Suchergebnisse

Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) protects individuals from the so-called involuntary medical treatments within the framework of the right to respect for private life. Given that the rights guaranteed under Article 8 are not absolute but qualified rights (which can be limited for the reasons enlisted in Article 8, paragraph 2), it is crucial to examine the necessity and proportionality of the measures adopted by the state when deciding on the admissibility of these limitations. In its jurisprudence, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) addressed the issue of involuntary medical treatment in a number of cases, but the issue of compulsory vaccination (of children) was addressed in only one case, Vavrička and others v the Czech Republic (2021). The decision was rendered in April 2021, at the peak of the fight against the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease. Having in mind the circumstances at the moment when the decision was made, the fact that the case was decided by the Grand Chamber, and the fact that applications against Greece and France had already been lodged with the Court concerning compulsory vaccination against the COVID-19 disease, it is difficult to avoid the impression that the Court had the aforesaid applications in mind when addressing the issue in Vavrička and others. The importance of the Court's decision in the case Vavrička and others and the criteria stated therein for determining the proportionality and necessity of the measure of compulsory vaccination, as well as the width of the margin of appreciation enjoyed by states, is therefore evident. The paper also presents the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Croatia on the issue of compulsory vaccination of children. For the purpose of projecting the direction in which the ECtHR will go when deciding on such cases, the author elaborates on the aforesaid applications before the Court, where the applicants claimed the violation of their Article 8 right due to the introduction of compulsory vaccination against the COVID-19 disease for certain categories of employees. Finally, although the status of compulsory vaccination against the COVID-19 disease has not been resolved before the Court yet, we may draw certain conclusions on the basis of the current direction of the Court's legal reasoning on the proportionality of the measure of compulsory vaccination of children. For this reason, great attention will be given to the doctrine of the margin of appreciation, the concept of "weighing" the rights of individuals against the protection of certain legitimate goals, and the examination of necessity and proportionality by the ECtHR.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the causes of the Belarusian political crisis and the struggle of A. Lukashenko's regime opponents against the Belarusian authorities in 2020–2021. The paper examines the scientific discussion on the nature and specifics of popular uprisings in Belarus in August–November 2020. The Belarusian authorities used the terms "color revolution" and "mutiny". At the same time, A. Lukashenko gradually came to a conclusion that the main reason for the crisis is the external interference of neighboring countries of the European Union and NATO. The study provides examples of assessments of events in Belarus by foreign researchers. In foreign scientific articles, the leading role of the Russian factor in the Belarusian political crisis is fixed. In Russian political science, the thesis is defended that in 2020, a "color revolution" took place in the Republic of Belarus. The article primarily analyzes the internal socio-economic and political reasons for popular uprisings in the cities of Belarus in August–October 2020. As part of the analysis of the dissatisfaction among the Belarusian population with A. Lukashenko's economic policy, the negative role of the oligarchic capitalism formed in Belarus is noted. Particular attention is paid to the reasons for the developing of the protest potential of Lukashenko's electorate at the beginning of 2020. The study analyzes the political phenomenon of Belarus – the presence of a base (main) electorate. For almost a quarter of a century, the inertia of the political orientation of the base electorate ensured stable support for A. Lukashenko's regime. The article states the fact that the Belarusian authorities, in their populist and demagogic policy regarding the COVID 19 pandemic, failed to assess the catastrophic fall in A. Lukashenko's rating in time. The failure of the Belarusian authorities in the fight against COVID 19 launched the formation of the protest vote against the candidacy of A. Lukashenko in the 2020 presidential election. The article analyzes the tactics of street protests and the actions of the Belarusian authorities against their political opponents. The author notes the impasse in the political system of Belarus, the expansion of the public split, and the lack of dialogue between political opponents. Until now, the Belarusian authorities have been able to maintain control over the country, but no real way out of the political crisis has been found. One of the consequences of the crisis was the growing dependence of the political regime on Russia. However, this dependence did not translate into an acceleration of economic integration between the countries. The way out of the political crisis chosen by A. Lukashenko in conducting constitutional reform (the referendum on February 27, 2022) can lead to dual power and end with political destabilization similar to Kazakhstan (January 2022).

The article is dedicated to the events in IMEMO in the first half of the 2000s, associated with the activities of the Academician Nodari Simoniya, the new director of the Institute. In 2002, Simoniya added Gennadii Chufrin to his team as one of his deputy directors. In 2002, the editor-in-chief of the "World Economy and International Relations" journal was replaced. After the death of German Diligenskii, who had been heading the journal since 1988, the well-known political scientist Andrei Ryabov became the new editor-in-chief. He managed to preserve the best traditions laid down by his predecessor. The article also traces the main measures for the partial reorganization of the Institute's structure, carried out by the Academician Simoniya in 2001–2006. The author reveals the substance of this reorganization aimed at concentrating the efforts of the IMEMO research team on the study of the most pressing and important problems of the contemporary world. One of the important decisions was the creation of the Center for Energy Problems headed by the Director of the Institute. The emergence of this research unit was the result of numerous requests received by the Institute from government agencies and economic structures, which wanted to have qualified expert assessments in this area. Therefore, it was decided to concentrate research on energy problems in one Center. Several previously existing research subdivisions also underwent reorganization: the Department of Developing Countries, which studied the Third world, was transformed into the Center for Development and Modernization Problems, where, among other things, Russia's problems were addressed; the Department studying the internal political processes in Western countries was transformed into the Center for Socio-Economic and Socio-Political Studies of Western Countries and Russia. The Department of North American Studies, the Department of International Political Problems, the Department of Global Economic Problems and Foreign Economic Policy, and the Center for Asia-Pacific Studies were reorganized as well in order to actualize their studies. The measures for the partial reorganization of IMEMO were explained not only by considerations of research expediency, but also by the increasingly insistent demands of the government to reduce the number of employees of academic institutes in the system of the Russian Academy of Sciences. By the end of 2006, there was a slight decrease in the number of doctors of sciences at the Institute in comparison with 2001. This was largely due to objective reasons – retirement or death of senior researchers. But at the same time, there was a significant influx of young people into the postgraduate school. In general, the management of IMEMO succeeded in preserving human resources and academic potential of the Institute.

Basically, every type of government organization defines the defence system with functions that provide deterrence from threats, as well as countering various types and forms of threats to main social values. The subject of this paper is the national security strategy, i.e. security challenges, risks and threats that are essential for the fulfilment of the highest state security interests. The author has analysed the main categories of national security theory: "danger", "challenge", "risk" and "threat". On the basis of the definition and comparative analysis of these categories, presented in different sources, he reveals their content and essence and comes to the conclusion that, despite the semantic similarity of the categories "challenge", "risk and "threat", each of them defines a different degree of threat, that is, damage. Accordingly, it has been noticed that the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia does not make a distinction between security challenges, risks and threats, but speaks of them as a single syntagm and category. Since this document is the basis for the integrated activities of the defence forces, in the function of protecting vital national interests, the considered issue indicates the importance of as precise definition of SCRT as possible because inaccurate definition could prevent an adequate response when some of security challenges, risks and threats manifest themselves on security object references. On the basis of the definition and comparative analysis of the definitions of these categories, mentioned in different sources, it can be concluded that, despite the semantic similarity of the categories "challenge", "risk and "threat", each of them defines a different degree of threat, that is, harmful consequences. The subject of this paper has been to make a distinction between SCRT in order to improve the methodology for identifying and assessing military and non-military challenges, risks and threats when developing the National Security Strategy and other strategic and doctrinal documents. Accordingly, in reality, dynamics from several security sectors (political, military, economic, social, ecological and informational) is intertwined in most security problems. The analytical framework of the sectoral approach of the Copenhagen School has been proposed for the analysis of manifest forms of threats to national security. The implementation of the analytical framework is possible within the multicriteria mathematical model. Since risk is a measurable value, the implementation of this concept increases the objectivity of the identification and assessment of SCRT for state security. This approach is important not only in terms of defining national security policy and defence policy, but also has the greatest impact on the development plans of the defence system as a whole, particularly the development of the capabilities of the Serbian Armed Forces.

Jocelyn Benoist is a well-known French philosopher working at the junction of continental and analytical traditions, and the author of two dozen books and more than a hundred articles. A critic of phenomenology and "new realisms", he is the originator of the concept of "contextual realism". Contextual realism is de­veloped by him in the books "Concepts" (2011), "Eléments de philosophie réaliste" (2011), "Le bruit sensible" (2013), "La logique du phénomène" (2016), "L'adresse du réel" (2017), "Toward a contextual realism" (2021), and "Von der Phänomenologie zum Realismus" (2022). The published text is the first part of the talk given by J. Benoist at the meeting of the French Philosophical Society on the 20th of March, 2021. In contemporary philosophy, despite a return of metaphysics, there is a forgetting of its Platonistic dimension, a decline of the craving for overcoming the limits of the sensible, a loss of understanding of the suprasensible and, simultaneously, a desensitization, a derealization of the sensible itself. In this sense, Q. Meillassoux's speculative realism is a symp­tom. Placing the sensible under the yoke of truth, trying to tame it, Platonism at the same time took the sensible seriously. However, the understanding of the sensible as a phenomenon has led to its derealization in phenomenology, which is a kind of Platonism in reverse. Phenomenology, which absolutizes the concept of a phenomenon, overlooks the sensible itself, thinking not about the sensible but about the phenomenon. Nietzsche showed that as a result of the destruction of Plato's true world, the sensible world of appearances (phenom­ena) also disappears, not only as a world of appearances, but also as a world. The concepts of "truth" and "appearance", "truth" and "world" cannot be sepa­rated. Rejecting, on the one hand, phenomenology and Nietzsche's radical per­spectivism and its development in M. Gabriel's "neutral realism", Benoist offers, on the other hand, an interpretation according to which as a result of the destruc­tion of the true world we are left with only the sensible as such, of which it makes no sense to say whether it is true or false. We remain simply with reality. Returning to Plato does not mean accepting a metaphysical theory of two worlds that substantiates the suprasensible as a result of a literal understanding of Pla­tonic metaphors. But concepts are also not exhausted metaphors, as Derrida be­lieved, and nor are they their negation, as Ricoeur thought. The ideal and the real have their own existence. We are talking about two different categories, a kind of categorical dualism: concepts, norms are ideal; the sensible is real. The return to Plato is a return to a truly metaphysical use of a metaphor, allowing to overcome the sensible.

The article examines some aspects of building global value chains between Russia and Belarus in the new geopolitical conditions, indicating their impact on the human capital of both countries. The relevance of the topic at the moment is high, as the difficult geopolitical situation persists and even develops. The key reason is the sanctions constantly imposed by Europe and the US against the Russian Federation and its allies, for example, Belarus, which especially fully supports our country in this difficult period. The number of already existing numerous sanctions imposed on both countries under study is constantly growing, which has already led to the destruction of many global value chains. Under these conditions, Russia and Belarus have no choice, they begin to create their own new global value chains among themselves. At the same time, cooperation with other countries is not being eliminated, many allies of Belarus and Russia, for example, China and India, only increase the number of ties between the countries. This situation creates in Belarus a desire to diversify its global value chains, which directly led to the formation of a diversification policy that implies a decrease in trade with the Russian Federation in favor of other states. Belarus needs to decide whether this redistribution is necessary, whether it will bring more benefits than negative aspects. The aim of the work is to identify new global value chains that have formed or may form between Russia and Belarus in the new geopolitical conditions. To do this, the following research objectives are set: (1) to identify global value chains that existed before the situation under study, that is, before the change in geopolitics; (2) to consider the actions that led to the creation of new global value chains, to study their consequences; (3) to study the impact of new global value chains on the human capital of Russia and Belarus. The following research methods are applied in the study: description, synthesis, generalization, statistical analysis, comparative analysis, induction, and deduction. The result of the syudy is the identification of new value chains that have been formed, liquidated, and become promising for Russia and Belarus. As a result of the study, a conclusion is made about the need to continue the economic integration of Russia and Belarus for the full implementation of all possible new global value chains. The author has found that the economic risks for Belarus with the full implementation of the diversification program are too great, despite the awareness of the reasons for the program's occurrence. In the current situation, only the union of the two countries under study guarantees their development in the economic and social direction.

The author analyzes the specifics of demand for capital goods in Russia, concerning mechanical and electrical machinery, equipment, and vehicles for land transport, based on estimates of the elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported products. Russian economy depends on imports of capital goods from the EU, especially of mechanical and electrical machinery and equipment. For these many types of goods, domestic producers could not compete with imports due to the resource curse and increased investment risks of Russian economy, which determined the economic inefficiency of producing these products on a large scale. Despite the relatively small share of domestic machinery and equipment in the Russian market, imported components and technologies were widely used for their production in domestic enterprises with both Russian and foreign capital. At the same time, as the assessment of the elasticity of substitution shows, some capital goods of domestic production have competitive advantages. Due to high barriers to imports, the use of foreign technologies and parts, as well as the implementation of state support mechanisms, some types of land transport, agricultural and road equipment successfully competed with imports in the domestic market. The Northeast Asia countries did not account for a large share of imports in the Russian market of capital goods. Negative values of the elasticity of substitution indicated complementarity between domestic and imported goods, while, for machinery and equipment within these groups, the share of non-EU importers of components, in particular from China, is increasing, indicating the possible success of geographic diversification, but only for some types of goods. Ceteris paribus, China will not be able to make up for the reduction in imports from the EU to Russia for various types of machinery and equipment. Real competition in the Russian market of European manufacturers with imports from the Northeast Asia countries, mainly from China, can be observed within some product niches. At the same time, part of the import from China was produced for the Russian market by order of Russian companies at enterprises located in China, taking into account the technical standards of the EAEU and on the basis of technical documentation developed by specialists from Russia. Estimates of the elasticity of substitution showed that, despite the government's measures to localize the production of passenger cars in the Russian territory, these goods in general were not direct competitors with imports, in which the EU and Japan were in the lead. Under the current sanctions for the Russian market of capital goods, the main negative factors may include the following: limited alternative supplies; the difficulty of industrial production in the face of increasing barriers to the import of components; when importing non-original parts, a possible increase in the risks of using investment goods.

The article is devoted to the problems of education in the German colonies of Azerbaijan in the 1920s–30s. Regional and national features of the organization of education in the German colonies of Azerbaijan during the period under review are identifies on the basis of analysis of numerous documents from the collections of the State Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the State Historical Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia and the State Archive of Krasnodar Krai, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and on the basis of results of the author's research into the history of school affairs in the German colonies of Azerbaijan and some other regions of the Caucasus. The author analyzes the causes of these specific features and shows that the German colonies that existed in the territory of Azerbaijan for more than 120 years achieved great success in their socio-economic, socio-political, and cultural life, which was greatly facilitated by skillful organization of national education. The article briefly describes the stages of formation and development of schools in the German colonies of Azerbaijan in the period from the early 19th century to the end of the 1930s. The evolution of methods of school work in the colonies is retraced, and it is been established that the German schools in Azerbaijan went a difficult historical path. It is noted that before the 1920, that is, before the establishment of Soviet rule, the problems of German schools were mostly of a material nature. In the 1920s and 1930s these problems were partially solved, and it can be stated that in material terms, the German schools of Azerbaijan reached the highest level in their development during these years. The article notes that the Soviet government financially supported German schools, but in return the colonists' schools went under the constantly growing ideological control the purpose of which was to turn schools into centers of Bolshevism propaganda. It is established that the main role in the sovietization of German schools was to be played by teachers who were to pursue the policy of the party and the government and fight against the church, the colonist community, and the family, which were bastions of Germanism in the view of party functionaries. Based on the analysis of archival documents, it is shown that at the end of the 1930s, the German schools in Azerbaijan did not comply with the desired level of sovietization. The process of training pro-Soviet teachers from among the Germans was slow, and in 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, it was terminated. The national schools of the German colonies ceased to exist in the territory of Azerbaijan, and the entire German population was deported.

The author notes the importance of planning, policy measures and development strategies for the development of physical culture and sports. A large number of current regulatory documents, which reflect the attentive attitude of public authorities to the development and improvement of this area, is indicated. The structural components of the legal administration system in the field of physical culture and sports are characterized. The interpretation of sports legal relations is presented. Specific features of sports legal relations are noted. The main forms of state support for physical culture and sports are also identified. The contribution of local authorities of Ukraine in the implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports is considered. The ambiguity of the legal regulation of the development of physical culture and sports is noted. The need to understand and distinguish between the field of physical culture and professional sports is emphasized. The state regulation of standardization in the researched sphere is considered. The absence of the term "standard" in relation to service quality management in organizations is indicated. The normative-legal acts, which partially determine the evaluation criteria in the field of physical culture and sports, are distinguished. The advantages of implementing a quality management system are indicated. The adopted Standards, the effect of which extends to the field of physical culture and sports, are considered. The principles of quality management system activity are presented and characterized: customer orientation, leadership, employee involvement, process approach, system approach to management, continuous improvement, decision-making based on facts, mutually beneficial relations with suppliers. The main problems and risks in the process of system implementation are noted. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the implementation of the quality management system at the level of local self-government. The requirements for the preparation of mandatory documentation are listed and described. The content of the implementation plan is noted. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of determining senior management and officials on specific examples. The need for local government administration to systematically confirm its compliance with the quality management system has been identified. Requirements to representatives of higher governing bodies are defined. The impossibility of the self-government body to satisfy the requirements of all clients within the framework of the legislation and the approved budget is emphasized. The key task of senior management is described. The components of an important triple task of senior management in the context of implementation, operation and continuous improvement of the quality management system are listed. The importance of emphasizing the consolidation at the state level of tests and standards for assessing the physical fitness of the people of Ukraine was emphasized.

В связи с возрастающей потребностью приемных родителей в получении помощи со стороны специалистов является актуальным определение факторов эффективности помощи замещающим семьям. На основе этих факторов создаются социально-педагогические условия, которые способны обеспечить широкие возможности для развития личности, что является основной целью педагогического сопровождения. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении особенностей социализации детей-сирот в условиях приемной семьи и определении обстоятельств, влияющих на ее эффективность. Для достижения цели автором были проанализированы работы, посвященные специфике социализации детей-сирот, способам облегчения этого процесса; среди приемных родителей было проведено анкетирование. Анализ анкет выявил актуальный социальный запрос на организационно-педагогическое сопровождение приемных семей. Причины такого запроса связаны с тем, что замещающие родители в приемной семье не всегда могут самостоятельно справиться с возникающими проблемами различного характера. Также на основе полученных данных были выявлены сущность и содержание организационно-педагогического сопровождения социализации приемных детей, рассмотрены условия его эффективного функционирования. Были изучены технологии работы педагога с детьми-сиротами и их приемными родителями, способы повышения социально-педагогической компетентности родителей. Статья предназначена для специалистов органов опеки и попечительства, сотрудников интернатных учреждений, социальных педагогов, студентов образовательных учреждений, планирующих работать в сфере социального обслуживания.
Due to the increasing need of foster parents to receive support from specialists, it is relevant to determine the factors of effectiveness of support to such families. On the basis of these factors, socio-pedagogical conditions are created to provide ample opportunities for personal development, which is the main goal of pedagogical support. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of socialization of orphans in foster families and to determine the circumstances affecting its effectiveness. To achieve this goal, the author analyzed the works devoted to the specifics of socialization of orphaned children, ways to facilitate this process. A questionnaire was conducted among foster parents. The analysis of the questionnaire revealed a relevant social demand for organizational and pedagogical support of foster families. The reasons for such a demand are due to the fact that foster parents in a foster family are not always able to cope with difficulties on their own. Moreover, on the basis of the data obtained, the essence and content of organizational and pedagogical support for socialization of foster children were identified, the conditions for its effective functioning were considered. The techniques of the teacher's work with orphaned children and their foster parents, ways to improve the socio-pedagogical competence of parents were considered. The article is intended for specialists of guardianship and custody bodies, employees of boarding institutions, social educators, students planning to work in the field of social services.

В статье раскрывается мифологический образ Улуу Тойона в текстах ранних записей олонхо и определяется его семантика. В качестве материала исследования использованы ранние записи якутского героического эпоса олонхо, включенные в трехтомное академическое издание «Образцы народной литературы якутов», составителем и редактором которого выступал Э. К. Пекарский. Для подробного анализа образа использована схема описания мифологических персонажей, введенная в научный оборот Л. Н. Виноградовой. С целью наиболее объективной характеристики анализируемого образа вместе с фольклорным материалом в сравнительном аспекте рассмотрены сведения, хранящиеся в этнографических трудах исследователей якутской мифологии и религии, в которых образ Улуу Тойона вызывает споры, представляется двойственным, сложным, неоднозначным. В ходе анализа выявлено, что Улуу Тойон в текстах ранних записей олонхо изображен персонажем, враждебным жителям Среднего мира, они его боятся. Улуу Тойон и его племя не покровители, наоборот, они совершают только зло, пытаясь погубить все живое в Среднем мире. Сам персонаж также представлен одиноким, хотя имеет множество детей и потомков, которые бесплодны и несчастны. Защитой для людей-айыы выступает Древо Аар Луук Сибээт Мас и искры прозрачной печки. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в изученных материалах ранних олонхо Улуу Тойон выступает дьявольским божеством абаасы.
The article reveals the mythological image of Uluu Toyon in the texts of the early records of Olonkho and defines its semantics. The material for the study is the early records of the Yakut heroic Olonkho epos included in the three-volume academic publication "Samples of Yakut Folk Literature" compiled and edited by E. K. Pekarsky. For a detailed analysis of the image, the scheme of mythological character descriptions introduced by L.N. Vinogradova was used. In order to characterize the analyzed image in the most objective way along with the folklore material in a comparative aspect, the author analysedthe information preserved in the ethnographic works of the researchers of Yakut mythology and religion in which the image of Uluu Toyon is controversial, complex and ambiguous. Through the analysis it was revealed that Uluu Toyon in the texts of early records of Olonkho is depicted as a character hostile to the inhabitants of the Middle World. Uluu Toyon and his tribe do not protect, on the contrary, they perform only malignant functions, trying to destroy all living things in the Middle World. The character himself is also represented as lonely, although he has many children and descendants who are barren and unhappy. The protection for the Aar Luuk Sibaet Mas Tree and the sparks of the transparent stove are the protection for the Aayyu people. Thus, in the studied materials of the early Olonkho, Uluu Toyon appears as a devil deity of the Abaasy.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the specificity of the lexical-semantic and syntactic valency of lexical units nominating emotions in the poem "Then, fare thee well" by T. Moore. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it has been carried out in line with the linguo-cognitive paradigm and aims to identify the specifics of the compatibility of emotions nominations with other lexical units verbalizing the fragment of the concept "the emotional world". The novelty of the research is associated with its anthropocentric orientation and interdisciplinary nature of the interpretation of the material, which implies the study of the artistic concept sphere "the emotional world" on the material of the poem "Then, fare thee well" by T. Moore from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics, psychology and literary criticism.Methodology and sources. The theoretical basis of this research is presented by the works of scientists V.Yu. Apresjan, E.V. Galeeva, N.A. Krasavskii, I.N. Kucher, S.G. Lyubova, K.O. Pogosova, E.A. Rozhnova, who considered the essence of emotional concepts as culturally conditioned mental constructs, i.e. directly related to the worldview of representatives of a particular ethnic group.In the article we use the following research methods: the method of definitional analysis, the functional-semantic method, the method of component analysis, the descriptive method, as well as methods of continuous sampling and quantitative data processing.Results and discussion. In the present study, the classification of lexical units verbalizing the manifestations of emotional states in the poem "Then, fare thee well" by T. Moore has been made. In the semantic structure of the lexemes under consideration, we highlight and categorize the semes marked by the correlation with the emotional sphere of people. The linguo-cognitive analysis of the lexic and syntactic valency of the primary and secondary nominations of emotions, carried out in the work, revealed the specifics of the conceptualization of emotional states and experiences in the individual author's picture of the world.Conclusion. It has been established that the artistic conceptual sphere "emotional world" in the poem "Then, fare thee well" by T. Moore consists of two closely interrelated concepts – "negative emotions" and "positive emotions", verbalized by lexemes nominating a wide range of emotional experiences of the lyrical character. It is concluded that the associative-figurative characteristics attributed to a specific emotion in the artistic world of the author carry valuable culturally relevant information about the individual characteristics of the interpretation of emotional concepts both by the poet himself and by the "naïve" thinking of an English-speaking person as a representative of his language and culture.

Introduction. In the last third of the 20th century new trends appeared in various spheres of public life. That made possible to characterize this time period as the era of postmodern. The culture processes of this period were called postmodernism. Despite significant research on the topic and phenomenon of postmodernism, it remains a subject of discussion, which makes the problem of its further study actual. The article reveals postmodernism through the prism of new accents in the disclosure of artistic images in world and national cinema. Transformation of artistic imageries in the cinema is analyzed in the historical, cultural and philosophical terms, which is an element of novelty of the article.Methodology and sources. The methodology is based on the analysis of sources and literature, taking into account interdisciplinary approaches. Historical, comparative, systemic and semiotic research approaches are used. The author also used an integrated approach (formational and civilizational), which gives us a new perspective in understanding cultural phenomenon.Results and discussion. The artistic images of the world cinema are conceptually considered in a comparative analysis with the pre-war and post-war eras. The theoretical basis is the work of foreign (F. Jameson, J. Lacan) and domestic researchers (V.M. Dianova, I.P. Ilyin, N.A. Khrenov). National cinematography in the postmodern era is studied in the context of global and European processes, which makes possible to identify its general and specific feature.The results of the study show that in the last third of the 20th century, a significant transformation of artistic imageries took place in the world and in the national cinematography. It was based on unprecented social and cultural processes that led to profound behavioral and discursive changes. National cinematography reflected in its development global trends. However, the cultural development of Russian society in the postmodern era coincided with a systemic crisis and the collapse of statehood. That determined the specificity of Russian postmodernism, its philosophical and cultural orientation. In this regard, the urgency of the problem of studying the cultural dynamics of spiritual processes of the late Soviet period and post-Soviet Russia, including in cinematography, is obvious.Conclusion. Cinematography as one of the most important phenomena fully reflects the dynamics of modern spiritual processes. Therefore, the study of artistic imageries of the world and national cinematography in the postmodern era is of significant research interest. The use of interdisciplinary and integrated approaches, taking into account the achievements of foreign and national researches, allows us to get a multidimensial picture of the spiritual transformation of the society. An unbiased understanding of the cultural and historical experience of the last third of the 20th century makes it possible to better understand the modern world, because without an analysis of the past, both the present and the future are inconceivable.

The paper is devoted to the tacit and veiled tyranny, a concept developed by Bartolus de Saxoferrato in his treatise On the Tyrant (De tyranno), widely regarded as an outstanding representative of the commentator school. In addition to his strictly legal work, which consists of commentaries on individual parts of the Corpus iuris civilis, he is also the author of political and legal treatises, dealing with important topics for the inhabitants of late medieval Italy. In the treatise, he decided to discuss in detail the theme of tyranny from the perspective of a jurist interested in solving the concrete problems that tyrant rule could cause in practice. He developed ways to classify rule as tyrannical, defining and outlining its various types, so that once a tyrant is removed from power, its legal consequences can be examined, including whether legal acts committed during tyranny are valid.
The aim of this article is to analyse the tacit and disguised tyranny presented in the treatise De tyranno, to identify its essential characteristics and point out the features that distinguish it from manifest tyranny. The analysis covers the types of tyranny, the ways of hiding a tyrant, threats to rights and freedoms in the case of hidden tyranny, methods of exposing the hidden tyrant, ways of eliminating tyranny, and the validity of actions performed during tyranny. The examination of these aspects is intended not only to allow an understanding of Bartolus' conception, but also to provide an answer to the question of the purpose singling out this form of tyranny serves.
A veiled tyrant is one who rules a community against the law, hiding this fact behind some sort of veil. As a legal category, the distinction between tyranny ex defectu tituli and ex parte exercitii is fundamental. The distinction between a manifest and hidden tyrant does not have such far-reaching consequences. Tacit and veiled tyranny are sometimes treated as transitional categories. On many points, the comments applicable to manifest tyrants also apply to veiled tyrants. The purpose of distinguishing this category is to make the problem clearer — to state that a tyrant is also someone who seemingly has nothing to do with power or has little authority. Bartolus undertook to define and characterise this form of tyranny, indicating the legal instruments that could be used to deal with the undesirable political phenomenon as long as it had not yet assumed its mature form. The jurist considered it expedient to distinguish the category of a hidden tyrant so that they could be identified and held accountable under the law, although they did not formally possess any power or had very little of it, as a usurper or as one guilty of harming citizens.

The article provides a historical digression on I. Vernadsky's development of foreign trade concepts, and considers its most significant factors, in particular the economic ones (freedom, mutual benefit, measure of needs, strength of economic law) and political ones (geopolitical influence, consolidation). The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance and relevance of I. Vernadsky's views on the economic and political aspects of foreign trade and assess the scientist's contribution to the development of conceptual foundations of foreign trade based on historical sources. The theoretical basis of the research is the multi-directional application of the concept of foreign trade and the interpretation of foreign trade policy as a tool for successful economic development. The historical and economic methods of analysis, and the problem-personified approach to the study of the history of economic ideas are used. The author applies the tools of systematic approach for the layout of the studied by I. Vernadsky tools for the government's activities in the field of customs policy and foreign trade. It is shown that I. Vernadsky was critical of the interpretation of an objective, and equivalent exchange and put forward the idea of the urgency of its participants' needs, emphasizing the subjective nature of any exchange operations. At the same time, the scientist condemned the violent nature of external relations and exchange. Emphasis is placed on an important place in the study of foreign trade issues by I. Vernadsky – the influence of both economic and non-economic factors, in particular the nation's level of education the and its connection with the level of trade. Also, in the article are highlighted the attitude of I. Vernadsky to the relationship of peoples, which is determined by the ratio of the size of their foreign trade. In return, asymmetry in trade can trigger the operation of the law of counteraction, which demonstrates the scientist's position on trade wars and their inevitability in the event of violence, expansion and robbery. It is emphasized that I. Vernadsky's liberalism and policy of free trade in the issue of foreign trade should be implemented in conditions of low taxes and tariff duties. High duties not only minimize the mutual benefit of the parties in foreign trade, but also, according to the scientist, set up producers of individual countries against each other. This leads to a foreign policy confrontation between the two countries and international tensions. I. Vernadsky's research of foreign trade issues in the XIX century is also relevant for the beginning of the XXI century, in particular, the idea of the importance of preventing neo-protectionism, trade conflicts and wars.