità e la salute", "Diasporaid: Azione peril coinvolgimento della diaspora Tunisina in Toscana per il sostegno dell'imprenditoria femminile a Sidi Bouzid", "Un filo conduttore. Relazioni tessili e catene di valore tra Toscana e Perù" e "L'esperienza dei migranti al servizio delle comunità locali di origine". Il progetto "Senza Frontiere. Associazioni di migranti protagoniste di una nuova dimensione della cooperazione internazionale Toscana", è stato promosso nell'ambito delle iniziative finanziate dalla Regione Toscana e realizzato da ARCI Toscana, in collaborazione con Anci Toscana, CESVOT, COSPE, Euroafrican Partnership e Funzionari Senza Frontiere. Il progetto si propone di rafforzare le associazioni di migranti, valorizzare le loro competenze e conoscenze in materia di cooperazione internazionale e sostenere la creazione di reti di partenariato tra queste e gli attori della cooperazione toscana, gli attori istituzionali e della società civile. Come riportato dal Rapporto sulla Cooperazione Internazionale della Regione Toscana 2016-2019, la Cooperazione Internazionale della Regione Toscana si basa sul sostegno alla micro-progettualità che ha permesso, alle Associazioni interessate, di accedere a Bandi rivolti a finanziare progetti di cosviluppo e quindi ha garantito l'attivismo del locale e dei migranti. Il cosviluppo, come evidenziato nel corso nel presente elaborato, ha comportato e comporta un approccio innovativo al governo dei fenomeni migratori la dove si riconosce la migrazione come un motore di crescita per la società di accoglienza e per lo sviluppo della società di origine. Il tema del cosviluppo è un fattore fondamentale dell'associazionismo straniero in Toscana in quanto la maggioranza delle realtà associative ha una forte relazione con le varie comunità all'interno del paese di accoglienza, come anche con i paesi e le comunità di origine.

This report presents the results of a study of retirement behaviour among Norwegian state employees aged 50 to 70 years. The purpose of the study is to document any trends in the average age of retirement of state employees from 2001 to 2007, map the specific retirement routes used by state employees, and to analyse variation in the timing and choice of retirement route by gender, education level, and between occupational groups and different branches (services) within the state sector. The study draws on data combined from two sources: a governmental employee register and a register for a occupational pension (superannuation) program for state employees. The employee register provides information about all governmental employees by 1st October each year from 2001 to 2007. The occupational pension register provides information about the take up of pensions from 2001 to May 2008. Retirement behaviour is thus investigated over a succession of 12 month periods (from October one year to October the following year) plus the shorter period from October 2007 to May 2008. The obligatory retirement age for most state employees is fixed at the age of 70, but they have a right to retire and take out old age pensions three years earlier from the age of 67. Some groups of state employees face lower age thresholds at 60, 63 or 65, known as special age limits. The option to voluntarily leave three years earlier than the age limit also applies to these groups. The majority of state employees also have the option to leave from age 62 as part of a negotiated early retirement pension program known as AFP, which is more beneficial to take out, however, from age 65. All groups can be granted a disability pension at any age up to 67, when claimants are forced to take out an ordinary old age pension. The analysis applies three types of statistical methods. Survival curves indicate at which age a theoretical cohort leave state employment and/or take up a pension. Average retirement age indicates the average age of those retiring, in terms of leaving employment and taking up a pension. Also discrete time (proportional odds) models indicate how retirement ages have changed and vary between occupational groups and services. This is an alternative method which provides better statistical control for the age composition of the employees and those retiring. Various types of retirement routes are also investigated using competing risk (multi nominal) discrete time models. By and large, the different statistical methods provide consistent results, with a slight exception when comparing state branches/ services and some individual years. The age distribution of state employees is almost uniform from age 50 to 60. The number of employees drops sharply, however, in the age brackets above 60. This drop reflects that many employees start retiring from their early 60s and (in addition) that cohorts born after Wold War II are much larger than those born up to 1945. Survival curves show that some retire already at age 57, typically men working in the police force and the military services. Most other groups can retire only from age 62. More men than women retire before 62 but more men than women also tend to work after 66. Women retire most typically between 62 and 66 years. Surviving curves also show that people retired later in 2006/2007 than in 2001/2002. In particular, fewer people retired in the age bracket 62-64 in 2006/2007 compared to similar age groups five years before. Also average retirement age among retirees and discrete time models indicate that people retired later over the study period. Average retirement age increased from 61.3 in 2001/2002 to 62.4 in 2006/2007. The retirement age increased more strongly among women than men. In 2001/2002 women retired earlier than men, in 2006/2007 women retired later than men did. The analysis distinguishes between 13occupationalgroupsand 22 governmental services. The largest occupational group is 'executive officers', people who are responsible for dealing with various types of applications. Universities and higher education is the largest service. Police and military personnel retire earlier than any other occupational group, whereas university/college teachers and researchers retire latest. Among services, it is also the police who retire earliest whereas the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has the oldest retirees. Linear regression models indicate that the very low retirement age among police and military personnel is explained by the high frequency of special age limits which apply to these groups. Retirement age is positively correlated with education level; people with higher education retire later than people with less education. The high retirement age at universities/ colleges is only partially explained, however, by the high education level in this service. Retirement age vary more between occupational groups than between services. This is even more clearly when analysing both factors in a single statistical model. Much of the occupational level variation is explained by special retirement ages, however, which tends to be granted to occupational groups rather than services. Some occupational level variation is also explained by education level. When controlling for special retirement ages and education level, occupational level and service level variations are of similar magnitude. The composition of occupational groups changed over the study period. This compositional change in occupations can help explain why average retirement age increased in the period. This factor can only explain a minor part of the increased retirement age, however, estimated to 24%. Also increased education level could contribute to higher retirement age but this factor appears to work via the changing composition of occupations. Retirement age developed differently within occupational groups and services. Clerks delayed their retirement more strongly than any other occupational group. But this groups was also substantially reduces in numbers, and may not be fully comparable throughout the fire year period. Also executive officers, advisers (in governmental departments), and university/ college teachers and researchers increased their retirement age substantially. Technicians and military personnel were the only occupational groups reducing their retirement age. Retirement age also developed differently between services but these results tend to be sensitive to variation between individual years. Still, the Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV), the Public Road Administration and governmental departments increased their retirement age substantially over the period. The data cannot fully identify all available types of retirement in terms of pension programs, and even less so when analysing how retirement changed over the study period. Disability retirement has seemingly decreased more strongly over the study period than the take up of other pensions. One should be careful to note here that some services, particularly many manual jobs, were privatized and moved out of the governmental sector during the study period. Some employees continue working also after taking up a pension, typically known as flexible retirement. Before 62 years of age such flexibility is more frequent among women than men, typically by combining a 50% disability pension with a 50% job. Above 62 years the gender gap in flexible retirement narrows. Flexible retirement increased over the study period. There is only moderate variation in flexible retirement between occupational groups and services. The report investigates retirement behaviour using various methods, including the average retirement age among retirees and discrete time (proportional odds) models for everyone at risk for retirement.By and largethe twomethods give similar results, particularly when comparing occupational groups (adjusted r=0.965). There is some variation between the two methods, however, when comparing governmental services (adjusted r=0.85). ; Rapporten beskriver pensjoneringsatferden blant statsansatte mellom 50 og 70 års alder i perioden 2001 til 2008 med data fra Statens tjenestemannsregister og Statens Pensjonskasse. Analysene gjør bruk av overlevelseskurver, gjennomsnittlig avgangsalder blant de som gikk av med pensjon, og diskrettids forløpsmodeller som også tar hensyn til antallet ansatte i hvert alderstrinn. Disse metodene gir stort sett sammenfallende resultater. Avgangsalderen økte relativt jevnt gjennom perioden fra 2001 til 2008. Det ble også vanligere å kombinere pensjon med arbeid i denne perioden. Avgangsalderen økte mer blant kvinner enn menn. Avgangsalderen varierer mellom yrkesgrupper og etater, og yrkesvariasjonen er større enn etatsvariasjonen. Grunnen er at særaldersgrenser og utdanningsnivå varierer mer mellom yrker enn mellom etater. Endringer i yrkessammensetningen kan bidra til å forklare en mindre del av den økte avgangsalderen i perioden. Avgangsalderen viser noe ulik utvikling over tid mellom yrkesgrupper og etater.